Part 1 Standard Testing of Elastomer Rubber

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STANDARD TESTING FOR ELASTOMER (RUBBER) Part 1. General

Rubber
Conference Paper · October 2015
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STANDARD TESTING FOR
ELASTOMER (RUBBER)
Part 1. General Rubber
By. Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
The o ept ased fro the Book Basi Ru er Testi g: “ele ti g Methods for
a Ru er Test Progra , Editor: Joh “. Di k, A“TM, 00 .
with adding sources from external)
10/24/2015 1
Rubber Testing
Part 1
1. Mixer System (ASTM D-3182)
2. Mooney Viscometer (ASTM D-1646)
3. Oscillating Disk Curemeter (ASTM D-2084)
4. Rotorless Shear Rheometer and Curemeter (ASTM D-6204)
5. Tensile Properties (ASTM D-412)
6. After Cure Dynamic Properties for Quality Assurance and
Development (ASTM D-6601)
7. Other Cured Physical Property Measurements Including:
a. Tear Resistance (ASTM D-624)
b. Air Over Aging (ASTM D-573)
c. Heat Buildup (ASTM D-623)
d. Flex Fatigue (ASTM D-623)
e. Fluid Immersion Properties (ASTM D-471)
f. Compression Set (ASTM D-395)
g. Durometer Hardness (ASTM D-2240)
h. Abrasion Resistance (ASTM D-2228)
i. Low Temperature Properties (ASTM D-1053)
j. Ozone Resitance (ASTM D-1171)
8. Standard Product of Rubber in Automotive (ASTM D-2000)
10/24/2015 2 2
1. Mixer Systems of Rubber Testing
• References from ASTM D-3182
Lab. of internal mixer of rubber (Cited from Basic Rubber Testing, Editor: John S. Dick)
(Photo source from Smithers Scientific, Akron, Ohio)
10/24/2015 3
Rubber Mixer Machine System

Source from : http:\\www.rubbermixermachine.comimgProduct160l_4_wings_door_
drop_type_rubber_mixer_machine-e117-Rubber%20Mixer%20machine5.jpg
10/24/2015 4
• Mixer used to mix all the rubber components that used to build, fill, and coating
the rubber.
• The system usually contains various machine that used to mix the rubber,
including: 1. Bale Cutter, 2. Banbury Intensive Kneader, 3. Intensive Mixer,
4.Rubber Sheeting Mill, and 5. Rubber Mixing Mill.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
10/24/2015 Source From : http://www.cnrubbermachine.com/products.asp?t=1&f=1 5

2. Mooney Viscometer
• Reference from ASTM D-1646
• Mooney Viscometer is an instrument used to measuring Properties of rubber
which are: Viscosity, Stress Relaxation, and Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics.
• Mooney Viscometer consisting of a motor-driven rotating disk within a cylindrical
die cavity formed by two dies maintained at specified conditions of temperature
and die closure force.
Rotor of the disk while the cavity is open (Bottom View) Rotor of the disk while the cavity is open (Upper View)
(Cited from: Basic Rubber Testing, Editor: John S. Dick) (Source from : http://www.montechusa.comimageshomepagemooney_viscometer2.jpg)
10/24/2015 6
Mooney Viscometer Parts

10/24/2015 7
(Source from: http://www.ccsequipment.nete-parts-instruments-viscometer.htm
Old Version Mooney Viscometer

(Source from: http://supload.wikimedia.orgwikipediacommons669Mooney_viscometer.jpg)
New Version of Mooney Viscometer

(Source from: http://www.worldoftest.comimgproductslargeMV.jpg)
10/24/2015 8
• How It’s Work y Video
10/24/2015 9 9
• How It’s Work y Ta le Measure e t te p. o ditio s
Cited from : ASTM D-1646 Document. The table above exclude the Other Details of column
10/24/2015 10 10
3. Oscillating Disk Curemeter and Rheometer (ODR)
• Based from ASTM D-2084*
• Oscillating Disk Curemeter ia an equipment used to determining selected
vulcanization characteristics of vulcanizable rubber compounds.
Cure meter Assembly

Cited from: ASTM D-2084 Document
* The similar test can be used as reference is ISO 3417

10/24/2015 11 11
3. Oscillating Disk Curemeter and Rheometer (ODR)
• Based from ASTM D-2084*
• The disk can be used as Steel or Titanium
• The temperature of testing (Vulcanizing temperature) is 160 ± .5°C
Source from: http://www.ektrontek.amgvh2.com/upload_files/EKT-2003S-AUTO.jpg
* The similar test can be used as reference is ISO 3417

10/24/2015 12
3. Oscillating Disc Curemeter and Rheometer
• Video Presentation of Oscillating Disc Rheometer
Source from: http://www.ektrontek.amgvh2.com/upload_files/EKT-2003S-AUTO.jpg
10/24/2015 13
4. Rotorless Shear Rheometer and Cure Meter
• Based from ASTM D-6204 and DIN 53529 and ISO 6502.
• RPA (Rubber Process Analyzer)
• Present time, Universal testing machine with modern technology can be
use as Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA). RPA is one of advanced rotorless
rotational shear rheometer that can take complete characterization of
polymers, rubber and rubber compounds at all stages of manufacture.
• RPA also provides invaluable viscoelastic data on materials that are
uncured, through the curing process, and in situ cured materials. The
ultra-rigid test frame, high-resolution variable direct drive motor, ultra-
high-stiffness wide-range torque transducer, and precision temperature
control provide the most precise and accurate torque, viscosity and
viscoelastic properties of elastomers over the widest ranges of testing
conditions.
• The RPA also can be handle testing rubber in advance including: complete
post cure viscoelastic characterization, fully programmable sealing
pressure, Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) and arbitrary
waveform deformations.
Source from: Rubber Testing, TA Instrument, www.tainstrument.com, 2014
10/24/2015 14
• Rubber Process Analyzer
10/24/2015 Source from: Rubber Testing, TA Instrument, www.tainstrument.com, 2014 15

• Rheometer Testing Video
10/24/2015 16
5. Tensile Properties
• Based from ASTM D-412
• The testing can be done with Thermoplastics Elastomer and Thermostat
Elastomer.
• The eqipment to perform a testing use Universal Testing Machine.
Source from: http://www.ptli.com/testlopedia/images/Tensile_rubber.JPG
10/24/2015 Source from: http://response.jp/imgs/feed_l/469485.jpg 17

• Universal Testing Machine
10/24/2015 Source from:http://www.liyi-tech.com/photo/liyi-tech/editor/20141216172445_77519.jpg

18
• Testing Procedure Video
10/24/2015 19
6. After Cure Dynamic Properties for
Quality Assurance and Development
• The purpose of the test is to measure cure dynamic properties of Rubber
• Use to cure the rubber sample both from static model and low strain
(standard is 2.8%) in order to minimize these oscillating strain effect
• The Rubber testing condition in the temperature varying from 140°C,
160°C, and 180°C
• The important things in the cure dynamic properties of a Rubber is
preparation for the sample of the rubber
• The ASTM D-6601 mathematically same process with ASTM D-6204. the
different between these ASTM is about the elasticity, where in cure model,
rubber elasticity is bigger than rubber non cure model
• Testing can be done by Rotorless Shear Rheometer
10/24/2015 20
7. Other Cured Physical Property Measurements
a. Tear Resistance
• Measure of the ability of sheet or film materials to resist tearing. For
paper, it is the force required to tear a single ply of paper after the tear
has been started. Three standard methods are available for determining
tear resistance of plastic films: ASTM D-1004 details a method for
determining tear resistance at low rates of loading; a test in ASTM D-1922
measures the force required to propagate a precut slit across a sheet
specimen; and ASTM D-1038 gives a method for determining tear
propagation resistance that is recommended for specification acceptance
testing only. Tear resistance of rubber is the force required to tear a 1
inch thick specimen under the conditions outlined in ASTM D-624. Tear
resistance of textiles is the force required to propagate a single-rip
tongue-type tear (starting from a cut) by means of a falling pendulum
apparatus. (ASTM D-1424)
10/24/2015 21
a. Tear Resistance
• there are 2 types of tear strength test; Die C test and D470 Test
• Tear properties define as the force required to pull a rubbertest piece apart using tensile test
instrument.
Source : http://media.erapol.com.au/wp-
content/uploads/images/technical/elastomer/properties/TearStrength.JPG
10/24/2015 22
a. Tear Resistance
• Trouser Tear Test Sample measurement based from ASTM D-624.
Source from : ASTM D-624 document
10/24/2015 23
a. Tear Resistance
• Die C sample measurement based from ASTM D-624.
Source from : ASTM D-624 document

10/24/2015 24
a. Tear Resistance
• Differentiate between Like alike Rubber and Synthesis Rubber.
Source : http://i.ytimg.com/vi/XfcWfLv7Nxg/maxresdefault.jpg
10/24/2015 25
a. Tear Resistance
• Based from ASTM D-624 and equifalent fo
• The Video of Testing Procedure
10/24/2015 26
b. Air Over Aging
• Based from ASTM D-573 / ASTM D-865
• The rubber properties will be decrease and the properties will change
after prolonged explosure to high temperature.
• The test conduct in 2 conditions; in an air oven or in oxygen pressure
chamber
• Test Air Over Aging give 2 information regarding rubber.
1. The test will release the mechanical or physical properties at elevated
service temperature
2. With testing in high temperature, its cause accelerated for rubber to
predict the long-term life at lower temperature
Source: Zorge, Rubber Precision Parts

10/24/2015 27
b. Air Over Aging
• Sample Eqipment use to Air Oven Aging test of rubber
Cabinet Aging Oven

Standard ISO 188,
ISO 3383
Cell Aging Oven

Standard ASTM D865,
ASTM D471, ISO188 Test Tube Aging Oven
Standard ASTM D865,
ASTM D471, ISO1817
10/24/2015 Source: Advanced Rubber Testing Technologies, www.worldoftest.com,282014

c. Goodrich Flexometer Heat Buildup
• Standard test based from ASTM D-623

• Goodrich Flexometer Heat Buildup is a Method for determining compression
fatigue characteristics of rubber having a durometer hardness less than 8.5.
(ASTM D-623).
• The Results may be reported as temperature rise during continued cyclic loading,
permanent set in a specified time, duration of heat buildup, maximum
temperature rise or time to failure
(http://www.tiniusolsen.com/resource-center/mechanical-properties-g.html)
http://www.ueshima-seisakusho.com/english/product/gom/05doutekitai/img/FT-1100.jpg
10/24/2015 29
• Based from ASTM D-623, DIN 53533, ISO 4666
http://gabo.com/cms/upload/produkte/
GABO_Prod_Mess_GABOMETER_e.j
pg
http://static.ertbv.com/content-images/goodrich-flexometer.png
10/24/2015 30
• Goodrich Flexometer
• The compression flexometer is used as testing instrument in the rubber
industry especially in the Fillers parts (Carbon Black etc.)
Source from: www.worldoftest.com
10/24/2015 31
d. Flex Fatigue

• The characteristics of flexibility and flex fatigue resistance frequently
represent the key reasons that polymers are selected to comprise certain
products. Cut-growth resistance represents an added dimension to flex
fatigue and is frequently investigated under bending strain or high
extension strain circumstances.
(Source from: http://www.smithersrapra.com/material-testing/rubber-
and-elastomer-testing-physical-properties/fatigue-testing)
http://www.gibitre.it/Eng/Products/170.html
10/24/2015 32
d. Flex Fatigue
• One of the Basic consept to measure the flex fatigue is to measure the
elongation scale.
Source from: http://www.vectranfiber.com/BrochureProductInformation/FlexFatigue.aspx

10/24/2015 33
d. Flex Fatigue
• Flex fatigue life is important factor in automotive industries with resistant
agains extreme heat and cold condition. The good quality of rubber
indicate the higer flex fatigue life.
Source from : http://www.dowcorning.com/content/auto/automaterial/highflexsiliconerubber.aspx

www.worldoftest.com/rotaryflexometer.htm
10/24/2015 34
e. Fluid Immersion Properties
• ASTM D-471 describe the procedures to evaluate the comparative ability
of rubber and rubber-like compositions to with stand the effect of liquids.
• The test is designed for testing:
(1) Specimens of vulcanized rubber cut from standard sheets
(2) Specimens cut from fabric coated with vulcanized rubber
(3) Finished articles of commerce
(4) This test method is not applicable to the testing of cellular rubbers,
porous compositions, and compressed sheet packing, except as described
in the List of ASTM D-471
10/24/2015 35
• Oil Composition based from ASTM D-471
• Test Temperature and Immersion Periods based from ASTM D-471
10/24/2015 36
Oil
Separator
Sample of Rubber
Typical Surface Immersion Apparatus
based from ASTM D-471
Method of Separation based from ASTM D-471
10/24/2015 37
f. Compression Set
• Compression set is a permanent deformation when the value of the
deformation is lower than the yeild point of the maaterial.
• Rubber application used in seal technology.
• Testing figures:
Source from: http://crridom.gov.in/content/compressionsetapparatus

10/24/2015 38
f. Compression Set
• Testing procedures:
1 2 5
. . .
Original
Round
3 4
. .
Source from http://www.applerubber.com/hottopicsforengineers/investigatingthecompressionsetofrubbercompounds/
10/24/2015 39
f. Compression Set
• Testing Temperature:
Source from http://www.applerubber.com/hottopicsforengineers/investigatingthecompressionsetofrubbercompounds/

10/24/2015 40
g. Durometer Hardness
• Based from ASTM D-2240 and DIN 53505 and ISO 868
• Durometer hardness is a eqipment used to determine the hardness of
the material based from both of initial identation and identation after a
specific time.
• In the ASTM D-2240, Durometer can be used with various elastomer
type;
•
10/24/2015 41
Source from: Advanced Rubber Testing Technologies, Qualitest, www.worldoftest.com
10/24/2015 42
• The sample prepared in the temperature room 23 ± 2°C as long as 3
hours
http://www.accumetproducts.com/durometers.htm
10/24/2015 43
• Modern Handy Durometer Video
10/24/2015 44
h. Abrasion Resistance
• Based from ASTM D-2228, ASTM D-394, ISO4649
• A test speciment is pressed against a rotating drum covered with an
abrasive cloth. The loss in volume is measured after a certain number of
revolutions and gives an indication of the abrasion resistance.
• The equipment used to perform abrasion test such as;
NBS Abrasion Tester
Martindale Abrasion Tester
DIN Abrasion Tester Rotary Abrasion Tester
Source: Zorge, Rubber Precision Parts

Source: Advanced Rubber Testing Technologies, www.worldoftest.com, 2014
Akron Abrasion Tester
10/24/2015 45
i. Low Temperature Properties
• ASTM D-1053 explain the procedure to obtain stiffening of flexible
polymeric materials and fabrics coated use a torsional apparatus for
measuring the relative in low temperature condition
• The materials properties in low temperature is very important in colder
climate such as in scandinavia countries. This standard in low
temperature is very important especially in the automotive industries.
• The Speciment based from ASTM D-1053 Standard
10/24/2015 46
• Schematic drawing of Asparatus for Low –Temperature Stiffness test
10/24/2015 http://www.worldoftest.com/sites/default/files/img/products/TR%20Tester%20-%20ET-01.jpg
47
Standard Speciment for testing based from ASTM D-1053
10/24/2015 48
Source from : Göran Spetz, Developments in Low Temperature

Testing of Rubber Materials, Elastocon AB, SWEDEN, 2010
10/24/2015 49
• Video of Asparatus for Low –Temperature Stiffness test
10/24/2015 50
j. Ozone Resitance
• This test method describes the estimation of the relative ability of rubber
composite used for applications requiring resistance to outdoor
weathering or ozone chamber testing
• Test speciment shape as Cross-Sectional dimension
• Ozone resistance used for Molded or extruded rubber products that must
withstand the effects of ozone cracking and outdoor weathering for
satisfactory use
Source from : ASTM D-1171 Document

10/24/2015 51
j. Ozone Resitance
• Video of the performing Ozone Resistance test
10/24/2015 52
8. Standard Product of Rubber in Automotive
• ASTM D-2000 classification system tabulates the properties of vulcanized
rubber materials that are intended for, but not limited to, use in rubber
products for automotive applications. Moreover, The classification system
is based on the premise that the properties of all rubber products can be
arranged into characteristic material designations
• In the market level, Rubber in Automotive industries have code by Suffix

letter. The rule of the suffix letter is based from ASTM D-2000.
10/24/2015 53
• Sample Suffix Code:
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
• Or
Source from : ASTM D2000, Rubber Classification System Tutorial, PAI, 2012
10/24/2015 54
• Basic Requirements for Establishing Type by Temperature
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
10/24/2015 55
• Basic Requirements for Establishing Class by Volume Swell
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
10/24/2015 56
• The lists of Polymers Most Often Used In Meeting Material Requirements
10/24/2015 57
• Hardness is indicated by a single digit which corresponds to the
Durometer
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
10/24/2015 58
• Tensile is indicated by two digits that specify minimum strength at break
in psi or Mpa
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
10/24/2015 59
• Suffix Requirement
• Each suffix indicates a test method that is consistent for all materials
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
10/24/2015 60
• Suffix Indicate
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
10/24/2015 Source from : ASTM D2000, Rubber Classification System Tutorial, PAI, 2012 61
• Suffix Number 1st Number (Specific test and Duration)
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
10/24/2015 62
• Each number specifies the test temperature dependant on the Suffix
Letter designated
• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21
Source from : ASTM D2000, Rubber

10/24/2015
Classification System Tutorial, PAI, 2012 63
• Testing Equipment
Source from : ASTM D2000, Rubber

10/24/2015 Classification System Tutorial, PAI, 201264
10/24/2015 65
10/24/2015 66
THANK YOU
DANKE
MARAMING SALAMAT PO
TERIMAKASIH
10/24/2015 67
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STANDARD TESTING FOR ELASTOMER (RUBBER) Part 1. General

Conference Paper · October 2015

Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun

CFRP-SPCC Hybrid laminates View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

By. Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun

• References from ASTM D-3182

Rubber Mixer Machine System

10/24/2015 Source From : http://www.cnrubbermachine.com/products.asp?t=1&f=1 5

Mooney Viscometer Parts

Old Version Mooney Viscometer

New Version of Mooney Viscometer

Cure meter Assembly

* The similar test can be used as reference is ISO 3417

Source from: http://www.ektrontek.amgvh2.com/upload_files/EKT-2003S-AUTO.jpg

* The similar test can be used as reference is ISO 3417

Source from: http://www.ektrontek.amgvh2.com/upload_files/EKT-2003S-AUTO.jpg

Source from: Rubber Testing, TA Instrument, www.tainstrument.com, 2014

10/24/2015 Source from: Rubber Testing, TA Instrument, www.tainstrument.com, 2014 15

Source from: http://www.ptli.com/testlopedia/images/Tensile_rubber.JPG

10/24/2015 Source from: http://response.jp/imgs/feed_l/469485.jpg 17

10/24/2015 Source from:http://www.liyi-tech.com/photo/liyi-tech/editor/20141216172445_77519.jpg

Source from : ASTM D-624 document

Source from : ASTM D-624 document

Source: Zorge, Rubber Precision Parts

Cabinet Aging Oven

Cell Aging Oven

10/24/2015 Source: Advanced Rubber Testing Technologies, www.worldoftest.com,282014

• Standard test based from ASTM D-623

• Based from ASTM D-623, DIN 53533, ISO 4666

Source from: www.worldoftest.com

• Based from ASTM D-623

Source from: http://www.vectranfiber.com/BrochureProductInformation/FlexFatigue.aspx

Source from : http://www.dowcorning.com/content/auto/automaterial/highflexsiliconerubber.aspx

• Test Temperature and Immersion Periods based from ASTM D-471

Method of Separation based from ASTM D-471

Source from: http://crridom.gov.in/content/compressionsetapparatus

Source from http://www.applerubber.com/hottopicsforengineers/investigatingthecompressionsetofrubbercompounds/

Source from: Advanced Rubber Testing Technologies, Qualitest, www.worldoftest.com

NBS Abrasion Tester

Martindale Abrasion Tester

DIN Abrasion Tester Rotary Abrasion Tester

Source: Zorge, Rubber Precision Parts

Standard Speciment for testing based from ASTM D-1053

Source from : Göran Spetz, Developments in Low Temperature

Source from : ASTM D-1171 Document

• In the market level, Rubber in Automotive industries have code by Suffix

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

• 4 CA 720 A25 B35 EA14 F19 G21

Source from : ASTM D2000, Rubber

Source from : ASTM D2000, Rubber