User’s Guide

MK STRUCTURE
E03FFN

Construcción
IMPORTANT:

Any safety provisions as directed by the appropriate

governing agencies must be observed when using our
products.

The pictures in this document are snapshots of situations at

different stages of assembly, and therefore are not complete
images. For the purpose of safety, they should not be
deemed as definitive.

All of the indications regarding safety and operations

contained in this documents, and the data on stress and
loads should be respected. ULMA Construcción’s Technical
Department must be consulted anytime that field changes
alter our equipment installation drawings. Safety note

The loads featured in this document, related to the basic

elements of the product, are approximate. Control note

Our equipment is designed to work with accessories and

items produced by our company only. Combining such
Warning note
equipment with other brands is not only dangerous without
having made all corresponding verifications, it also voids any
or all our warranties.
Information note
The company reserves the right to introduce any
modifications deemed necessary for the technical
development of the product.

“Original document” produced and approved by ULMA Construcción.

All rights reserved.

Neither all nor part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any way by any electronic or mechanical procedure,
including photocopy, magnetic recording or any other form of information storage or retrieval system without the permission of ULMA
Construcción.

© Copyright by ULMA C y E, S. Coop

Construcción
 INDEX

DESCRIPTION .....................................
1. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION .....................................4 4.4. STRUCTURE CONNECTION WITH SHORING
SYSTEM ..................................................................39
1.1. MK TRUSS ....................................................... 5
4.5. STRUCTURE LEVELLING ....................................40
1.2. MK FORM CARRIERS ........................................ 7
4.6. FORWARD-MOVING OF STRUCTURES: ROLLING
2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES ...... 13 SYSTEM ..................................................................41
2.1. GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION ................................... 13 4.7. SAFETY AND ACCESS PLATFORMS ...................42
2.2. ITEMS DESCRIPTION ....................................... 17 5. SYSTEM PROPERTIES .......................................
....................................... 43
3. ASSEMBLY, USE AND DISMANTLING................. 25 5.1. MAIN ITEM PROPERTIES ...................................43
3.1. TECHNICHAL ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS. 5.2. LIMITS FOR STANDARD STRUCTURES ................50
GENERAL ASSEMBLY .............................................. 25 CONDITIONS OF USE .................... 55
6. TERMS AND CONDITIONS
4. SOLUTIONS ......................................................
...................................................... 29 6.1. SAFE OPERATING GUIDELINES ..........................55
4.1. STRUCTURE TYPES .......................................... 32 6.2. TRANSPORT, HANDLING AND STORAGE ...........58
4.2. STRUCTURE LAYOUTS..................................... 34 6.3. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE .....................59
4.3. BRACING BETWEEN STRUCTURES .................... 38 7. LEGAL REFERENCES .........................................
......................................... 61

Construcción
3
 MK STRUCTURE

1. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The MK System is a product designed for heavy-duty structures of high load-bearing capacity mainly used in civil
engineering.

Its main feature is its versatility to configure all types of structures such as gantry structures, formwork carriers and
tunnel structures, shoring structures, horizontal and vertical formwork, other structures for formwork support,
climbing brackets, slab perimeter protection structures and other applications.

The core item for all these solutions is the Waler MK. Its elaborated design and the combination with various
accessories, both unique of the MK system as well as shared with other ULMA products, enable to adapt it to all
those above mentioned applications.

With the MK Structure system, two or more load-bearing structures are formed in one direction, the so-called main
axis. These structures are braced to each other giving the required stability to the whole as well as absorbing wind
loads acting on the structure in perpendicular direction to the main axis.

Depending on their field of application, mainly two structure types are distinguished:

− MK Truss Structure
− MK Form Carrier Structure

In the following, the two structure types are described in detail.

Construcción
4
 MK STRUCTURE

1.1. MK TRUSS

A truss structure, bi- or multi-supported, supports the formwork and absorbs the loads acting on the formwork.
The formwork systems commonly used with the MK Truss Structure are Enkoform VMK or Enkoform H-120.

The typical truss form of the structure is achieved with equilateral triangles consisting of Walers MK and Nodes MK
assembled in the same plane. These structures are braced to each other with joints and tubes. Depending on the
required load-bearing capacity of the truss, the main axis can be reinforced with push-pull props and tubes.

The Waler MK range allows assembling trusses of different load-bearing capacities. The most optimum load-
bearing capacity-weight ratio is the one given by a distance of 3 m between nodes axes and 2.6 m between waler
axes.

Construcción
5
 MK STRUCTURE

If the span of the upper boom (or element that works at compression) is sought to be reduced or the bending
capacity to be increased, a vertical tube is used to make the structure bear higher loads.

The spans possible to cover with the MK Truss Structure change depending on the waler length used. Moreover,
the permissible working load changes depending on the layout of the truss structure.

The combination of the MK Truss Structure system with the MK Shoring system offers an even wider range of
solutions as shown in the following figures.
MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250

MK - 1250
MK - 2625 MK - 2625 MK - 2625 M K - 2625 MK - 2625 MK - 2625
MK

MK

MK

MK

MK

MK

5
- 262

- 262

- 262

- 262

- 262

- 262
- 262

- 262

- 262

- 262

- 262

- 262
MK

MK

MK

MK

MK

MK
5

5
M K - 2625 MK - 2625 MK - 2625 M K - 2625 MK - 2625
MK - 1125

MK - 1125

MK - 1125

MK - 1125
M K - 2625 MK - 2625

M K - 2625 MK - 2625
MK -4625

MK -4625

MK -4625

MK -4625

M K - 2625 MK - 2625
M K - 1125

M K - 1125

M K - 1125

M K - 1125

Solution combining the MK Truss Structure and MK Shoring system

MK - 2625 MK - 2625 MK - 2625

625

625

- 2 625
MK

MK

MK
-2

-2
- 2 625

-2

-2
625

625
MK

MK

MK

MK - 2625 MK - 2625
MK - 1125

MK - 1125

MK -5625

MK -5625
MK - 4625

MK - 4625

MK -5625
MK - 1125

MK - 1125

Solution combining the MK Truss and MK Form Carrier Structure

Construcción
6
 MK STRUCTURE

1.2. MK FORM CARRIERS

The following types of form carriers can be erected with the MK system:
− Deck flange form carrier
− Parapet form carrier
− Vertical formwork carrier
− Cut-and-cover tunnel form carrier

1.2.1. DECK FLANGE FORM CARRIER

In the case of metallic bridges which are made up of pre-cast components or of a pre-cast centre part, it is
common to build the wings in a subsequent stage. This can be done with deck flange form carriers. These are
heavy-duty form carriers as the jacks are able to withstand a maximum load of approximately 360 kN. Due to the
load borne by the structure, the forward-moving of the form carrier is achieved by means of pull or push auxiliary
devices.

A deck flange form carrier with these properties usually consists of the following parts:

o Main structure: structure bearing the concrete load.

o Forward-moving structure: secondary structure which effects the movement and bears the forces
during such.
o Bracing: components that withstand wind effects and transverse movements.
o Formwork: part in touch with the concrete shaping it, allowing its adjustment and opening if this is
required for the movement of the structure.
o Rolling and levelling system: components that enable the rolling of the truss and its levelling at a
specific place, as well as its stripping.
o Safety items and access: walkway platforms, handrails etc., depending on the requirements of each
project.

Construcción
7
 MK STRUCTURE

There are two types of deck flange form carriers:

− Those where the rolling system is part of the form carrier (i.e. integrated in the secondary structure) or
− Those where the rolling system is not part of the form carrier.

A further distinction may be the requirement to cast both wings at the same time or one after the other.

In the first case, the rolling system rests on a guide rail to move the formwork to subsequent casting positions. It
can be applied in those cases where there is a solid base (pre-fabricated or pre-cast) to support the guide rail and
the levelling jacks on.

Deck flange form carrier for a bridge with a pre-

pre-cast core

In the second case, it is the other way around. The bogie forms part of the secondary structure and the rolling
system is fixed to the bridge. This is rather common where there is no pre-cast structure (e.g. metallic bridges).

TF - 0121

TF - 0121

TF - 0121

Deck flange form carrier for a metallic bridge

Construcción
8
 MK STRUCTURE

1.2.2. PARAPET FORM CARRIER

This form carrier is a lighter version of the previous one. It is used for applications with lower load-bearing and
forward-moving capacities. Unlike the one mentioned beforehand, the parapet form carrier can be moved manually
and requires a solid base where the guide rail rests on. The jacks of this form carrier type are able to withstand a
maximum load of approximately 150 kN.

The most common applications for parapet form carriers are the construction of protection parapets for bridges or
solutions that do not require high load-bearing capacity, mainly projects with formwork tables.

Form carrier for bridge parapets

A parapet form carrier usually consists of the following parts:

o Main structure: structure bearing the concrete load.

o Bracing: components that withstand wind effects and transverse movements.
o Formwork: part in touch with the concrete shaping it, allowing its adjustment and opening if this is
required for the movement of the structure.
o Rolling and levelling system: components that enable the rolling of the truss and its levelling at a
specific place, as well as its stripping.
o Safety items and access: walkway platforms, handrails etc., depending on the requirements of each
project.

Construcción
9
 MK STRUCTURE

1.2.3. VERTICAL FORMWORK CARRIER

The main feature that distinguishes the vertical formwork carrier from others is that the vertical loads acting on the
structure are exclusively caused by the self-weight of the structure. Its load-bearing and forward-moving capacities
are still lower than the ones of the above mentioned form carriers. The jacks of this form carrier type are able to
withstand a maximum load of approximately 60 kN.

As the parapet form carrier, the vertical formwork carrier can be moved manually and requires a solid base where
the guide rail rests on. It is mainly used in the construction of single-sided or double-sided concrete walls. In the
case of single-sided walls, there are considerable horizontal loads which must be taken into account when using
the vertical formwork carrier.

Vertical formwork carrier for double-

double-sided walls Vertical formwork carrier for single-
single-sided walls

Construcción
10
 MK STRUCTURE

1.2.4. CUT-
CUT-AND-
AND-COVER TUNNEL FORM CARRIER

The solution with the MK system for cut-and-cover tunnels can be regarded another type of form carrier adapted to
the particular requirements of tunnel construction where the structure must adapt to the vault shape of the tunnel.
This form carrier type also applies to applications where walls and slabs are cast at once as it is the case of
rectangular section tunnels.

Vaulted tunnels are usually not cast at once but in stages: first the gables then the top part of the vault. Cut-and-
cover tunnel form carriers are complemented with swivel parts to facilitate the stripping and forward-moving of the
structure.

An all-round solution for cut-and-cover tunnels combines the MK Structure system for the top part of the vault
with the MK Shoring system. A cut-and-cover tunnel form carrier usually consists of the following parts:

o Main structure: structure bearing the concrete load, both the vertical as well as the horizontal loads.
o Forward-moving structure: secondary structure which effects the movement and bears the forces
during such.
o Bracing: components that withstand wind effects and transverse movements.
o Formwork: part in touch with the concrete shaping it, allowing its adjustment and opening if this is
required for the movement of the structure.
o Rolling and levelling system: components that enable the rolling of the truss and its levelling at a
specific place, as well as its stripping.
o Safety items and access: walkway platforms, handrails etc., depending on the requirements of each
project.

Construcción
11
 MK STRUCTURE

Cut-and-cover tunnel from carriers vary depending on aspects such as the load-bearing capacity and the area
where it is supported on and moved forward. Two types of cut-and-cover tunnel form carriers are distinguished
regarding a restricted or free support area. In all cases, the rolling system forms part of the form carrier, i.e. it is
integrated in the bogie.

C sn tr cu n
o ó
i

C
n s u
o rt c ó
in

Cut-
Cut-and-
and-cover tunnel form carrier with free support area

C
r ci ó
n st u
o n

Cut-
Cut-and-
and-cover tunnel form carrier with restricted support
support area Form carrier for slab and wall in rectangular section tunnel

Construcción
12
 MK STRUCTURE

2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES

2.1. GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
Weight Weight
Item no. Item name Item no. Item name
(kg) (kg)

WALERS AND PROFILES MK-

MK-120 NODES AND TRUSS ITEMS

1990104 6 PROFILE MK-120 / 0.5 1990485 30.8 NODE 180 MK

1990105 7.5 PROFILE MK-120 / 0.625
1990106 9.1 PROFILE MK-120 / 0.75
1990107 10.7 PROFILE MK-120 / 0.875
1990163 97.6 PROFILE MK-120 / 7.875

1990209 29.4 WALER MK-120 / 1.125

1990211 35.4 WALER MK-120 / 1.375 1990480 31.8 NODE 180 D40 MK
1990213 41.9 WALER MK-120 / 1.625
1990215 48.3 WALER MK-120 / 1.875
1990217 54.3 WALER MK-120 / 2.125
1990219 60.5 WALER MK-120 / 2.375
1990221 68.6 WALER MK-120 / 2.625
1990225 80.9 WALER MK-120 / 3.125
1990229 93.4 WALER MK-120 / 3.625
1990233 107.6 WALER MK-120 / 4.125
1990237 120.1 WALER MK-120 / 4.625
1990239 126.3 WALER MK-120 / 4.875
1990245 146.7 WALER MK-120 / 5.625
1990420 24.0 NODE 120 MK

1990390 18.8 NODE 90 MK

1990200 0.46 SPACER TUBE MK-120 / 52

0241690 0.17 BOLT M16x90 DIN-931-8.8

1990360 16.0 NODE 60 F MK

0241600 0.03 NUT M16 DIN-934-8

Construcción
13
 MK STRUCTURE

Weight Weight
Item no. Item name Item no. Item name
(kg) (kg)
1990361 21.4 NODE 60 M MK 1990404 19.5 V BRACING TRUSS MK

1990300 15.0 AXIAL NODE M D40 MK 1990403 1.3 JOINT PUSH-PULL PROP E-NODE MK
1990301 23.0 AXIAL NODE 90º M D40 MK

0242010 0.30 BOLT M20x100 DIN-931-8.8

0242015 0.50 BOLT M20x150 DIN-931-8.8
1990665 50.5 NODE 360 MK

0242000 0.06 NUT M20 DIN-934-8

1990365 40.2 NODE 60 SUPPORT MK

1980120 1.1 PIN D40x85

9023102 0.04 SAFETY PIN D 7x50

1990395 6.5 ORTHOGONAL JOINT MK
1991200 9.1 ORTHOGONAL JOINT MK-180

PUSH-
PUSH-PULL PROPS E

1960210 10.6 PUSH-PULL PROP E 0.51-075

1960100 14.1 PUSH-PULL PROP E 0.75-1.05
1960110 18.8 PUSH-PULL PROP E 1-1.55
1960115 24.1 PUSH-PULL PROP E 1.51-2.2
1990590 1.5 AXIAL NODE M D20 MK 1960130 33.4 PUSH-PULL PROP E 2.15-2.75
1991458 5.2 AXIAL NODE M 2-D20 MK 1960125 38.1 PUSH-PULL PROP E 2.7-3.3
1960410 45.0 PUSH-PULL PROP E 3.25-4

Construcción
14
 MK STRUCTURE

Weight Weight
Item no. Item name Item no. Item name
(kg) (kg)
0252070 0.28 PIN E20x70 1990401 3.6 NODE-WALER 90º JOINT MK

0250000 0.03 COTTER PIN R/5

1990402 3.7 WALER-WALER 90º JOINT MK

JOINTS AND BRACING ITEMS

1990521 3.8 U SECONDARY AXIS MK

LEVELLING AND FORWARD-

FORWARD-MOVING
ACCESORIES
1990550 40.2 JACK 360 MK

1990421 2.7 U SECONDARY AXIS END MK

1990605 1.9 HORIZ. TUBE MK 0.75/ 550 1990515 37.7 JACK 150 MK
1990608 2.7 HORIZ. TUBE MK 1/ 800
1990613 4.5 HORIZ. TUBE MK 1.5/ 1300
1990618 6.2 HORIZ. TUBE MK 2/ 1800
1990623 7.9 HORIZ. TUBE MK 2,5/ 2800

1990506 7.4 JACK 60 MK

1990614 7.7 DIAGONAL MK 0.75x1.5 / 1396
1990628 19.4 DIAGONAL MK 0.75x3 / 2845

1990611 6.1 DIAGONAL MK 1x1 / 1110

1990612 7.2 DIAGONAL MK 1x1.25 / 1300
1990615 8.3 DIAGONAL MK 1x1.5 / 1508
1990620 10.5 DIAGONAL MK 1x2 / 1954

1990619 10.1 DIAGONAL MK 1.5x1.5 / 1818 1990530 115.0 JACK WALER MK 0.5 / 1000
1990622 12.2 DIAGONAL MK 1.5x2 / 2201 1990551 161.0 JACK WALER MK 1 / 1500
1990626 17.9 DIAGONAL MK 1.5x2.5 / 2624 1990552 207.0 JACK WALER MK 1.5 / 2000
1990630 20.9 DIAGONAL MK 1.5x3 / 3071 1990553 253.0 JACK WALER MK 2 / 2500

1990625 17.2 DIAGONAL MK 2x2 / 2524

1990629 19.7 DIAGONAL MK 2x2.5 / 1x3 / 2900
1990633 22.5 DIAGONAL MK 2x3 / 3310

Construcción
15
 MK STRUCTURE

Weight Weight
Item no. Item name Item no. Item name
(kg) (kg)
0242460 0.30 BOLT M24x60 DIN-931-8.8 1990374 25.5 HEAD JOINT 74 MK

0242400 0.11 NUT M24 DIN-934-8

1990400 17.0 PLATE NODE HEAD MK

1990655 89.0 WHEEL 100 MK

1990405 15.7 HEAD JOINT MK

1990660 19.3 WHEEL 15 MK

1990570 0.85 HANDRAIL HEAD MK

1990645 93.0 TRIANGULAR BASE CARRIER 1500 MK

PROFILES MK-
MK-180
1990017 44,10 PROFILE MK-180/2,125
1990021 54,50 PROFILE MK-180/2,625
1990025 64,90 PROFILE MK-180/3,125
1990029 75,40 PROFILE MK-180/3,625
1990037 96,30 PROFILE MK-180/4,625
1990045 117,10 PROFILE MK-180/5,625
1990061 159,00 PROFILE MK-180/7,625
1990085 222,00 PROFILE MK-180/10,625

1990504 25.9 HEAD JOINT MK

Construcción
16
 MK STRUCTURE

In the centre row, holes and slots alternate, the holes

2.2. ITEMS DESCRIPTION
have a diameter of ∅20 mm, the slots have a length

The following connections with bolt and nut will of 45.5 mm. The spacing between the holes in the

be shortly describes as M16, M20 and M24 in this centre row is 125 mm.

document, meaning:
- M16: Bolt M16 DIN 931-8.8 + Nut M16 The centre rows always start and end with ∅20 mm

DIN 934-8 holes.

- M20: Bolt M20 DIN 931-8.8 + Nut M20

DIN 934-8 2.2.2. NODE 180 MK AND NODE 180 D40 MK
- M24. Bolt M24 DIN 931-8.8 + Nut M24 DIN
The Node 180 MK enables to connect up to 4 walers
934-8 + 2 Washers 24 DIN125
placed at 60º. That is, two walers are connected
lengthwise with a remaining gap of 375 mm
2.2.1. WALERS MK-120
between their respective ends, and the other two are
The Waler MK is the element all MK applications have placed at 60º to the previous ones. The connections
in common. Its main feature is the double row of are fastened with 6 bolts M16 inserted into the D17
holes it provides for the connection of different parts. holes.

The waler consists of two UPN-120 profiles joined The Node 180 D40 MK differs from the previous one
back face-to-face. There are three rows of holes. The with respect to the connection of another (male)
holes of the outer rows have a diameter of ∅17 mm item to the node centre in a hinged way pointing
and the spacing between holes of the same row and downwards. The connection is fastened with pins
towards the other outer row is 62.5 mm. D40.

2 Tornillos M16
+
2 Tuercas
Autoblocantes

Agujero

In both cases, the D20 holes are mainly used for the
connection of secondary components, i.e., bracing
items.

Construcción
17
 MK STRUCTURE

2.2.3. NODE 120 MK

This node enables to connect up to 3 walers at 60º.

The connections are fastened with 6 bolts M16
inserted into the D17 holes.

The D20 holes are mainly used for the connection of

secondary components, i.e., bracing items.
2.2.5. AXIAL NODE M D40 MK AND AXIAL NODE
90º M D40 MK

Both nodes enable to connect any waler to an

already assembled structure in a hinged way. The
connections are fastened with 6 bolts M16 inserted
into the D17 holes. These nodes provide high load-
bearing capacity.
Moreover, another (male) item can be connected to
the node centre in a hinged way pointing
downwards. The connection is fastened with pins
D40.

2.2.4. NODE 60 F MK AND NODE 60 M MK

These nodes enable to connect up to 2 walers at 60º. They are male nodes connected to a female node of
The connections are fastened with 6 bolts M16 the structure with pins D40.
inserted into the D17 holes.

2.2.6. NODE 360 MK

The D20 holes are mainly used for the connection of
secondary components, i.e., bracing items. This node enables to connect up to 6 walers. The
connections are fastened with 6 bolts M16 inserted
into the D17 holes. Two of the six walers are
connected lengthwise with a remaining gap of 375
mm between their respective ends.

There are two node types: a female (F) and a male

(M). Both enable to connect another item (male or
female) to the node centre in in a hinged way with
pins D40.

Construcción
18
 MK STRUCTURE

The D20 holes are mainly used for the connection of The support plate provides D25 (25 mm diameter)
secondary components, i.e., bracing items. and D22 holes to connect other items and
accessories.

2.2.7. NODE 90 MK 2.2.9. ORTHOGONAL JOINT MK

These nodes enable to connect up to 2 walers at 90º. The Orthogonal Joint MK connects up to 3 walers
The connections are fastened with 6 bolts M16 perpendicular to each other. The connection with the
inserted into the D17 holes. waler is fastened with 4 bolts M16 inserted into the
D17 holes.
The D20 holes are mainly used for the connection of
secondary components, i.e., bracing items. It can also connect 2 walers lengthwise. In this case,
each waler is fastened with 6 bolts M16 inserted into
the D17 holes .

This connector has medium load-bearing capacity

and is mainly used in light form carriers.

2.2.8. NODE 60 SUPPORT MK

The Node 60 Support MK is a kind of foot to support

the structure on something, mainly on profiles. It
works as support of a bi-supported truss.
2.2.10. AXIAL NODE M D20 MK

It enables to connect up to 2 walers at 60º as the This node enables to connect one waler to another in
Node 60 MK does. The connections are fastened with a hinged way, always in the main plane. The waler
6 bolts M16 inserted into the D17 holes. and the node are fastened with 2 bolts M16 inserted
into the D17 holes. Unlike the Axial Node M D40,
this one does not have high load-bearing capacity.

The hinged connection between the waler and the

node is fastened with pins E20x70.

Construcción
19
 MK STRUCTURE

2.2.11. V BRACING TRUSS MK

This part serves to reinforce certain points of the

structure in its main plane where loads on the
structure require such a reinforcement of the waler. Push-
Push-Pull Prop E range from 2.2

It is connected to the structure with pins E20x70

inserted into the D20 holes, in front view. One side is
2.2.13. PUSH-PULL PROP E - NODE MK JOINT
connected to a joint and the other to the waler.
This item is used to connect the push-pull prop E to
any node. The connection to the node is fastened
with 2 pins E20x70, whereas the prop is fastened to
the joint with only 1 pin E20x70 allowing of a hinged
joint.

There is only one type available to brace the

triangular structure of 3x3. Any other structure is
reinforced with push–pull props E.

The D20 holes enable to connect other walers to the

main structure, in cross section view.
2.2.14. PIN D40x85

This is the item that fastens male to female node

2.2.12. PUSH-PULL PROP E
joints. It offers high load-bearing capacity joints
To reinforce a triangular structure other than 3x3, which are used for applications where hinged joint
push-pull props E are used. The props are fastened to are required.
the structure with pins E20x70.
Each pin D40x85 is secured with a Cotter pin D6x42.
Push-pull props E are used to reinforce the structure
in its main plane against forces acting on it.

Lengths available are those shared with other systems

and their properties depend on the prop used in each
case.

Push-
Push-Pull Prop E range up to 2.2

Construcción
20
 MK STRUCTURE

2.2.15. HORIZONTAL BRACES MK AND 2.2.16. U SECONDARY AXIS MK

DIAGONALS MK
This item connects horizontal braces and diagonals
These items make the bracing of the structures. to the structure. It can be placed either on walers or
on nodes.
In top view, the horizontal brace is the item placed
perpendicular to the main axis of the structure to It is fastened to the waler or node with bolts M20
keep the distance between two adjoining structures. and to the horizontal braces and diagonals with pins
In order to distinguish them from the diagonals, the E20x70.
horizontal braces are D48 tubes.

L refers to the tube length. The number in the item

name refers to the distance in metres at which the An important feature of this joint type is that it
structures are kept. enables to connect the bracing back to the waler axis
thus obtaining high load-bearing capacity bracing.
The diagonals complement the bracing, providing the
required stiffness to the structure.

2.2.17. U SECONDARY AXIS END MK

This item has the same function as the previous one

but is placed at the beginning and the end of the
bracing. That is why it can only be assembled on
nodes.

It is fastened to the node with bolts M20 and to the

L refers to the tube length. The number in the item
horizontal braces and diagonals with pins E20x70.
name refers to the vertical and horizontal projections
AxB (in m) of the length of the diagonal.

Construcción
21
 MK STRUCTURE

2.2.18. WALER - WALER 90º JOINT MK AND 2.2.20. JACK 360 MK

NODE - WALER 90º JOINT MK
The jacks are the elements which allow of the vertical
The Waler - Waler 90º Joint enables to connect 2 adjustment, that is, the levelling of the form carrier.
walers perpendicular to each other, in the secondary They are placed at the base of the carrier bogies. The
axis. Jack 360 MK is used to adjust heavy-duty form
carriers. It has an adjustment range of 220 mm and a
working load capacity up to 360 kN. It is fastened to
the jack waler with 4 bolts M24.

The Node -Waler 90º Joint enables to connect a

waler perpendicular to a node, in the secondary axis.
It complements the previous one. 2.2.21. JACK 150 MK

The Jack 150 MK is used to level medium load-

bearing capacity form carriers. It has an adjustment
range of 220 mm and a working load capacity up to
150 kN. It is fastened to any END PLATE of the MK
Shoring System with 4 bolts M24.

Both are mainly used for applications where a

structure is required to be connected perpendicularly
to an already existing structure. They do not work at
tension hence such loads must be avoided when
using these items.
2.2.22. JACK 60 MK

The Jack 60 kN is used to level low load-bearing

2.2.19. PIN E20x70
capacity form carriers. It has an adjustment range of
This item is used to fasten all connections between 220 mm and a working load capacity up to 60 kN. It
walers, nodes, joints, push-pull props E, horizontal is fastened to the walers with 4 bolts M16.
braces or diagonals, respectively, where these are
required to be hinged. Each pin E20x70 is secured
with a Cotter pin R/5.

All jacks must be lubricated before use.

Construcción
22
 MK STRUCTURE

2.2.23. JACK WALER MK

The jack walers form the bogie of heavy-duty form

carriers. The bogie length can be adjusted at an
interval of every 0.5 m. The jack walers are fastened
together with 8 bolts M24 inserted into the D25
holes of their end-plate joints, thus creating a longer
jack waler profile.

2.2.25. WHEEL 15 MK

The Wheel 15 MK is used for the travel of the

medium-weight form carriers. It is fastened directly
to the waler that forms the structure with 4 bolts
M16.

The load-bearing capacity per wheel is limited to 15

The end-plate joints which determine the layout of kN hence a 60 kN (6 tons) form carrier can move by 4
the form carrier structure at its base rest on the jack Wheels 15 MK.
walers. To the other side of the jack waler, the jacks
and the wheels to move the form carrier are
connected and fastened with 4 bolts M24.

2.2.24. WHEEL 100 MK

The Wheel 100 MK is used for the travel of heavy

form carriers. It is fastened to the jack waler that
forms the bogie with 4 bolts M24 at the indicated
positions. 2.2.26. TRIANGULAR BASE CARRIER 1500 MK
The load-bearing capacity of the Wheel 100 MK lies
If there is not enough space for the support of the
between 90-100 kN to move form carriers that bear
form carrier at the base, it can be elevated with the
up to 360-400 kN (36-40 tons).
triangular base. It is mainly used for heavy-duty cut-
and-cover tunnel form carriers.
If the distance between wheel and bogie needs to be
The top is connected to the end-plate joints of the
increased, a spacer can be placed between them.
structure and the bottom to the bogie. Both joints
are fastened with bolts M24.

It has protrusions at both ends to stabilise and plumb

the structure at erection.

Construcción
23
 MK STRUCTURE

2.2.28. NODE END-PLATE JOINT MK and WALER

END-PLATE JOINT MK

The Node End-Plate Joint MK enables an end joint of

structures whenever a hinged support on the same is
required. It is connected directly onto the MK Shoring
Towers or to the bogie.

2.2.27. END JOINT 74 MK AND END JOINT MK

Both items are used to connect the structures to the

Likewise, the Waler End-Plate Joint MK enables an
bogies.
end joint of structures on the walers of the structure.
It is connected directly onto the MK Shoring Towers
The End Joint 74 MK is applied directly on the
or to the bogie.
structure when the structure itself is high enough to
match/obtain? the height of the form carrier?. One
end is connected to the walers with 6 bolts M16, the
other to the bogie with 4 bolts M24.

One end is fastened to the structure with pin D40 in

the case of the node end-plate and with 6 bolts M16
in the case of the waler end-plate. The other end is
The End Joint MK is used to form vertical structures fastened to the shoring towers with 4 bolts M24 or
or towers modules, that is, what the previous head to the main beams with Clamps 16/70.
joint makes at 74º, the Head Joint MK makes at 90º.

2.2.29. HANDRAIL HEAD MK

The handrail head serves to place tubes D48 to create

a handrail system at any height of the waler. It is
fastened with 2 bolts M16.

Construcción
24
 MK STRUCTURE

3. ASSEMBLY, USE AND DISMANTLING

3.1. TECHNICHAL ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS. GENERAL ASSEMBLY

For further information on this section, it is advisable to read and follow the respective technical assembly
instructions for the different products offered by the MK System with regard to their erection, dismantling and
handling.

ITM_MK01-01 “ERECTION OF THE MK TRUSS SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN HORIZONTAL
POSITION”
ITM_MK02-01 “DISMANTLING OF THE MK TRUSS SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN
HORIZONTAL POSITION”
ITM_MK03-01 “ERECTION OF THE MK TRUSS SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN VERTICAL
POSITION”
ITM_MK04-01 “DISMANTLING OF THE MK TRUSS SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN VERTICAL
POSITION”
ITM_MK05-01 “ERECTION OF THE MK FORM CARRIER SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN
HORIZONTAL POSITION”
ITM_MK06-01 “DISMANTLING OF THE MK FORM CARRIER SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN
HORIZONTAL POSITION”
ITM_MK07-01 “ERECTION OF THE MK FORM CARRIER SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN
VERTICAL POSITION”
ITM_MK08-01 “DISMANTLING OF THE MK FORM CARRIER SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN
VERTICAL POSITION”
ITM_MK09-01 “ERECTION OF THE MK CUT-AND-COVER FORM CARRIER WITH BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN VERTICAL
POSITION”
ITM_MK10-01 “DISMANTLING OF THE MK CUT-AND-COVER FORM CARRIER WITH BOTTOM PLATFORMS IN
VERTICAL POSITION”

3.1.1. Main structure erection. Node assembly

All waler-node joints are fastened with bolts
- Start with the assembly of the booms and
M16x90. 6 bolts are required for a joint with high
diagonals. Place the nodes on the waler according to
load-bearing capacity at compression, 4 bolts for a
the indications in the assembly drawings.
medium load-bearing capacity and 2 for a low load-
bearing capacity. For capacity calculations, all waler-
node joints are assumed to be hinged.

Construcción
25
 MK STRUCTURE

3.1.3. Bracing assembly. Diagonals and

horizontal braces assembly between
structures.

- Assemble another structure equal to the first by

following the steps described in 3.1.1.

- Lift the whole or part of the structure and place it

parallel to the first with the horizontal braces already
- If indicated in the assembly drawings, the V Bracing in place. Fasten the braces to the lifted structure with
Truss MK is assembled next. Connect it to the node pins E20x70.
using the bolt M20x90 and to the waler using 2 bolts
M16x90. Insert the V Bracing Truss MK into the gap - Assemble the diagonals to finish the bracing of the
between the waler UPN profiles and connect it to the module.
node of the opposite boom.

3.1.4. Bogie assembly

- By following the indications in the assembly

3.1.2. Joints and braces assembly. Diagonals drawings, place the jack waler with jacks and wheels
and horizontal braces on main axis. fastened with bolts M24. Likewise, the jack walers

- Place the U secondary axis joints on nodes and are connected to each other with bolts M24.

walers of the main axis in direction of the secondary

axis and fasten with bolts M20x90.

- Connect the horizontal braces to the U secondary

axis joints with pins E20x70.

- Put the already assembled set on the wheels, and if

indicated in the assembly drawings, place more jack
walers perpendicular to the previous ones, and fasten
with bolts M24.

Construcción
26
 MK STRUCTURE

To form the handrail, use tubes D48 connected with

the Handrail Head MK and couplers 48. The head is
fastened to the waler with bolt M16.
- Likewise proceed if it is required to assemble the
Triangular Base MK.

- Adjust the entity in height and direction with the

jacks aided by topography techniques if necessary. If
working with triangular bases, use props to plumb
the structure at the base.

An alternative is to use 2 Tie Rods 15 with Plate Nuts

15 at both sides, as also common for other solutions.

3.1.5. Platforms and handrail system assembly

If the assembly drawings indicate the installation of

working platforms and handrail system, those must
be installed before the lifting of the structure.

Platforms can be created in the following ways:

3.1.6. Lifting and positioning of standard

- With BRIO
BRIO platforms placed onto the horizontal structures

braces: no need of extra components. - Attach auxiliary load lifting means to the modules
- With BRIO platforms placed on tubes D48: fix the assembled in section 3.1.3 and position the module
tube onto the Handrail Head MK and fasten with vertically by means of a mechanical load lifting
couplers 48. Insert the head into the gap device.
between the waler UPN profiles at the height
indicated in the assembly drawings and fasten
with bolts M16.
- With Beams VM20 and board: place another
waler with the Axial Node M D20 MK fastened
with bolt M16 additionally to the pin E20x70 at
the height indicated in the assembly drawings.

Construcción
27
 MK STRUCTURE

- Move the lifted modules to support them on the

jack walers and fasten with bolts M24. Check the
levelling of the structure.

- Remove the statutory auxiliary lifting means, and

platforms and auxiliary ladders (if applies).

- Likewise proceed with as many structures as

indicated in the assembly drawings. Usually two
structures are lifted together. The bracing with
horizontal braces and diagonals between the
structures is made after having placed them in their
final position.

- In the case of combinations between MK Shoring

Towers and MK Structure (Cut-and-cover tunnel form
carrier), the lifting is carried out in several steps. To
place the structure on towers, use walkway
platforms. - Proceed with covering the parts of the structure
with plywood which are indicated in the assembly
drawings.

- Lift the structure and connect it to the towers with

bolts M24. Use a pointed pin to help inserting the
bolts into the holes.

Construcción
28
 MK STRUCTURE

in order to ease future operations such as the placing

4. Solutions
of the structure into its final position.
High load-bearing capacity structures up to 360 kN
are obtained with triangular structures. These
structures are mainly used for solutions such as
gantry shoring systems, trusses, deck flange and cut-
and-cover tunnel form carriers.

These structures are characterised by using walers for

all diagonal and horizontal connections in direction
of the main axis, and by using such nodes that allow Medium load-bearing capacity structures up to 150
of connecting one, two, three or more walers at 60º. kN are characterised by using more frequently
Those can be alternated at determined points of the tubular elements for the diagonal and horizontal
structure with nodes allowing of waler connections connections, reserving the walers for the most
at 90º and 45º. demanding parts of the structure. These structures
are mainly used for solutions such as vertical
All high load-bearing capacity joints are fastened formwork carriers or parapet form carriers.
with 6 bolts M16 quality 8.8 and their corresponding
nuts providing a maximum tensile or compression
load of 360 kN to the node.

The triangular structures are formed with the same

waler size, the load-bearing capacity increasing
proportionally to the waler length. However, there is
Medium load-bearing capacity joints are fastened
another limitation to the structure at buckling in the
with pins D20 providing a maximum tensile or
direction of the weak or secondary axis.
compression load of 75 kN to the diagonals and 360
kN to the walers. Moreover, there is the load
The waler providing the best structure weight–
limitation of the tube used for the diagonals and
working load ratio is the Waler MK-120 / 2.625
horizontal braces.
enabling a distance between nodes of 3 m.
Usually the structure is assembled at once, although
it might be useful to divide the assembly in modules

Construcción
29
 MK STRUCTURE

4.1 STRUCTURE TYPES 4.2.2 Reinforced main axis structure

4.1.1 Truss structure 4.2.3 Medium load-bearing capacity
4.1.2 Hanging structure structure
4.1.3 Structure of form carriers 4.2.4 Secondary axis structure
4.1.4 Forward-moving structure 4.3 BRACING BETWEEN STRUCTURES
4.2 STRUCTURE LAYOUTS 4.3.1 Bracing on waler axis
4.2.1 High load-bearing capacity structure 4.3.2 Bracing off waler axis

Construcción
30
 MK STRUCTURE

4.4 STRUCTURE CONNECTION WITH SHORING 4.6 FORWARD-MOVING OF STRUCTURES

SYSTEM 4.6.1 High load-bearing structure
4.4.1 Support on shoring towers or props 4.6.2 Medium load-bearing structure
4.4.2 Support on bogie
4.7 SAFETY AND ACCESS PLATFORMS
4.5 STRUCTURE LEVELLING
4.5.1 High load-bearing structure
4.5.2 Medium load-bearing structure

Construcción
31
 MK STRUCTURE

4.1. STRUCTURE TYPES Theoretical length Nodes distance

4.1.1. Bi- or multi-supported truss structure 1.625 m 2m

2.125 m 2.5 m
This refers to truss structures resting on at least two
supports. These are mainly used for high load- 2.625 m 3m

bearing capacity structures up to 360 kN on

horizontal braces and diagonals.

Truss structures are frequently combined with the MK

Shoring system. The levelling and adjustment
elements applied are usually of high load-bearing
capacity (360kN).

The structures can be supported on the ends or on

The forward-moving of those heavy structures is
the central part thus working as a beam at bending
carried out with the Wheel 100 MK.
with point load or distributed load.

MK - 2625 MK - 2625

MK - 2625 MK - 2625 MK - 2625

4.1.2. Hanging structures

This refers to structures which are not directly

Truss structures are adapted to the spans between
supported on the ground or floor but are hanging
supports and to the load-bearing capacity required
from others which are supported though.
for the structure.

Hanging structures usually hold the formwork and

Solutions with constant and metric distances
must only be able to bear loads in order to transmit
between nodes are preferred hence the most
them to the structures being supported on the
commonly used waler lengths for this structure type
ground.
are:

Construcción
32
 MK STRUCTURE

In general, they are tied directly to the main 4.1.3. Structure of form carriers
structures with pins D40 allowing of a fast and safe
Such structures must only bear their self-weight plus
on-site assembly.
the formwork they hold. They are medium load-
bearing capacity structures and light, in general.

TF - 0121

TF - 0121

TF - 0121

TF - 0121

MK parapet form carrier structure

The horizontal braces and diagonals are tubes in all

Hanging structure in a MK deck flange form carrier
directions, reserving the walers for the most
demanding areas of the structure, in this case, to
connect levelling and rolling elements.

The rolling and levelling parts have lower load-

bearing capacity: 150 kN and 60 kN for the jacks and
25 kN for the wheels.

Occasionally, when these structures are submitted to

concrete loads caused by lateral forces or they
support single-sided wall formwork, walers are used
to reinforce the horizontal axis.
Hanging structure in a MK vertical formwork carrier

MK vertical formwork carrier structure

Hanging structure in a MK cut-
cut-and-
and-cover tunnel form carrier

Construcción
33
 MK STRUCTURE

4.1.4. Forward-moving structures

For the forward-moving of heavy structures, an

auxiliary structure is required.

Such complementary or secondary structure (bogie) is

placed perpendicular to the main structure easing the
forward-moving of the overall structure consisting of Forward-
Forward-moving structure in a MK cut-
cut-and-
and-cover tunnel form

several main structures. carrier

The bogie must bear the loads during the forward-

moving of the overall structure but does not 4.2. STRUCTURE LAYOUTS
necessarily have to bear the loads during concrete
4.2.1. High load-bearing capacity structure
placement or working stage.
There are various structures of this kind in all sorts of
It can be rather simple consisting of jack walers applications, and inside them, there are different
joined together, and supporting the structure and node connection types depending on the area
jacks on one side and the rolling elements on the required to be solved.
other.
 60º joint
The bogie can be reinforced with elements of the MK Used at the ends which require a termination of the
system. This might apply when the jack walers alone structure at 60º. Moreover useful when a pre-
are not able to bear the weight of the overall assembled structure (or tower) shall be quickly joined
structure or to provide extra stability to it, as in the to an already existing one.
case of very tall structures.

MK - 3625 MK - 3625 MK - 3625

Forward-
Forward-moving structure in a MK deck flange form carrier  120º joint
Used at the ends which require a termination of the
structure at 120º. Moreover useful when a pre-
assembled structure (or tower) shall be quickly joined
to an already existing one.

Construcción
34
 MK STRUCTURE

 180º joint  90º joint

Used for the intermediate nodes of the structure. Used at the ends which require a termination of the
structure at 90º. Moreover useful when a pre-
There are two options depending on the requirement assembled structure (or tower) shall be quickly joined
to quickly join a pre-assembled structure (or tower) to an already existing one.
to the intermediate joints or not. In the latter case,
the waler could pass through the node and 4 bolts
on each side of the joint would be sufficient.

 74º joint
Used at the ends which require an end joint at 74º.
This joint provides a single support in direction of the
main axis, as it is the case on bogies.

 60º joint with support

Used at the ends which require a termination of the
structure at 60º and at the same time a support
located on the top part of the truss.

Construcción
35
 MK STRUCTURE

 Joint with pins

It is used to join two structures quickly and
effectively. These are usually end joints which require
a male end element on one structure and a female
on the other. There are several parts fulfilling this
function.

The joint is fastened with a conical tip pin D40.

The joints are fastened with pins E20x70.

4.2.3. Medium load-bearing capacity structure

As mentioned beforehand, there are various

structures of this kind in all sorts of applications, and
inside them, there are different node connection
types depending on the area required to be solved.

4.2.2. Reinforced main axis structure  Longitudinal joints between walers

There are two types of longitudinal joints for walers
For the reinforcement of the waler centre or a
offering different additional features:
specific part of the structure of high load-bearing
capacity structures, the V Bracing Truss MK is used.
- The first waler joint can be stiffened with diagonals
and braced in the secondary axis. It moreover allows
This part only serves to reinforce the most common
of a 375 mm gap between the walers.
triangular structure layout of 3 m between nodes. If
the distance between nodes is bigger or smaller,
push-pull props E and heads are used.

Construcción
36
 MK STRUCTURE

- The second waler joint is a joint only between The joint can be fixed at any point of the waler,
walers. The bracing of the secondary axis is made at aligned with a hole or slot every 62.5 mm, in both
another point. It enables either a butt joint fastened directions.
with 6 bolts each or a joint with a 125 mm gap
between walers fastened with 4 bolts. In the latter
case, walers can be crossed.

4.2.4. Secondary axis structure. Waler joints at

different level

This refers to joints between walers perpendicular

between the main axis and the secondary axis. There
are various possible solutions depending on the
specific application.

The walers can be independent (formwork) or part of

other structures to be installed in this direction.
 Waler on node joint
In accordance with the previous joint, the Node-
These joints can only work at compression, never at
Waler 90º Joint MK is used to join the secondary axis
tension. Therefore the joints must be assembled to
waler on top of a node of the main axis. This joint
support the secondary walers on the main ones and
can only be connected to the centre of the node.
never the other way around.

 Waler on waler joint

The Waler-Waler 90º Joint MK is used to join walers
of the secondary axis on top of the walers of the
main axis.

Construcción
37
 MK STRUCTURE

 Waler on V Bracing Truss MK joint used when actions in the secondary plane are
There is still another way to join two walers. That is certainly not important.
with the V Bracing Truss MK and without any
additional part. The V bracing can only be fixed to 4.3.1. Bracing on waler axis
the centre of a main truss waler, and only if tubes are
For this type of bracing, diagonals and horizontal
used in the application.
braces are used, joined to the walers with U
secondary axis joints fastened and with pins D20.
Hence these connections are all hinged which
requires them to be also braced diagonally at some
points to achieve an appropriate bracing for all the
structures.

4.3. BRACING BETWEEN STRUCTURES

Bracing between structures is understood as all tubes

and joints used to connect two or more equal
structures parallel to each other and thus also
The bracing system transmits the forces to the waler
reinforcing them in the secondary plane.
axis, and the horizontal braces join and determine
the distance between two adjacent structures. More
This tubes and joints framework structure must
structures can be braced parallel to the other, always
mainly be able to absorb secondary actions such as
in the secondary plane.
lateral wind, forces during the process of forward-
moving of the structures and forces due to
inclinations or slopes of the application. 4.3.2. Bracing off waler axis

Tubes and couplers are directly fixed to the Handrail

In some cases, these loads might happen to be Head MK joined to the walers and fastened with 2
important, therefore the requirement to use bracing bolts M16.
which transmits the actions to the structure axis.
This type of bracing does not offer the same qualities
of the previous one and is not advisable to be used
with high load-bearing capacity structures.

Its main advantage is its simplicity (few elements) and

ease of assembly hence it is very useful for the
bracing of light structures. It may also be used to join
two independent, that is, self-standing sets or form

There is another possibility to externally brace the carriers which are not supposed to be moved.

structures. However, this bracing does not offer the

same qualities of the previous one and may only be

Construcción
38
 MK STRUCTURE

4.4. STRUCTURE CONNECTION WITH These joints allow of the pre-assembly of towers.

SHORING SYSTEM Only subsequently, the structure is supported on

and fastened to them.
There are two types of connections between
standard truss structures and support structures.
This joint type suits best the requirements of
heavy and large structures.
4.4.1. Support on shoring towers or props

The support of the structure on the shoring can as

well be secured in two different ways:

 Directly on the shoring: The structure rests

directly on top of one shoring leg.

MK truss structure supported on MK tower

The joint can be pinned or simply resting on the
shoring and being fastened subsequently with
bolts.

(1) The first case requires male-female joints as

the ones described before. Their implementation
is easier for structures of small height and or for
such being assembled on the ground.

Con str ucci ón

This type is frequently used for connections with

the MK Prop system.
MK cut-
cut-and-
and-cover tunnel form carrier

Both cases require high assembly accuracy as

well as the same number of structures and lines
of supports.

 With load distributing beam: This is the classical

support for gantry solutions. Its main advantage
lies in the better load and force distribution on
the supports.

(2) For the second case, head joints are used as

This connection type does not require an equal
end elements as well for the structure as for the
number of lines of supports and structures with
shoring or towers.
the correspondent savings which this supposes.

Construcción
39
 MK STRUCTURE

4.5. STRUCTURE LEVELLING

4.5.1. High load-bearing capacity structure

These structures commonly have a bogie. The

levelling of these structures is done with the Jacks MK
360 below the jack walers that form the bogie. If the
acting loads allow it, Jacks MK 150 might also be
used.

The number of jacks necessary to level the structure

depends on the application. As general rule, one
4.4.2. Support on bogie
levelling line per each main structure support is
This is the case of cut-and-cover tunnel and deck
required to avoid loading the bogie when the
flange form carriers where the main structure rests
structure is not in the process of forward-moving.
on the jack walers (or a similar profile acting as
bogie) and where the end joints fixed to the jack
For ordinary form carrier solutions such as cut-and-
walers form the end of the structures, tied on the
cover tunnel or deck flange and always if a stable
fastening points of the profiles.
support area of sufficient size is available, two pairs
of jacks at both sides of the bogie are placed to free
In case the structure does not have end joints, a joint
the guide rail used for the forward-moving of the
with similar features shall be found for the
form carrier.
connection.

If only a reduced support area for the form carrier is

available, the same is reduced to only one row of
supports. In such case, the jacks should rest directly
on the guide rail. The levelling of this type of
structures supposes rather complicated solutions.

Construcción
40
 MK STRUCTURE

4.5.2. Medium load-bearing capacity structure the next pouring stage is done with the aid of load
arrester devices (e.g. Tractels).
For lighter form carriers, the levelling is done using
the Jack MK 60. These solutions do not require a
Each form carrier or structure usually has 4 wheels
secondary structure for the forward-moving, and are
which allows of moving up to 40 tons. The wheels
usually made up of 2 or 3 main structures. Common
are also the support points for the secondary
applications are vertical formwork carriers or such
structure (bogie). In this case, the bogie bears the
applications where load requirements of the structure
total weight of the form carrier. Once the forward-
are not significant.
moving has finished, the form carrier gets blocked by
means of the jacks and the bogie gets not loaded any
more.

4.6.2. Medium load-bearing capacity structure

4.6. FORWARD-
FORWARD-MOVING OF STRUCTURES: Lighter form carriers are moved forward with the
Wheel MK 15 up to 60 kN. These are made up of
ROLLING SYSTEM
several main structures, and the wheels are attached
4.6.1. High load-bearing capacity structure
directly to the jack walers.
The forward-moving of this type of structures is done
with Wheels MK 100 attached directly onto the jack A lighter guide rail is used (UPN type) and the
walers which form the bogie. During the process of forward-moving of the structure is done manually.
forward-moving, the wheels run on a guide rail. The
guide rail rests directly on the ground and is
anchored to it.

The guide rail is quite heavy (HEB-200 type) due to

the loads it must bear. The pulling of the structure to

Construcción
41
 MK STRUCTURE

4.7. SAFETY AND ACCESS PLATFORMS Both options similarly serve to assemble platforms
inside the structure.
Safety platforms are assembled directly on the
structures. This can be done in two ways:
The safety handrail system can also be assembled in
two different ways:
 Directly on two adjoining structures with the
available walers. Secondary beams and board
 With Handrail Heads MK on secondary
rest on the walers. Depending on the beam used,
beamsusing the appropriate handrails for each
the corresponding fixing system is employed.
case as in any other system.

 Directly on the bracing tubes between structures

with metal scaffolding platforms on round or
square tubes.

Platforms can be installed at any point of the

structure to provide working areas at different levels
and thus assisting the assembly. Moreover, access
platforms provide access to higher areas if required.

 With Handrail Heads MK on walersassembling

the handrail heads directly onto the walers of the
structure. Tubes and couplers get fastened to the
head. Typically used with metal (scaffolding)
platforms, this option suits well any kind of
platform.

The first option allows of installing cantilever

platforms, that is, platforms outside the structure.

5.

Construcción
42
 MK STRUCTURE

SYSTEM PROPERTIES
It is rather difficult to define limits for the manifold possible structure options which can be formed with the MK
system. As for their variety, each structure must be calculated on an individual basis. Nevertheless, this chapter
gives the necessary data to perform these calculations, and presents some limits for the most critical elements.

Some working load tables for particular applications are given below which may serve as orientation on the
obtainable load-bearing capacity of these structures.

5.1. MAIN ITEM PROPERTIES

5.1.1. WALER MK-120

The technical material properties of the WALER MK-120 are:

52

120
y y

z
m = 27.5 [kg/m] weight/m
A = 27.5 10-4 [m2] net section area (without holes)
fy = 275 [MPa] yield strength

Main axis (strong axis): Secondary axis (weak axis):

Avzz =12,32 10-4 [m2] shear area Avyy =17,2 10-4 [m2] shear area
-8 4 -8 4
Iyy = 680 10 [m ] moment of inertia Izz = 311 10 [m ] moment of inertia
Welyy = 113 10-6 [m3] Young's modulus Welzz = 38 10-6 [m3] Young's modulus
-6 3
Wplyy = 128 10 [m ] plastic section modulus?

The technical properties of the WALER MK-120 are (for SLS loads):
MRdyy = 21.33 (kN m) Maximum permissible bending moment on axis y-y
VRdzz = 118,2 (kN) Maximum permissible shear force on axis y-y?

MRdzz = 6.3 (kN m) Maximum permissible bending moment on axis z-z

Construcción
43
 MK STRUCTURE

Compression load of WALER MK-

MK-120

Free length Compression load Ncrd (SLS)

1.5 m 360 kN **

2m 336 kN
2.5 m 287 kN

3m 240 kN

** Limited by the joint with 6 bolts

Values of pure buckling, not considering bending moment effects on any axis

5.1.2. PIN E20X70 AND PUSH-PULL PROP E JOINTS

The working load of the pin E20x70 in the WALER MK-120

Designation Working load (SLS)

PIN E20x70 77 kN

5.1.3. PIN E20X70 AND TUBE 50X6 JOINT (V BRACING TRUSS MK TUBE)

The working load of the pin E20x70 in the WALER MK-120

Designation Working load (SLS)

PIN E20x70 77 kN

5.1.4. PIN E20X70 AND TUBE 50X4 JOINT

The working load of the pin E20x70 in the WALER MK-120

Designation Working load (SLS)

PIN E20X70 30 kN **

** The strength limit of the diagonals is given by the tearing of the hole

Construcción
44
 MK STRUCTURE

5.1.5. PINNED JOINTS: PIN D40 AND MK CONNECTOR / NODES / JOINTS

The working load of the pin D40 used in a joint of the structure:

Designation Working load (SLS)

PIN E40X70 426 kN

5.1.6. BOLTED JOINTS: WALERS AND NODES

The working load of a joint fixed with 6 bolts between Walers MK-120 and different nodes is:

Designation Axile Max (SLS) M Max (SLS)

6-bolt joint at tension 360 kN 0 kNm

6-bolt joint at bending moment 0 kN 16.4 kNm

The working load of a joint fixed with 4 bolts between Walers MK-120 and different nodes is:

Designation Axile Max (SLS) M Max (SLS)

4-bolt joint at tension 240 kN 0 kNm

4-bolt joint at bending moment 0 kN 10.6 kNm

The working load of a joint fixed with 2 bolts between Walers MK-120 and different nodes is:

Designation Axile Max (SLS) M Max (SLS)

2-bolt joint at tension 120 kN 0 kNm

2-bolt joint at bending moment 0 kN 3.7 kNm

These values refer to the maximum working load of the joint at pure tension and bending moment. They do
not refer to the load combination of both.

Construcción
45
 MK STRUCTURE

5.1.7. DIAGONAL TUBES MK (50x4)

For any length of diagonals

DIAGONAL LENGTH TENSION (SLS) COMPRESSION (SLS)

Any 30 kN 30 kN

It is NOT enough to verify the diagonals at buckling because diagonals submitted only to tension must be
verified with respect to the working load value NEVER exceeding 30 kN due to the tear of the ∅20 hole of the
diagonal. The maximum working load of the diagonals is given by the tearing of the hole.

5.1.8. HORIZONTAL BRACES MK

Two limit values are given below for the horizontal braces. The first value does not consider any working platform
installed on the braces hence they are only submitted to compression loads. The second value considers apart from
compression, the generation of bending moments along the brace due to working platforms.

For the first case and for any length of horizontal braces:

BRACE LENGTH TENSION (SLS) COMPRESSION (SLS)

Any 20 kN 20 kN

It is NOT enough to verify the horizontal braces at buckling because braces submitted only to tension must be
verified with respect to the working load value NEVER exceeding 20kN due to the tear of the ∅20 hole of the
diagonal. The maximum working load of the braces is given by the tearing of the hole.

Construcción
46
 MK STRUCTURE

For the second case:

R
C

BRACE LENGTH DISTRIBUTED LOAD (SLS) R COMPRESSION (SLS)

0.75 m - kN/m 10 kN
1m 17 kN/m 10 kN
1.5 m 5.8 kN/m 10 kN
2m 2.6 kN/m 10 kN
2.5 m ** 1.1 kN/m 10 kN
3 m ** 1.9 kN/m 10 kN

** Due to the permissible load distribution, it is advisable not to install platforms on the horizontal braces of
2.5 m and 3 m. In any case, these braces require a previous verification.

5.1.9. BEAM VM20

Technical properties of the Beam VM20:

Mad = 5 (kNm) Maximum permissible bending moment

Qad = 11 (kN) Maximum permissible shear force
EI = 450 (kN m2) Stiffness (EI)

5.1.10. PLYWOOD BOARDS (SHUTTERING FACE)

Regarding the high variety of different board types on the market, a separate document collects all mechanical
properties of formwork boards. For more information, please refer to that document.

Construcción
47
 MK STRUCTURE

5.1.11. JACK WALER MK

The jack waler is studied for the stripping at a 250 mm distance from the supporting areas of the posts. These
areas have to be properly stiffened.

F = 360 kN (SLS)

Technical properties of the Jack Waler MK:

m = 72.4 (kg/m) weight/m

-4
A = 92.24 10 (m2) net section area (without holes)
Avzz =42.16 10-4 (m2) shear area Avyy =62.90 10-4 (m2) shear area
-8 4 -8 4
Iyy = 8590 10 (m ) moment of inertia Izz = 5274 10 (m ) moment of inertia
Welyy = 687 10-6 (m3) Young's modulus Welzz = 376 10-6 (m3) Young's modulus

fy = 355 (MPa) yield strength

The maximum permissible bending moment and shear force of the connection is:

8 bolts M24x60 8.8 Mmax yy (SLS) = 75 kNm ∼ 45 % waler strength Tmax yy (SLS) = 300 kN
8 bolts M24x60 10.9 Mmax yy (SLS) = 100 kNm ∼ 60 % waler strength Tmax yy (SLS) = 375 kN

Construcción
48
 MK STRUCTURE

5.1.12. JACK MK 360

The working loads of the Jack MK 360 are indicated in the table below. The table shows the possible combinations
of axial (V) and horizontal (H) forces for the different jack extensions. In the same figure, two straight lines delimit
the values for which there might be a sliding of the nut with respect to the fixed base depending on some
estimated friction coefficients for a nut lubricated or non-lubricated on its base.

Combinacion AXIL-H ADMISIBLE

PARA EVITAR (DESLIZAMIENTO TUERCA o ROTURA HUSILLO )

120,0

100,0
POSIBLE DESLIZAMIENTO TUERCA
RESPECTO AL PERFIL HUSILLO EN
E.L.S. (kN)

FUNCION DEL COEFICIENTE DE

ROZAMIENTO EXISTENTE
80,0
H MAXIMO ADMISIBLE

60,0

40,0

20,0

0,0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
AXIL MAXIMO ADMISIBLE E.L.S.(kN)
Extension Husillo 50 Extension Husillo 100 Extension Husillo 200
BASE TUERCA LUBRICADA BASE TUERCA SIN LUBRICAR

5.1.13. JACK MK 150

The working loads for the JACK MK 150:

V max (SLS) H max (SLS)

150 kN 8 kN

Construcción
49
 MK STRUCTURE

5.2. LIMITS FOR STANDARD STRUCTURES

The following information and data may merely act as reference. Formulas included in different calculation
bases for truss beams are used. They are valid as a first approximation but it is advisable to always verify individually
any truss application.

There are no whatsoever limits for possible truss deformations included herein. Those must be verified with
the help of calculation software for structures.

5.2.1. Bi-supported truss structure

This refers to a truss with supports at both ends as shown in the following figure. The spans possible to achieve
with this truss vary depending on the applied modulation. Three load application cases are analysed subsequently:

• As distributed load along the truss

• As point load applied on the centre of the upper boom
• As point loads applied on all nodes of the upper boom

7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

The tables show the maximum permissible load in SLS for each truss (qmax) (Pmax): maximum reaction on prop-
boom joint?, maximum bending moment the truss is able to absorb (M truss max), maximum bending moment in
the waler, maximum axial force in the waler and reactions on the supports depending on the distance between
nodes of the truss.

Construcción
50
 MK STRUCTURE

5.2.1.1. Node distance 3 m

LTruss 3 m
7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

hTruss 2,60 m

Longitud Total qmax kN/m NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

12 31,93 59,86 Tubo 50x50x6 574,67 8,98 221,19 191,56

15 24,08 45,15 Tubo 50x50x6 677,32 6,77 260,70 180,62
18 18,52 34,73 Tubo 50x50x6 750,10 5,21 288,71 166,69
21 14,55 27,28 Tubo 50x50x6 802,06 4,09 308,71 152,77
24 11,66 21,87 Tubo 50x50x6 839,82 3,28 323,25 139,97
27 9,52 17,86 Tubo 50x50x6 867,84 2,68 334,03 128,57
30 7,90 14,82 Tubo 50x50x6 889,05 2,22 342,19 118,54

LTruss 3 m
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

hTruss 2,60 m

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

12 26,34 39,51 49,38 Tubo 50x50x6 474,08 11,14 182,48 158,03

15 20,76 31,14 38,92 Tubo 50x50x6 583,87 8,78 224,73 155,70
18 16,49 24,74 30,92 Tubo 50x50x6 667,89 6,98 257,07 148,42
21 13,27 19,90 24,88 Tubo 50x50x6 731,35 5,61 281,50 139,30
24 10,83 16,24 20,30 Tubo 50x50x6 779,41 4,58 299,99 129,90
27 8,96 13,44 16,79 Tubo 50x50x6 816,18 3,79 314,15 120,92
30 7,51 11,26 14,08 Tubo 50x50x6 844,69 3,18 325,12 112,63

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

12 44,54 66,81 59,38 Tubo 50x50x6 801,69 0,00 308,57 300,63

15 33,26 49,88 45,35 Tubo 50x50x6 935,31 0,00 360,00 274,36
18 23,09 34,64 31,98 Tubo 50x50x6 935,31 0,00 360,00 225,17
21 16,97 25,45 23,75 Tubo 50x50x6 935,31 0,00 360,00 190,88
24 12,99 19,49 18,34 Tubo 50x50x6 935,31 0,00 360,00 165,63
27 10,26 15,40 14,59 Tubo 50x50x6 935,31 0,00 360,00 146,26
30 8,31 12,47 11,88 Tubo 50x50x6 935,31 0,00 360,00 130,94
* Valores orientativos (referencia para comparar)

Construcción
51
 MK STRUCTURE

5.2.1.2. Node distance 2.5 m

LTruss 2,5 m
7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

hTruss 2,17 m

Longitud Total qmax kN/m NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

10 42,65 66,64 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 533,10 8,33 246,23 213,24

12,5 31,76 49,62 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 620,31 6,20 286,51 198,50
15 24,21 37,82 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 680,81 4,73 314,45 181,55
17,5 18,90 29,52 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 723,35 3,69 334,10 165,34
20 15,08 23,56 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 753,92 2,94 348,22 150,78
22,5 12,27 19,17 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 776,42 2,40 358,61 138,03
25 9,98 15,59 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 1,95 360,00 124,71

LTruss 2,5 m
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

hTruss 2,17 m

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

10 35,63 44,54 55,68 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 445,43 10,47 205,74 178,17

12,5 27,70 34,62 43,28 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 541,01 8,14 249,88 173,12
15 21,77 27,22 34,02 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 612,40 6,40 282,85 163,31
17,5 17,38 21,72 27,16 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 665,33 5,11 307,30 152,07
20 14,10 17,62 22,03 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 704,87 4,14 325,57 140,97
22,5 11,61 14,51 18,14 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 734,81 3,41 339,39 130,63
25 9,70 12,13 15,16 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 757,84 2,85 350,03 121,25

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

10 62,35 77,94 69,28 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 0,00 360,00 350,74

12,5 39,91 49,88 45,35 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 0,00 360,00 274,36
15 27,71 34,64 31,98 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 0,00 360,00 225,17
17,5 20,36 25,45 23,75 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 0,00 360,00 190,88
20 15,59 19,49 18,34 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 0,00 360,00 165,63
22,5 12,32 15,40 14,59 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 0,00 360,00 146,26
25 9,98 12,47 11,88 Tensor E 1,5-2,2 779,42 0,00 360,00 130,94
* Valores orientativos (referencia para comparar)

Construcción
52
 MK STRUCTURE

5.2.1.3. Node distance 2m

LTruss 2 m
7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

hTruss 1,73 m

Longitud Total qmax kN/m NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

8 59,78 74,72 Tensor E 1-1,5 478,24 7,47 276,11 239,12

10 43,78 54,73 Tensor E 1-1,5 547,26 5,47 315,96 218,90
12 32,99 41,24 Tensor E 1-1,5 593,81 4,12 342,84 197,94
14 25,45 31,81 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 3,18 360,00 178,15
16 19,49 24,36 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 2,44 360,00 155,88
18 15,40 19,25 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 1,92 360,00 138,56
20 12,47 15,59 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 1,56 360,00 124,71

LTruss 2 m
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

hTruss 1,73 m

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

8 50,81 50,81 63,51 Tensor E 1-1,5 406,47 9,55 234,68 203,24

10 38,77 38,77 48,46 Tensor E 1-1,5 484,59 7,29 279,78 193,84
12 30,06 30,06 37,58 Tensor E 1-1,5 541,09 5,65 312,40 180,36
14 23,75 23,75 29,69 Tensor E 1-1,5 582,00 4,47 336,02 166,28
16 19,13 19,13 23,91 Tensor E 1-1,5 612,03 3,60 353,36 153,01
18 15,40 15,40 19,25 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 2,89 360,00 138,56
20 12,47 12,47 15,59 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 2,34 360,00 124,71

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

8 77,94 77,94 69,28 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 0,00 360,00 350,74

10 49,88 49,88 45,35 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 0,00 360,00 274,36
12 34,64 34,64 31,98 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 0,00 360,00 225,17
14 25,45 25,45 23,75 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 0,00 360,00 190,88
16 19,49 19,49 18,34 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 0,00 360,00 165,63
18 15,40 15,40 14,59 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 0,00 360,00 146,26
20 12,47 12,47 11,88 Tensor E 1-1,5 623,54 0,00 360,00 130,94
* Valores orientativos (referencia para comparar)

Construcción
53
 MK STRUCTURE

5.2.1.4. Node distance 1.5m

LTruss 1,5 m
7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

hTruss 1,30 m

Longitud Total qmax kN/m NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

6 90,25 84,60 OTRA OPCION 406,10 6,35 312,62 270,74

7,5 64,68 60,64 Tensor E 1-1,05 454,81 4,55 350,11 242,57
9 46,19 43,30 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 3,25 360,00 207,85
10,5 33,93 31,81 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 2,39 360,00 178,15
12 25,98 24,36 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 1,83 360,00 155,88
13,5 20,53 19,25 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 1,44 360,00 138,56
15 16,63 15,59 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 1,17 360,00 124,71

LTruss 1,5 m
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

hTruss 1,30 m

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

6 78,48 58,86 73,57 Tensor E 1-1,05 353,15 8,30 271,86 235,44

7,5 58,41 43,81 54,76 Tensor E 1-1,05 410,68 6,18 316,14 219,03
9 44,50 33,37 41,72 Tensor E 1-1,05 450,54 4,71 346,83 200,24
10,5 33,93 25,45 31,81 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 3,59 360,00 178,15
12 25,98 19,49 24,36 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 2,75 360,00 155,88
13,5 20,53 15,40 19,25 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 2,17 360,00 138,56
15 16,63 12,47 15,59 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 1,76 360,00 124,71

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Longitud Total qmax * kN/m Pmax kN NTensor max MCercha max Mmax Riostra Axil Max kN R Apoyos kN
Tensor a utilizar
Truss (m) (ELS) (ELS kN (ELS) kNm (ELS) kNm (ELS) (ELS) (ELS)

6 103,92 77,94 69,28 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 0,00 360,00 350,74

7,5 66,51 49,88 45,35 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 0,00 360,00 274,36
9 46,19 34,64 31,98 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 0,00 360,00 225,17
10,5 33,93 25,45 23,75 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 0,00 360,00 190,88
12 25,98 19,49 18,34 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 0,00 360,00 165,63
13,5 20,53 15,40 14,59 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 0,00 360,00 146,26
15 16,63 12,47 11,88 Tensor E 1-1,05 467,65 0,00 360,00 130,94
* Valores orientativos (referencia para comparar)

Construcción
54
 MK STRUCTURE

the stability of all ties, meshes, platform

6. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE
anchorages, etc. before and afterwards.

6.1. SAFE OPERATING GUIDELINES • Before starting the stripping/dismantling

procedure, check that all structural components
6.1.1. General guidelines
(e.g. ties) are in place. If not, revise the assembly
• It is recommended to strictly follow the before proceeding with stripping/dismantling.
instructions of the project plan, the health and • Furthermore, check that no loose material
safety plan, as well as any further technical remains on the structure, e.g. on working
and/or safety rules which might apply to the platforms, in danger of falling from it, and
project. striking persons below.
• Works are carried out by qualified personnel • The following measures must be taken to restrict
only, and under the supervision of a competent access to the structure during erection and
person. dismantling or whenever the structure is not in
• Instructions of use for the employed equipment correct working conditions (e.g. missing collective
must be followed. Consult operating manuals of protection): signposting, fencing, closing or
the manufacturer or distributor. demarcation with straps, barriers or meshes of
• Only statutory auxiliary means and the the working area and third-party passageways.
corresponding protection equipment, preferably • Employees and any third party accessing a
collective protection equipment are employed. structure without collective protection yet in
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) should place, must wear all indicated PPE to prevent falls
comprise at least safety helmet, safety footwear, from height or to be protected from falling
protective gloves and tool holder belt. Whenever objects.
necessary use further PPE, such as reflective • The purchaser or lessee of the structure shall
jackets, anti-fall harness with lifeline, goggles, instruct its employees on all necessary guidelines
breathing masks, earmuffs, etc. for the safe operating of the structure.
• Avoid heavy impacts on working platform or • Any alterations of the structure must be executed
plywood. It is strictly forbidden to jump on under the supervision of a competent person and
platforms or plywood, to abruptly unload must comply with instructions in the operating
material or letting it fall from height onto the manuals of the manufacturer or distributor.
platforms. • The purchaser or lessee shall conduct periodic
• If the building site is located nearby high voltage checks of the assembly to verify the correct
power lines, it is recommended to work without installation of critical structural elements and to
power supply. If this is not possible, the identify the potential withdrawal of parts or the
appropriate measures according to the respective alteration of the structure as such by employees
reference standard should be taken. or a third party.
• Under adverse weather conditions, works on the
building site should stop.
• Under heavy wind conditions, remove materials
and other objects from the platforms, and check

Construcción
55
 MK STRUCTURE

6.1.2. Guidelines for structures • Ensure that there are no loose elements on top
of the structure if the dismantling is done by
6.1.2.1. Structure assembly
means of crane.
• Mark and bound an area for the assembly so that
• Ensure that there are no workers in the vertical of
anyone outside the assembly will enter the area.
the removed gang or nearby.
• Ensure the correct fastening of bolts and nuts
• Take special care to ensure structure stability
between different elements, and the correct
when dismantling process.
positioning and tightening of push-pull props.
• Do not accumulate material on the platforms
• Ensure the fastening of ties, nuts, plate nuts, and
while dismantling, it must be lowered while
lots anchors and in general the correct anchorage
dismantling process is making.
of those additional items to be tied to the
ground.
• Ensure the correct anchorage of the previous set,
6.1.3. Guidelines for structures
before placing the next.
• Do not leave any part half-assembled or half- 6.1.3.1. Formwork
dismantled.
• Place some sort of support to store or move the
• Ensure ground resistance to withstand the loads,
formwork panels which prevent their damage
in terms of use, to which it will be subject, and
and ease the building site order, the panel
weather conditions, taking the necessary
cleaning and the transport to their area of
measures (surface cleaning, foundation, …).
operation.
• In the event that loads are important, make a
• Ensure the fastening of plate nuts, and the
geotechnical report and dimension the necessary
correct positioning and anchorage of push-pull
foundation by the contractor.
props to the ground.
• When special foundations are needed, make a
• Ensure the correct anchorage of the previous
foundation project with drawings and
formwork set, before placing the next.
calculations.
• Do not leave any part half-assembled or half-
• Ensure structure stability, making the remarked
dismantled.
anchors according to the project or/and standard
• It is forbidden to climb on formwork except in
configurations.
extraordinary cases duly studied and with
• If any product is spilled on the platforms, it will
appropriate protection systems in place.
be cleaned immediately.
• Before concrete pouring, make sure the
• Do not accumulate material on the platforms,
formwork surfaces are clean.
only have the necessary equipment at all times.
• Clean panels after each use. Wire brushes are not
suitable for cleaning as they are damaging the
6.1.2.2. Dismantling of structures phenolic film of the plywood.
• It is important to state that the phenolic coating
• Inspect the condition of the structure before
rarely suffers from the chemical and abrasive
dismantling, in order to check if any items or
action of the concrete. But where it is already
anchor is missing.
damaged, e.g. at holes and deteriorated areas, it

Construcción
56
 MK STRUCTURE

must be thoroughly sealed to prevent any further • Place the concrete in uniform layers of 30 to 45
damage to the plywood. cm.
• Any cut edge of the plywood should be sealed as • For vertical concrete placement, cast the concrete
soon as possible, because cut edges soak up from the least height above the formwork
water from the concrete and swell, thus possible. Do never exceed 2 m height unless a
increasing in thickness. pipe or tube or any similar accessory is used to
• In general, it is not recommended to use nails or channel the concrete. Deposit the concrete as
screws on the plywood. near as possible to the formwork base, centring
• For storage, the panels should be stacked one on on one point without casting directly against the
top of the other, placing wood runners between formwork.
them. Use some sort of support to separate them • When casting with bucket, take special care of
from the ground, and provide shelter. Prolonged not hitting the formwork, and of complying with
sun and rain exposure damages the panels. the maximum load-bearing capacity of the crane.
• Avoid concrete splashes on the plywood as these
will reflect on the finished surface.
6.1.3.2. Release agent
• Use the appropriate method for concrete
• Release agent helps separating the formwork
consolidation and compaction depending on the
from the concrete, and thus increases the
concrete consistency and its workability.
number of uses and the life span of the panel in
• The preferred consolidation and compaction
general.
method for wet cast-in-place concrete are poker
• It plays an important role for the quality of the
vibrators. Use external vibrators only when the
concrete finishing because it prevents holes from
concrete cannot be accessed with poker vibrators
air bubbles on the concrete surface and provides
and for parts moulded already in the workshop.
a uniform colour.
External vibration requires a specific analysis.
• Apply the release agent uniformly and in thin
• Completely immerse the poker 10 to 15 cm into
layers onto the panel, bearing in mind at all times
the concrete, and put it into each area of
the instructions for correct use.
concrete, only once. When concrete is poured in
• Thoroughly clean the panel surface before
layers, place the vibrator into the previous layer
applying the release agent on it. to meld the two layers together.
• Clean the metal frame and the panel off the • Never allow the vibrator to touch the formwork
release agent after every 4 to 5 uses. to prevent exceeding the considered loads.
• Immerse vertically or slightly inclined and quickly,
6.1.3.3. Concrete placement and compaction but withdraw slowly.

• Comply with the maximum pressures according

to the instructions of the respective formwork 6.1.3.4. Concrete curing and formwork stripping
system.
• Check that curing is sufficiently advanced for
• Continuously check the state of the formwork
stripping without causing spalling at the concrete
during concrete casting. Stop further casting in surface which destroys the finishing and can
case of any incident.
affect the strength and durability of the concrete.

Construcción
57
 MK STRUCTURE

• Increase the curing time of the concrete when • The material is packed for transport in
facing fast drying and shrinkage due to appropriate containers such as wood or steel
evaporation from wind or low temperatures. pallets, boxes, or strapped in bundles with stable
• The time span between casting and stripping base.
shall be the same for all parts of the concrete • Strap the bundles sufficiently stable to prevent
structure. This is justified when a high finishing them from moving and getting damaged. If
quality is aimed for because the tone of the necessary, protect the items with some sort of
concrete surface depends on how long the buffer.
concrete surface is isolated from the outside. • Cut the metal strap, standing on the side, using
• Ensure the absence of unauthorised people in the gloves and goggles to prevent getting cut by the
vicinity where stripping takes place. bouncing strap or caught in the strap.
• Once stripping is finished, place the formwork on
a sort of support and proceed with its cleaning
6.2.2. Transport
and dismantling, if it is not going to be used for
further casts. • Ensure the stable loading of the material,
complying with the instructions of the driver
(equilibrated distribution on the lorry bed,
fastening of auxiliary items, etc.).
6.2. TRANSPORT, HANDLING AND • Keep your distance when opening the containers
STORAGE after transport to prevent injuries from falling
objects.
6.2.1. General guidelines

• Get informed about hazards on the building site

6.2.3. Handling
and preventive measures to avoid those.
• Obey the instructions of the person-in-charge at 6.2.3.1. Manual handling of loads
the workplace. Some ergonomic principles to be followed are listed
• Ensure adequate communication between the below:
employees working together. • Do not make any sudden jerky movements.
• Use work equipment only when authorised,
• Before lifting the load, examine it to detect any
trained and provided with all required
sharp corners, dirt, etc. and decide according to
information to conduct it. its shape, weight and volume for the best way to
• Maintain minimum distances to mobile work get a secure grip of the load.
equipment (forklifts, lorries, cranes, other • Lift, separating the feet at shoulder distance,
construction machinery) and to areas with the duck, bending the knees, never the back.
risk of falling objects.
• Do not attempt to lift alone, any load that is too
• Do not stand, walk, or work under suspended
heavy, too large, or awkward. Use a mechanical
loads, nor under the trajectory or in the vicinity of
lifting device or get a helping hand from co-
these loads.
workers.
• Avoid the parts suffering blows and crushing
during transport, handling and storage.

Construcción
58
 MK STRUCTURE

6.2.3.2. Mechanical handling of loads • Ensure the stability of any piles, bearing in mind
the following aspects:
• Only statutory mechanical lifting devices,
- Load-bearing capacity of the ground
appropriate for the operation are allowed for
- Varying ground levels
use.
- Levelling of the packages
• Check the condition of the lifting gear such as
- Package or container support
slings or cables before each use and report any
- Package stability
defects.
- State of the strap
• Place lifting accessories and step back to a secure
- State and capacity of the containers used
distance from the load and other materials which
- Do not stack full containers on top of empty
could get affected.
or half-empty containers
• Comply with all instructions given by the team
- External conditions (wind, risk of another
chef who is specifically trained for this.
object hitting the pile, etc.)
• Cause no sudden acceleration or deceleration of
the moving load.
• When conducting difficult or dangerous lifting
operations, or in the case that the crane operator
has no obstruction free visual control of the 6.3. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
entire trajectory of the load, the crane operations
6.3.1. General guidelines
are directed by a banksman who is in constant
communication with the crane operator by • ULMA is responsible for the delivery of the
means of a previously agreed sign code. products, for sale or rent, in good working

• If necessary, use tag lines to control the load condition.

from distance. Keep hands clear of suspended • From the moment of delivery, the responsibility
load if hands could get caught between the load for correct use, inspection and product
and another object. Swinging and/or unforeseen maintenance passes on to the purchaser or
movements with the load can cause serious lessee. All damaged and broken parts, parts with
accidents. missing components, i.e. all parts in no proper
working condition must be removed from
service.
6.2.4. Storage
• For use, inspection and maintenance of the
• Proper storage of the parts is fundamental to product, special attention should be paid to the
keep them in good working condition. following points:
• Wherever possible, store the material in a place - Items aimed to ensure people´s safety
protected from atmospheric impact to avoid - Items made of aluminium, as they are more
wear. vulnerable to damages of the welded joints
• It is recommended to place parts of the same and deformation
type and dimensions in its respective container
(boxes, steel pallets, etc.).

Construcción
59
 MK STRUCTURE

6.3.2. Inspection instructions of elements appliances 6.3.3. Inspection instructions with CE marking of
with CE marking of ULMA Construcción equipment marketed by ULMA Construcción

Before each use, the condition of element appliances Equipment with CE marking marketed by ULMA
with CE marking must be checked. In case that it Constucción is checked following the instructions
does not fulfil all defined requirements, it must be stipulated in the User´s Guide of the respective
removed from service. product.

For more information, consult ULMA Construcción.

Construcción
60
 MK STRUCTURE

7. LEGAL REFERENCES
• Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in
the safety and health of workers at work.
• Council Directive 89/654/EEC of 30 November 1989 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements
for the workplace.
• Council Directive 89/656/EEC of 30 November 1989 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the
use by workers of personal protective equipment at the workplace.
• Council Directive 90/269/EEC of 29 May 1990 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the manual
handling of loads where there is a risk particularly of back injury to workers.
• Council Directive 92/57/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the implementation of minimum safety and health
requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites.
• Council Directive 92/58/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the minimum requirements for the provision of safety and/or
health signs at work.
• Council Directive 89/655/EEC - Council Directive 95/63/EEC - Directive 2001/45/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 27 June 2001 amending Council Directive 89/655/EEC concerning the minimum safety
and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work.
• Directive 2002/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 on the minimum health
and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (vibration).
• Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the minimum
health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents
(noise).
• Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and
amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast).

Standards:
• EN 12812:2008 Falsework. Performance requirements and general design
• EN 12811-1 Temporary works equipment. Part 1: Scaffolds. Performance requirements and general design
• EN 12811-2 Temporary works equipment. Part 2: Information on materials
• EN 12811-3 Temporary works equipment. Part 3: Load testing
• EN 13374 Temporary edge protection systems. Product specifications, test methods
• EN 74-1 Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falsework and scaffolds. Part 1: Couplers for tubes.
Requirements and test procedures
• EN 74-2_Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falsework and scaffolds. Part 2: Special couplers.
Requirements and test procedures
• EN 74-3_Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falsework and scaffolds. Part 3: Plain base plates and
spigot pins. Requirements and test procedures.

Construcción
61
 ULMA Construcción around the world
www.ulma-c.com

PRODUCTION PLANT  Poland

AND HEADQUARTERS ULMA Construccion Polska S.A.
WARSAW
ULMA C y E, S. Coop. www.ulma-c.pl
Ps. Otadui, 3 - P.O. Box 13
20560 OÑATI (Guipúzcoa) WSCHÓD REGION
SPAIN WARSZAWA Branch
Phone: + 34 943 034900 WARSZAWA Office
Fax: + 34 943 034920 OLSZTYN Office

LUBLIN Branch
LUBLIN Office
BIAŁYSTOK Office
EUROPE
ZACHÓD REGION
 Germany POZNAŃ Branch
ULMA Betonschalungen POZNAŃ Office
und Gerüste GmbH BYDGOSZCZ Office
RÖDERMARK
www.ulma-c.de GDAŃSK Branch
GDAŃSK Office
Nordwest Branch SZCZECIN Office
NEUSS
WROCŁAW Branch
Südwest Branch WROCŁAW Office
GÖPPINGEN NOWA SÓL Office

POŁUDNIE REGION
 France
JAWORZNO Branch
ULMA, S.A.R.L.
JAWORZNO Office
BONDOUFLE
ŁÓDŹ Office
www.ulma-c.fr

IDF Branch
 Portugal
BONDOUFLE
ULMA Portugal Lda.
Eguilles Branch São João da Talha - LISBON
EGUILLES www.ulma-c.pt

Nantes Branch Porto Branch

SAINT HERBLAIN Vila Nova de Gaia - PORTO

Lille Branch
LA CHAPELLE D’ARMENTIÈRES  Czech Republic
ULMA Construcción CZ, s.r.o.
Lescar Branch BENÁTKY NAD JIZEROU
LESCAR www.ulma-c.cz

Evénements Branch
LONS  Slovac Republic
ULMA Construccion SK, s.r.o.
Tarnos Branch BRATISLAVA
TARNOS www.ulma-c.sk

 Italy  Romania
ALPI, S.P.A. ULMA Cofraje s.r.l.
MONGUELFO (BZ) BUCHAREST
www.alpionline.net www.ulma-c.ro

 Kazakhstan  Ukraine
ULMA Kazakhstan ULMA Formwork Ukraine Ltd.
ASTANA KIEV
www.ulma-c.kz www.ulma-c.com

Construcción
  USA
ULMA Form Works, Inc.
Hawthorne - NEW JERSEY
www.ulma-c.us

West Branch (Phoenix)

Gilbert - ARIZONA

Mid-Atlantic Branch
(Baltimore)
Jessup - MARYLAND
 Spain
 Mexico ULMA C y E, S. Coop.
ULMA Cimbras y Andamios de www.ulma-c.es
AMERICA
México S.A. de C.V.
TLALNEPANTLA ANDALUCÍA Branch
 Argentina ALCALÁ DE GUADAIRA (Sevilla)
(Mexico State)
ULMA Andamios y Encofrados PELIGROS (Granada)
www.ulma-c.com.mx
Argentina, S.A.
CAPITAL FEDERAL ARAGÓN Branch
www.ulma-c.com.ar PEDROLA (Zaragoza)
 Peru
ULMA Encofrados Perú, S.A.
CANARIAS Branch
 Brazil LIMA
INGENIO (Las Palmas)
ULMA Brasil - Fôrmas e www.ulma-c.com.pe
GÜIMAR (Tenerife)
Escoramentos Ltda.
Itapevi - SP Norte Branch
CASTILLA Branch
www.ulma-c.com.br Chiclayo - LAMBAYEQUE
CIGALES (Valladolid)
GIJÓN (Asturias)
Rio de Janeiro Branch
Ramos - Rio de Janeiro - RJ CATALUÑA Branch
POLINYA (Barcelona)
Centro-Oeste Branch LLUCMAJOR (Illes Balears)
Gama - Brasilia DF
CENTRO Branch
Salvador Branch COBEÑA (Madrid)
Centro - Lauro de Freitas - BA AJOFRÍN (Toledo)

Sul Branch GALICIA Branch

Navegantes - Poa RS CAMBRE (La Coruña)
MOS (Pontevedra)

 Canada NORTE Branch

ASIA-AFRICA
ULMA Construction Systems Canada Inc. LEGUTIANO (Álava)
Bolton - ONTARIO DERIO (Vizcaya)
 P.R. China
www.ulma-c.ca
ULMA Formworks China R.O.
LEVANTE Branch
SHANGHAI
NÁQUERA (Valencia)
www.ulma-c.cn
 Chile MOLINA DE SEGURA (Murcia)
ULMA Chile - Andamios y Moldajes, S.A.
SANTIAGO
 UAE
www.ulma-c.cl
ULMA Formworks UAE L.L.C.
DUBAI
Norte Branch
www.ulma-c.ae
ANTOFAGASTA

Sur Branch
CONCEPCIÓN  India
ULMA FORMWORK SYSTEMS
INDIA PVT. LTD.
GURGAON - Haryana
www.ulma-c.in

 Singapore
ULMA Formwork Singapore PTE. LTD.
SINGAPUR
www.ulma-c.sg

Construcción