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International Journal Of Advanced

Maharaja agrasen institute Engineering
Maharaja agrasen institute & Innovative Technology
Maharaja (IJAEIT)
agrasen institute
of technology , New Delhi of technology , New Delhi of technology , New Delhi
ISSN: 2348 7208
. affiliation to GGSIPU . affiliation to GGSIPU. IMPACT
affliation to FACTOR:
GGSIPU. 1.04

Solar Powered Auto Intensity Control of Street Lights

Dr. Asha Gaikwad, Mr. Pratik Joshi, Mr. Rahul Anand & Ms Prachi Jeevane

Abstract: In the present system, mostly lightning up of highways is done through High Intensity Discharge
Lamps (HID), whose energy consumption is high. It’s intensity cannot be controlled according to the requirement
so there is a need to switch on to alternative method of lightning system i.e by using LEDs (Light Emitting
Diodes). This system is built to overcome the present drawback of HID lamps. This system demonstrates the
usage of the LEDs as the light source powered through solar panel with its variable intensity control as per the
requirement. A cluster of LEDs are used to form a street light. The ATMEGA 16 contains programmable
instructions which controls the intensity of LEDs based on the LDR sensor signals generated. The intensity of
LEDs can be varied depending on the requirement of light on highways, thus saving electrical energy .

Keywords: High Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID), Solar Power, LED

—————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION
In a worldwide scene of global warming and increasing
costs of energy, power saving and sustainable
development comes under some of the main
requirements in design and research tasks. In lightning,
these requirements are fulfilled by developing new light
sources (high-brightness LEDs, low-power metal halide
lamps) by using enhanced control techniques (digital
control) and by optimising the system operation
(dimming capabilities, preheating of filaments if
possible, etc.)[1-2] High-brightness LEDs are feasible
alternative for some types of lightning systems due to
the sustained increase of the luminous efficiency as well
as the long operating life (up to 100 000 hours) of these
devices. To attain such operating life level, the intensity
of the LEDs must be controlled. The control of intensity
will save the unnecessary usage of lights during day
time and even at non-peak hours during night time. It is Fig.1. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
not possible to control the intensity of HID lamps.
Hence, it results in unnecessary usage of energy.[3] Figure 1 shows light emitting diode. Recently LEDs have
been applied to liquid crystal display (LCD) backlight or
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are about to gradually display panel, signage, and general-purpose lightning
substitute cold cathode fluorescent lamps. In large-scale due to the rapid progress achieved in the solid-state
LCD panels, multistring LED lights are required to lightning technology. Compared with existing
provide sufficient lightning. In addition, two novel conventional lightning sources such as energy –
display techniques, multi flashing colour sequential inefficient incandescent lamps and mercury based
display and area control, can be achieved when fluorescent lamps, LEDs have relatively longer lifetime
multistring LED lights are adopted. [4] in the range of 80 000-100 000 hours. LEDs available in
the market are encapsulated with less glass, which
————————————————
significantly improves their reliability and safety to the
Dr. Asha Gaikwad, Professor, Department of Electrical handler. Besides mercury-free LEDs are environment
Engineering, Mr. Pratik Joshi, Mr. Rahul Anand & Ms friendly and can be disposed safely at the end of their
Prachi Jeevane, Research Scholar at Department of lifetime. LEDs also have flicker-free, smooth-dimming,
Electrical Engineering, G.H.Raisoni Institute Of low-voltage operation, and good colour rendering
Engineering & Technology, Wagholi Pune, India properties. [4]
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering & Innovative Technology Volume 2, Issue 2, October-2015

Presently, the power ratings of individual LED devices Street Lights are on the key points discussed for the
are a few watts, limited by the packaging technology and establishment of LEDs completely on the streets.
heat dissipation. To obtain sufficient luminance for some Many people have worked on it and still working on the
high-power applications, such as streetlight and large- increase in efficiency of LEDs and many have
scale LCD panels, many LEDs are connected in parallel highlighted on the advantages of LEDs. No UV or IR
LED strings. The general photo electro thermal (PET) radiations are emitted from it. The filament used in the
theory also indicates that a distributed LED system HID lamps is also not present. So, it reduces the cost of
based on a plurality of relatively low-power LEDs can wires used in it. The size of the LED is compact and the
have advantages over a concentrated system consisting intensity of the light is very high.
of a small number of high-power LEDs for the same It reduces the energy consumption upto 50% when
system power. Therefore, using LED strings in parallel connected to AC source and upto 90% when connected
has been a common practice.[5] to solar power source. The energy can be saved up to 8%
Multiple LED lamps are usually connected in parallel for when used in heavy traffic and up to 50% when used in
obtaining enough lightning levels. In addition, dimming less traffic. Also, use of solar power source enables the
control is often needed to regulate lightning levels for implementation of batteries, which can be used to get
human needs as well as to achieve energy saving. charged and used during night time, saving more
Multiple methods can be used to regulate the intensity of energy.
the LEDs but the most convenient method would be by
the use of microcontroller. By using programming and 1.2 SUMMARY
intensity of light of the environment, we can control the
intensity of the LEDs by using multiple sensors and The literature reveals that the survey is very essential
microcontroller.[5] and gives the idea of using LEDs over HIDs. It also
The use of parallel LED strings inevitably leads to describes the advantages of using LEDs over HIDs and
current imbalance problem due to the LED parameter also describes the necessity of control of intensity which
variations, aging, and temperature changes, which will is necessary for the controlled user of power. The survey
in turn affect the luminous intensity and even colour in describes that LEDs will be applied in a wide range of
each string. Most importantly, if the current imbalance applications, and may even be considered for common
causes one or more LED strings to exceed their rated use in daily lightning applications. However, how LEDs
current values, the lifetime of the LED (and hence, the can be driven with higher efficiency, long lifetime, and
LED system) will be drastically reduced. [5] low cost is still the key challenge lying ahead.

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY 2.0 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

Recently even BMC is planning to replace around 1.32
lakh streetlights with LED. A pilot project is being 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO LED
planned for Colaba, Bandra, & Malad. There are plans to
cover the entire city with LED lights and the first batch A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-
will be replaced in marine drive. Installation of LED lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-
lights will reduce the consumption of 10 crore units per junction diode, which emits light when activated. When
year. BMC currently spends Rs. 164 crore annually on a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are
the street lights and their power consumption. Currently able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
39,603 street lights are being operated by them and this releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
project will be very cost effective and will save almost called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light
50% of the power consumption. (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
The idea of our project came from the news of the BMC determined by the energy band gap of the
and the replacement will not solve the entire problems. semiconductor [3-4].
LEDs are point light source, it does not offer the diffused
light like HID lamps and the intensity of the light is high
and concentrated at one place. So, this can be overcome
by proper arrangement of lights and the overheating and
current imbalance problems and wastage of energy
problems can be overcome by using the microcontroller
and various sensors explained further.
A number of papers published in IEEE journals and
conferences are reviewed, most of the literature
discussed about Solar Powered Auto Intensity Control of Fig 2. Symbolic diagram of LED
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering & Innovative Technology Volume 2, Issue 2, October-2015

lighting intensity. LEDs have reached quality and

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and An reliability factors that permit their use in automotive
LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and harsh environment and in addition their cost is
integrated optical components may be used to shape decreasing.[4]
its radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic In a worldwide scene of global warming and increasing
components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low- costs of energy, power saving and sustainable
intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently development come some of the main requirements in
used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, design and research tasks. In lighting, these
such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of requirements are fulfilled by developing new light
consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were sources (high-brightness LEDs, low-power metal halide
also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs lamps) by using enhanced control techniques(digital
are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and control) and by optimizing the system operation
infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. [3] (dimming capabilities, preheating of filaments if
In the last few years LED technology experienced a very possible, etc.).[1]
fast and important growth, superseding the bulb
technology in automotive lighting applications. The 2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
adoption of LEDs in place of bulbs permits to have about
five times less power consumption at equal output

Fig 3. The inner workings of an LED, showing circuit (top) and band diagram (bottom)

2.3 OPERATION
The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes,
current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-
carriers—electrons and holes—flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a
hole, it falls into a lower energy level and releases energy in the form of a photon.
Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many small particle-like packets that have
energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called photons, are the most basic units of light. For an electron
to jump from a lower orbital to a higher orbital, something has to boost its energy level. Conversely, an electron
releases energy when it drops from a higher orbital to a lower one. This energy is released in the form of a photon.

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2.5 ADVANTAGES  Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid-state

 Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt components, are difficult to damage with external
than incandescent light bulbs. The efficiency of LED shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs,
lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, which are fragile.
unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
 Colour: LEDs can emit light of an intended colour 2.6 DISADVANTAGES
without using any colour filters as traditional  High initial price: LEDs are currently more
lighting methods need. This is more efficient and expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost
can lower initial costs. basis, than most conventional lighting technologies.
 Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) As of 2012, the cost per thousand lumens
and are easily attached to printed circuit boards. (kilolumen) was about $6. The price was expected to
 On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical reach $2/kilolumen by 2013. At least one
red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in manufacturer claims to have reached $1 per
under a microsecond. LEDs used in kilolumen as of March 2014. The additional expense
communications devices can have even faster partially stems from the relatively low lumen
response times. output and the drive circuitry and power supplies
 Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent needed.
on-off cycling, unlike incandescent and fluorescent  Temperature dependence: LED performance
lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or High- largely depends on the ambient temperature of the
intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) that require operating environment – or "thermal management"
a long time before restarting. properties. Over-driving an LED in high ambient
 Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either temperatures may result in overheating the LED
by pulse-width modulation or lowering the forward package, eventually leading to device failure. An
current. This pulse-width modulation is why LED adequate heat sink is needed to maintain long life.
lights, particularly headlights on cars, when viewed This is especially important in automotive, medical,
on camera or by some people, appear to be flashing and military uses where devices must operate over
or flickering. This is a type of stroboscopic effect. a wide range of temperatures, which require low
 Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful failure rates. Toshiba has produced LEDs with an
life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of operating temperature range of -40 to 100 °C, which
useful life, though time to complete failure may be suits the LEDs for both indoor and outdoor use in
longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at applications such as lamps, ceiling lighting, street
about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on lights, and floodlights.
the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs  Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with
at 1,000 to 2,000 hours. Several DOE demonstrations the voltage above the threshold and a current below
have shown that reduced maintenance costs from the rating. Current and lifetime change greatly with
this extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, is small changes in applied voltage.
the primary factor in determining the payback
period for an LED product.
 Light quality: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra below a few degrees. In contrast, lasers can emit
that differ significantly from a black body radiator beams with divergences of 0.2 degrees or less.
like the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at  Electrical polarity: Unlike incandescent light bulbs,
460 nm and dip at 500 nm can cause the colour of which illuminate regardless of the electrical
objects to be perceived differently under cool- polarity, LEDs will only light with correct electrical
white LED illumination than sunlight or polarity. To automatically match source polarity to
incandescent sources, due tometamerism,red LED devices, rectifiers can be used.
surfaces being rendered particularly badly by  Blue hazard: There is a concern that blue LEDs and
typical phosphor-based cool-white LEDs. cool-white LEDs are now capable of exceeding safe
However, the Area light source: Single LEDs do limits of the so-called blue-light hazard as defined
approximate a point source of light giving a in eye safety specifications such as ANSI/IESNA
spherical light distribution, but rather RP-27.1–05: Recommended Practice for Photo-
a lambertian distribution. So LEDs are difficult to biological Safety for Lamp and Lamp Systems.
apply to uses needing a spherical light field;  Blue pollution: Because cool-white LEDs with
however, different fields of light can be high colour temperature emit proportionally more
manipulated by the application of different optics blue light than conventional outdoor light sources
or "lenses". LEDs cannot provide divergence such as high-pressure sodium vapour lamps, the
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering & Innovative Technology Volume 2, Issue 2, October-2015

The Fig 6 depicts the block diagram of the proposed power in this case), a transformer supply can be used in
project. Although our main objective is to conserve case of solar unavailability, as shown in Fig 7.
electricity and use renewable energy sources,(solar

Fig. 5. Block Diagram

Fig 6. Block Diagram (in case of solar unavailability)

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering & Innovative Technology Volume 2, Issue 2, October-2015

LDR’s have a particular property that they remember Table 4: Final result of the proposed project
the lighting conditions in which they have been stored.
This memory effect can be minimised by storing the S no. Obstacle Intensity LED Status
LDR’s in light prior to use. Light storage reduces 1. Present <200 Lux 100% Intensity
equilibrium time to reach steady resistance values. Fig 2. Absent <200 Lux 100% Intensity
12 represents the LDR circuit symbol.Applications 3. Present >=200 Lux 50% Intensity
include smoke detection, automatic light control, 4. Absent >=200 Lux 50% Intensity
burglar alarm systems etc.
The LDR has a wide spectral response, low cost and FUTURE SCOPE
wide ambient temperature range. The ratings of the The solar powered auto intensity of street lights can
sensing circuit are as follows: control the electric charge and intensity of lights. This
Voltage, ac or dc peak: 100V project can be enhanced by using Dusk to Drawn
Current: 5mA switch with an advanced technology to overcome the
Power dissipation at 25deg Celsius: 50mW flows of existing timer based products and photo
Operating temperature range: -25deg+75deg Celsius sensor based products.
The LED lights used can be made to diffuse its point
4.5 LED Bank source light by using glasses in front of them. The
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two- solar panel used, can be connected to a battery or
lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn- series of battery for continuous power supply.And as
junction diode, which emits light when we are measuring traffic density according to that we
activated.When a suitable voltage is applied to the can control the traffic of the road and can avoid a
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron traffic jam problem which implies avoidances of
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form accidents.
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence,
and the colour of the light (corresponding to the 6.0 REFERENCES
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of street lights. The operation and principle have been Casanueva “Microcontroller
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intensity.In scenarios where intensity of light is zero or Electron.
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a case will glow with full brightness, irrespective of Chen, “Multistring
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