VIBRATION CONTROL IN CENTRIFUGAL FANS

A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted By

VENUS SHARMA

JAYDIP SOLANKI

DHAVAL PATEL

In fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Gujarat Technology University, Ahmedabad

January, 2012

1
 UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Mechanical Engineering
2012

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “VIBRATION CONTROL IN

CENTRIFUGAL FANS” has been carried out by

VENUS SHARMA , JAYDIP SOLANKI AND DHAVAL

PATEL under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree Of Bachelor

of Engineering in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (7TH

SEMESTER) of Gujarat Technological University,Ahmedabad

during the academic year 2011-12.

Guides:

Mr. Ripen Shah (College guide)

Mr.Subhash Sharma (Company guide)

Head of the Department

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is possible that the theoretical knowledge is an important thing which is not possible without

the support, guiding, motivation & inspiration provided by the different persons. Hence we are

thankful to many people.

We express our great thanks to our college “UNIVERSAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY” and our sir Ripen shah for giving us the

chance of guiding ourselves to learn various aspects practically.

We would like to express our gratitude to our company guide Mr. Subhash Sharma (General

Manager in C Doctor India Pvt. Ltd.) who has been the key person for providing us an important

data and making us to understand the terms & theory of organization and functional process &

system as well as for giving continuous and excellent motivation to us.

We would also like to be thankful to our Mechanical Department Faculties without their

guidance this project wouldn’t have been complete. Their sense of care always energized us and

made us to feel a part of the project.

3
 ABSTRACT

Most manufacturing company uses pumps, etc. to pump liquid from one place to
another. This industry basically covers centrifugal fans & pumps. It also includes
manufacturers of duct collection equipment & other air purification equipment for
heating & other applications.

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to

increase the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move
liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near
to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radials outward into
a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream
piping system. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller
heads.

A centrifugal pump uses a spinning "impeller" which normally has backward-

swept blades
It works by converting kinetic energy into potential energy measurable as static
fluid pressure at the outlet of the pump. This action is described by Bernoulli's
principle.

This project is to solve the problem on slip & Cavitation on centrifugal pumps.
These two problems seriously affect the operation & performance of the
centrifugal pumps.

4
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Description Page No.

Table 5.1 Market share of company 13

Table 5.2 Pressure ratio table 17

Table 5.3 Work schedule Table 37

Table 5.4 Table C-2 Vibration measuring 38

Units

Table 5.5 Group of fans 42

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Description Page No.

Fig.No.1.1 Photo of company 9

Fig.No.1.2 Market Share Ratio 13

Fig.No.1.3 Details of company 14

Fig.No.1.4 Details of company 14

Fig.No.2 Centrifugal Fan 15

Fig.No.4 Types Of Blades 16

Fig.No.5 Block Diagram of 18

Centrifugal fan

Fig.No.6 Mounting of Isolators 27

Fig.No.7 Methods of mounting isolators 30

Fig.No.8 Methods of mounting isolators 30

Fig.No.9 Methods of mounting isolators 30

Fig.No.10 Methods of mounting isolators 31

Fig.No.11 Theory of Z Channel 32

Fig.No.12 Types Of fans 43

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE No.

Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4

List of Tables 5

List of Figures 6

Table of Contents 7

Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 9-17

A. Introduction to the company:

1.1 History of company

1.2 Company Profile
1.3 General Information about the company
1.4 Brief details of company

B. Introduction to the centrifugal fans

1.1 introduction to centrifugal fans
1.2 Basic Difference between centrifugal fan & pump

Chapter: 2 BRIEF HISTORY OF WORK 18-22

2(A). Block Diagram of Centrifugal Fan

2(B). Problem identification

2.B.1 What Is Vibration
2.B.2 Root Causes For vibration
2.B.3 Effects of Vibration

7
Chapter 3: LITERATURE SURVEY 23-26

3.1 to solve id fan vibration problem

3.2 To rectify vibration problem
3.3 Replacement of bearings to reduce vibration
3.4 Summary

Chapter 4: WORKING/IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT WORK 27-33

4.1 Mounting of isolators.

4.2 Methods of mounting isolators.
4.3 solution no.1 (using of z channels)
4.4 solution no.2 (using of fabric material)
4.5 solution no.3 (use of lever operated damper)
4.6 solution no.4 (rounding of scroll corner)

Chapter 5: RESULT ANALYSIS 34-36

5.1 For Problem No.1

5.2 For Problem No.2
5.3 For Problem No.3
5.4 For Problem No.4

Chapter 6: CONCLUSION 37

6.1 Summary of project

6.2 Work schedule of the project

APPENDIX A– VIBRATION MEASUREMENT UNITS 38

APPENDIX B— FAN TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART 39

APPENDIX C— TYPES OF FANS 41

APPENDIX D– CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR VARIOUS FANS 43

References 44

8
 CHAPTER 1

 Introduction to the company:

 History of company:

CB Doctor Ventilators Pvt. Ltd. was incepted on 2nd April, 2008 established a manufacturing
unit for Axial and Centrifugal fans with a view to grow in Fan segment that is core strength of
joint venture companies i.e. C Doctor India Pvt. Ltd., Ventmeca International, a French
company and Industrial CBI, an Italian Company, formed a new company in the CB Doctor
Ventilators Pvt. Ltd. All the three companies provided their technology and skills in this
company.

Figure No.1.1

Group companies:

(1) C. Doctor India Pvt. Ltd.

(2) C. Doctor & Co. Pvt. Ltd.

(3) C B Doctor Ventilators Pvt. Ltd.

9
 COMPANY PROFILE

NAME OF COMPANY:

CB Doctor Ventilators Pvt. Ltd.

LOGO OF THE COMPANY:

PUNCH LINE:

Masters of the Winds

Products:
 Centrifugal fans
 Centrifugal pumps
 Blowers
 Axial fans

10
  GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPANY

NAME OF THE COMPANY: CB DOCTOR VENTILATORS PVT LTD

BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Shri Suhasbhai V. Mehta

(Chairman & Managing Director)

Shri saurabhbhai S. Mehta

GENERAL MANAGER: Mr. Subhash Sharma

CORPORATE OFFICE: 3607-3608, GIDC Estate,

Phase IV, Vatva,

Ahmedabad-382 445

WEB SITE: www.cbdoctorindia.com

11
  BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY:

This industry covers firms primarily engaged in manufacturing blowers for general industrial and
commercial use, and commercial exhaust fans, ventilating fans, and static fans. Also included are
manufacturers of duct collection equipment and other air purification equipment for heating and
air conditioning systems and equipment for industrial gas cleaning systems.

The ability of the fan to move large quantities of air makes it the base component of the rapidly
expanding air pollution control industry. Starting with the plant, the device has been harnessed to
help contain and remove pollutants like dust and metal particles, carbon monoxide, nitrous
oxides, sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, and hydrocarbon solvents in a variety of filters and traps.

 CURRENT CONDITION:
Industrial ventilation Market growth is between 9 -12 % annually. Employee safety is continued
to drive the industrial ventilation market.

The industrial and commercial fan and blower and air purification systems industry took a
substantial blow during 2009 when the United States experienced the blunt effect of the
economic recession. Demand declined across most business sectors throughout the United States.
Thus, firms that sold air purification systems, fans, and blows saw a significant loss of business
during 2009.

Specifically, according to industry statistics, overall industry sales were down from more than
$5.3 billion in 2008 to $2.37 billion in 2009.

12
 MARKET SHARE OF INDUSTRIAL VENTILATORS IN THE
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY:

Year % of Industrial Others

ventilator

2008 30% 70%

2011 41% 59%

Table No.1

% OF
2008 Indu. 2011
Ventilat % of
0% 0% 0% 0%
or Indu.
30% Ventilato
r
Others Others 41%
70% 59%

Figure No.1.2

13
 BRIEF DETAILS OF COMPANY:

Figure No.1.3 Figure No.1.4

 Financial Size: Rs 200 lacks Share Capital

 Export Restrictions: Can export products anywhere in the World.

 Certification:

 ISO 9001:2000 certified by BVQI and in process of

 Implementing IMS (Integrated Management System)
 Including Quality Management System, Environment Management System and OSHAS
Certification

 CE Certified Jobs Exported in Europe

 Member of AMCA

14
  INTRODUCTION TO CENTRIFUGAL FANS:
A centrifugal fan has a fan wheel composed of a number of fan blades mounted around a hub.
The hub turns on a shaft that passes through the fan housing. The gas enters from the side of the
fan wheel, turns 90 degrees and accelerates as it passes over the fan blades. The
term, centrifugal, refers to the trajectory of the gas stream as it passes out of the fan housing.

The fan wheel consists of a hub and a number of fan blades. The fan blades on the hub can be
arranged in three different ways:

 Forward
 Backward
 Radial

Forward-curved fans use blades that curve toward the direction of rotation of the fan wheel.
These are especially sensitive to particulate and are not used extensively in air pollution control
systems. Backward-curved fan blades use a straight plate, a curved plate, or a curved airfoil.
These types of fan wheels are used in fans designed to handle gas streams with relatively low
particulate loadings because they are prone to solids build-up. Backward-curved fans are more
energy efficient than radial blade fans.

Radial blades are fan wheel blades that extend straight out from the hub. A radial blade fan
wheel it is often used on particulate-laden gas streams because it is the least sensitive to solids
build-up on the blades.

15
Fluids are moved by pumps, fans, blowers, and compressors. These use work to increase the
mechanical energy of a fluid, which in turn can increase the flow rate (velocity), pressure, or
elevation of the fluid. Definitions overlap, but broad categories can be defined -- the
characterization is based on the phase of the fluid, the flow capacity, and the required pressure
change (head).

Liquids are typically moved by pumps. Gases are moved by fans (large volume, small pressure
difference), blowers (large volume, moderate pressure difference), or compressors (large
pressure differences). Specialized equipment is also used to produce vacuums in process
systems.

o Types of pumps:
There are two main categories of pumps -- positive displacement and centrifugal. The choice is
based on the liquid to be pumped and the desired head and capacity.

Centrifugal pumps are probably most common in industrial applications. They may be built in a
very large number of materials. Capacity ranges up to 6000 gpm are common, as are heads to
600 feet, all without special drivers. Performance drops off significantly when handling viscous
fluids or when air or vapors are present in the liquid.

For a given head and capacity, centrifugal pumps tend to be smaller and lighter than other types,
hence costs are lower.

16
  BASIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUMP & FAN

 Fans, blowers and compressors are differentiated by the method used to move the air, and
by the system pressure they must operate against. As per American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the specific ratio – the ratio of the discharge pressure
over the suction pressure – is used for defining the fans, blowers and compressors.

Equipment Specific Ratio Pressure rise (mmWg)

Fans Up to 1.11 1136

Blowers 1.11 to 1.20 1136 – 2066
Compressors More than 1.20 –
TABLE No.2

 Also the centrifugal fan uses compressible fluids such as air whereas centrifugal pump
uses incompressible fluids.

 Centrifugal pumps cannot use the flexible membrane at inlet and outlet port while the
centrifugal fans can use flexible membrane at both ports.

 Centrifugal fans are simple in construction and design as compared to the centrifugal
pumps.

17
 CHAPTER 2
 BRIEF HISTORY OF WORK

Block diagram of centrifugal fans:

Figure No.5

Centrifugal fan

 Main components of the centrifugal fan:

1.Motor : It provides the power to the impeller for rotation in casing.

2.Base : It is the structure over which whole assembly rests.

3.Couplings: It provides connection between the impeller of the fan and the
motor.

4.Bearings
Pad ester: It accommodates the shaft connecting the impeller & the motor.

18
 5.Casing: It encloses the impeller assembly.

6.Impeller: It is the vital part of the centrifugal fan .It conveys the low pressure
air to high pressure.

7.Damper: It defines the area for calculating the capacity of the centrifugal
fan. It controls the amount of air flow.

8.Isolator: It transfers the vibration to the foundation to secure other parts of

the fan.

 Problem Identification:

 WHAT IS VIBRATION?

 Vibration is the continuous back and forth motion of an object from its neutral
position in reaction to an external force.

A simple example of vibration is when a mass is suspended on a metal spring. If

force is applied to the mass to pull it down, and then the mass is released, it will
move up and down repeatedly from its neutral position.

Now imagine the same mass but, instead of straight down, it is pulled at an angle
from the vertical position. The mass will move not only up and down, but also
sideways, to and pro, like a pendulum. In other words, the mass will vibrate both
vertically and horizontally. The same is true if it is pulled down and the spring is
twisted before it is released - it will vibrate in different directions.

If force is re-applied repeatedly the mass will continue to vibrate indefinitely until
the spring breaks due to fatigue failure.

A centrifugal fan, no matter how well-built, will always vibrate. It is the severity of
the vibration that is important. Its vibration is a complex extension of our simple
mass-and-spring example. A pump has spring-like properties and a suspended
mass - its shaft (or rotor). Its vibration results from the displacement of its shaft
from its neutral position due to some external forces generated when the shaft
rotates. Due to the complexity of these forces, the shaft displacement occurs in
horizontal, vertical, and axial directions. If the vibration occurs indefinitely the pump
will fail prematurely depending on the severity of the vibration.

19
 ROOT CAUSES FOR VIBRATION IN CENTRIFUGAL
FANS

(1) Weak base structure

(2) Weakening in any rotating and stationary part.
(3) Unbalance of rotating parts.
(4) Misalignment of shaft, coupling, or bearings.
(5) Rubbing or looseness of parts.
(6) Interference or eccentricity.
(7) Bent shaft & defective bearings.
(8) Acoustic, mechanical or structural resonance.
(9) Dirt caught between mating parts

 EFFECTS OF VIBRATION ON CENTRIFUGAL FAN

(1) Reduction in efficiency of system
(2) Decrese in performance
(3) Increse in temperature in assembly
(4) Wearing of components of fan
(5) Less output
(6) Increases noise in assembly
(7) Misalignment of shafts
(8) Reduces life of centrifugal fan

20
 CHAPTER 3

 Literature Survey:

(1) Title: to solve id fan vibration problem

21
(2) Title: to rectify vibration problem

22
(3) Title: Replacement of bearings to reduce vibration

23
 SUMMARY:
Thus by adopting following methods the vibration problem can be resolved:

1. Regular Lubrication of the Bearings.

2. Removing dirt particles accomodated on the impeller by high presssure air flow.
3. Replacing of weared out bearings.
4. Aligning of the shaft.
5. Using of flexible membrane at inlet andoutler ports.
6. Proper tightening of nuts and bolts.
7. Proper levelling to base structure.
8. Cleaning or rebalancing of assembly.

24
 CHAPTER 4

 WORKING/IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT WORK

Mounting Of Isolators:

o Direct Mount

Figure No.6

 No base required. Isolators are attached directly to equipment. Direct isolation can
be used if Equipment is unitary and rigid without the use of additional support.
Direct isolation is not recommended for equipment having large overhung loads. If
there is any doubt that equipment can be supported directly on isolators, use rails,
bases or consult the factory.

 METHODS OF USING ISOLATORS :

 Larger centrifugal fans are typically mounted on bases. The fan shown in this photo is
mounted on a structural base with height saving brackets and free standing springs.

25
 Figure No.7

 Smaller centrifugal fans can be directly mounted on isolators.

Figure No.8

 Utility fans are typically mounted on mounting rails incorporating either neoprene or
spring mounts.

26
 Figure No.9

 Belt drive plenum fans are typically mounted on structural bases and shipped as a
packaged unit including motor and drives.

Figure No.10

 Thus the choice of isolator depends upon the utility and the application where the fan is
to be used. This isolator helps in reducing the vibration in the centrifugal fa

27
  SOLUTION No.1

o Using of Z channels instead of C channels as base:

Z C
SECTION- SECTION-
BASE BASE

Figure No.11

Commonly C section structural base are used in general manufacturing companies. However by
using channel Z as a structural base for the centrifugal fan the vibration can be reduced
effectively.

 SOLUTION No.2
o Using of fabric material as a flexible membrane:
At present the company is using canvas material as flexible membrane.
Canvas is not efficient at high temperature so in that case we can use fabric material for flexible
membrane at inlet and outlet ports.

Properties of fabrics :
1. Resistant to high temperature.
2. Longer life
3. Less tendency to distort by vibration
4. Higher flexibility
5. High efficiency

28
  SOLUTION No.3
o Using Of Lever System In Damper To Control The Variation In The Air Pressure:
By using lever system we can control the amount of air flow at the inlet of the damper.
If the air flow is undercontrol then the variation in the pressure in the casing will be less and
vibration will be less.

 SOLUTION No.4
o Making the corner of the scroll more circular
By making the corner of casing round the friction will be less and air circulation will be more
circular and hence due to low friction generation the vibration will be less.

29
 CHAPTER 5

 Result Analysis

FOR SOLUTION NO.1:

If we use Z channel as the base for supporting the load of the assembly the centre of gravity will
be at two positions due to which the load will be distributed equally on both points of centre of
gravity .However in case of conventional C channel base there will be only one point of centre
of gravity.

So more the centre of gravity more will be the distribution of the vertical load & hence less
vibration will occur.

ADVANTAGES OF USING Z CHANNELS:

1. Better Transmission Of Load To The Foundation.
2. Low Amplitude Of Vibration.
3. Compact In Size.
4. Increase In Efficiency Of Centrifugal Fan By Reducing Vibration.

FOR SOLUTION No.2

By using fabric material as flexible membrane more flexibility will be obtained and there will be
more resistance against the vibration. This flexible membrane isolates the duct from the casing
and avoids the transmission of vibration in them.
More isolation to vibration will occur and this fabric material membrane can be also be used at
high temperature where canvas cannot be used.

FOR SOLUTION No.3

Lever operated damper will provide the constant flow of the air.if the air flow will be constant
then the pressure variation will be less and hence the vibration due to variation in air flow will be
less.

FOR SOLUTION No.4

By making the scroll corner more rounded the flow of air inside the casing will be more circular
and friction generation will be less and hence pressure variation will be less and vibration
amplitude will also be low.

30
 CHAPTER 6

 Conclusion

SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT:

Vibration analysis is a cost-effective and useful diagnostic tool to ensure smooth running fans.
Smaller units may not be vibration tested after assembly because the vibratory energy is much
lower and has little impact on the installation or the life of the fan. Vibration is defined as "the
alternating mechanical motion of an elastic system, components of which are amplitude,
frequency and phase."

Vibration in centrifugal fans cannot be eliminated completely but can be reduced to great extent
by using suitable methods.The methods that were suggested by us is technical and can be used
by the company. The solutions suggested by us may increase the productivity and the efficiency
of the centrifugal fans.

Use of z channels instead of C channels, use of fabric membrane rounding off the scroll corner
and use of lever operated damper may prove to be boon to company.

Thus the solutions that we suggested can be

applied in company if they consider it as suitable.

31
WORK SCHEDULE FOR THE PROJECT WORK

DATE STATUS WORK

15 JUNE 2011 DONE VISITING TO THE

COMPANY
27 JUNE- 9 JULY 2011 DONE UNDERSTANDING &
IDENTIFYING PROBLEM
IN CENTRIFUGAL FANS.
08 SEPTEMBER 2011 DONE REVISITING IN
COMPANY TO FIND
SUITABLE SOLUTION
10 OCTOBER 2011 DONE DISCUSSION WITH
GUIDE OF COMPANY
ABOUT THE SOLUTION.
17 OCT.-21 OCT.2011 DONE FINALIZATION OF
SOLUTION SUGGESTED.
26 OCTOBER 2011 DONE PRINTING OF PROJECT
WORK.

32
 APPENDICES:

 APPENDIX A:

(1) Vibration Measurement Units

Vibration data for machine certification and acceptance shall be expressed in the measurement
units given in table C-2.

Table C-2 Vibration Measurement Units

Frequency Hertz (cycle/sec) or cycles/minute (cpm)
Revolutions per sec (rps) or revolutions
Rotational speed
per minute (rpm)
Amplitude Metric English
- Displacement (peak to Micrometers Inches (also mils in
peak)* U.S.)**
- Velocity (peak)* Millimeters/sec Inches/sec
- Acceleration (peak)* Meters/sec2 g's
* Can also use root-
** 1 mil = 0.001 inch
mean- square (rms)

The "peak" and "peak-to-peak" vibration amplitude measurements will be a calculated peak, not
a true peak. The calculated peak will be derived from the rms level based on the following
equations:

Peak (P) = 1.414 x rms

Peak to Peak (P to P) = 2 x (P) = 2 x 1.414 x rms

If a "true peak" is required, the units of vibration measurement will be designated by the words
"true peak."

33
  APPENDIX B:

 FAN TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART

Problem Possible Causes

Excessive Vibration Accumulation of material on impeller

Bent Shaft
Impeller or sheaves loose on shaft
Motor out of balance
Impeller out of balance
Sheaves eccentric or out of balance
Bearing or drive misalignment
Mismatched belts
Belts too loose or too tight
Loose or worn bearings
Loose bearing bolts
Loose fan mounting bolts
Weak or resonant foundation
Foundation not flat or level
Structures not cross braced
System pulsation – fan operating in a stall
region

Horsepower to high Fan speed faster than design

Air density higher than design

Too Much Airflow Oversized duct work

Access door open
Registers or grilles not installed
Actual system is less restrictive than
expected.
Fan speed faster than design

Airflow to Low Impeller rotating in the wrong direction

Fan speed slower than design
Actual system is more restrictive than
expected
Dampers or registers closed
Leaks or obstructions in duct work
Restricted fan inlet or outlet
No straight duct at fan outlet
Sharp elbows near fan inlet or outlet

34
Fan does not Operate Blown fuses
Broken Belts
Loose Pulleys

Excessive Noise
Accumulation of material on
impeller
Worn or corroded impeller
Bent shaft
Impeller or sheaves loose on shaft
Impeller out of balance
Bearing or drive misalignment
Mismatched belts
Belts too loose or too tight
Loose bearing bolts
Bearings need lubrication
Bearings defective or bad
Loose fan mounting bolts
System pulsation or surge
Fan installs condition
Vibration duct work
Vibration parts not isolated from
building
Vibration or resonance or
surrounding equipment
Motor defective
Inlet or outlet dampers or conditions
Vibration isolation system not
adjusted

35
APPENDIX C:

TYPES OF FANS

Ventilating and industrial fans are classified in four groups by the NAFM, National Association
of Fan Manufacturers:

E.1 A Centrifugal Fan consists of a fan rotor or wheel within a scroll type of housing. The
centrifugal Fan is designed to move air or gases over a wide range of volume and
pressures. The fan wheel may be furnished with straight, forward curve, backward curve,
or radial tip blades. The fan housing may be constructed of sheet metal or cast metals
with or without protective coating such as rubber, lead, enamel, etc.

E.2 A Vaneaxial Fan consists of an axial flow wheel within a cylinder combined with a set of
air guide vanes located either before or after the wheel. The Vaneaxial Fan is designed to
move air or gases over a wide range of volumes and pressures. It is generally constructed
of sheet metal although cast metal fan wheels are sometimes furnished.

E.3 A Tubeaxial Fan consists of an axial flow wheel within a cylinder. The Tubeaxial Fan is
designed to move air or gas through a wide range of volumes at medium pressures. Its
construction is similar to the Vaneaxial Fan.

E.4 A Propeller Fan consists of a propeller or disc wheel within a mounting ring or plate. The
Propeller Fan is designed to move air from one enclosed space to another or from indoors
to outdoors or vice versa in a wide range of volumes at low pressure. (The automatic type
of shutter illustrated in cut opposite is not a part of the Propeller Fan but is an auxiliary
device to protect the fan when not operating by keeping out wind, snow and cold).

36
37
APPENDIX D:

Characteristic Curves for Radial, Backward and Forward Bladed Fans and Performance
Curves for Axial-Type Fans

For radial tip blade for backward tip blade

For radial blade for full backward tip blade

38
  REFERENCES:

[1] Maedel Jr, P. Vibration Standards and Test Codes, Shock and Vibration Handbook 5th
Edition (Cyril Harris, editor), McGraw Hill Publishing Co. (2001).

[2] Hand book of noise & vibration control by Malcilm J.Crocker.

[3] Practical methods for vibration control by Andrew K.constain.

[4] A textbook of Fluid Mechanics By Books India publications.

[5] Jackson, C. The Practical Vibration Primer

Gulf Publishing Company - Houston, TX, (1979)

[6] Bentley, Donald E. Fundamentals of Rotating Machinery Diagnostics

Bentley Pressurized Bearings Press, (2002)

[7] Machinery Vibration by Victor Hawk.

[8] Mechanical Vibration by William Palm.

[9] Centrifugal pumps handbook by Sulzer pumps (3rd Edition).

[10] Know & Understand Centrifugal pumps & Fans By L.Bachus.

39