Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

FIRST DIVISION

G.R. Nos. 86883-85 January 29, 1993

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,

SEVERINO LINES, RUDY LINES, EFREN PLEÑAGO and ROGER BENDAÑO, accused-appellants.

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.

Romeo P. Jorge for accused-appellants.

BELLOSILLO, J.:

This was gruesome murder in a main thoroughfare an hour before sundown. A hapless foreign religious
minister was riddled with bullets, his head shattered into bits and pieces amidst the revelling of his
executioners as they danced and laughed around their quarry, chanting the tune "Mutya Ka Baleleng", a
popular regional folk song, kicking and scoffing at his prostrate, miserable, spiritless figure that was gasping
its last. Seemingly unsatiated with the ignominy of their manslaughter, their leader picked up pieces of the
splattered brain and mockingly displayed them before horrified spectators. Some accounts swear that acts of
cannibalism ensued, although they were not sufficiently demonstrated. However, for their outrageous feat, the
gangleader already earned the monicker "cannibal priest-killer" But, what is indubitable is that Fr. Tulio
Favali1 was senselessly killed for no apparent reason than that he was one of the Italian Catholic missionaries
laboring in heir vineyard in the hinterlands of Mindanao. 2

In the aftermath of the murder, police authorities launched a massive manhunt which resulted in the capture
of the perpetrators except Arsenio Villamor, Jr., and two unidentified persons who eluded arrest and still
remain at large.

Informations for Murder,3 Attempted Murder4 and Arson5 were accordingly filed against those responsible for
the frenzied orgy of violence that fateful day of 11 April 1985. As these cases arose from the same occasion,
they were all consolidated in Branch 17 of the Regional Trial Court of Kidapawan, Cotabato.6

After trial, the court a quo held —

WHEREFORE . . . the Court finds the accused Norberto Manero, Jr. alias Commander Bucay,
Edilberto Manero alias Edil, Elpidio Manero, Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Rodrigo Espia alias
Rudy, Efren Pleñago and Roger Bedaño GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the offense of
Murder, and with the aggravating circumstances of superior strength and treachery, hereby
sentences each of them to a penalty of imprisonment of reclusion perpetua; to pay the
Pontifical Institute of Foreign Mission (PIME) Brothers, the congregation to which Father Tulio
Favali belonged, a civil indemnity of P12,000.00; attorney's fees in the sum of P50,000.00 for
each of the eight (8) accused or a total sum of P400,000.00; court appearance fee of
P10,000.00 for every day the case was set for trial; moral damages in the sum of P100,000.00;
and to pay proportionately the costs.

Further, the Court finds the accused Norberto Manero, Jr. alias Commander Bucay GUILTY
beyond reasonable doubt of the offense of Arson and with the application of the Indeterminate
Sentence Law, hereby sentences him to an indeterminate penalty of imprisonment of not less
than four (4) years, nine (9) months, one (1) day of prision correccional, as minimum, to six (6)
years of prision correccional, as maximum, and to indemnify the Pontifical Institute of Foreign
Mission (PIME) Brothers, the congregation to which Father Tulio Favali belonged, the sum of
P19,000.00 representing the value of the motorcycle and to pay the costs.
 Finally, the Court finds the accused Norberto Manero, Jr., alias Commander Bucay, Edilberto
Manero alias Edil, Elpidio Manero, Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Rodrigo Espia alias Rudy,
Efren Pleñago and Roger Bedaño GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the offense of
Attempted Murder and with the application of the Indeterminate Sentence Law, hereby
sentences each of them to an indeterminate penalty of imprisonment of not less than two (2)
years, four (4) months and one (1) day of prision correccional, and minimum, to eight (8) years
and twenty (20) days of prision mayor, as maximum, and to pay the complainant Rufino Robles
the sum of P20,000.00 as attorney's fees and P2,000.00 as court appearance fee for every
day of trial and to pay proportionately the costs.

The foregoing penalties shall be served by the said accused successively in the order of their
respective severity in accordance with the provisions of Article 70 of the Revised Penal Code,
as amended.7

From this judgment of conviction only accused Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Efren Pleñago and Roger Bedaño
appealed with respect to the cases for Murder and Attempted Murder. The Manero brothers as well as Rodrigo
Espia did not appeal; neither did Norberto Manero, Jr., in the Arson case. Consequently, the decision as
against them already became final.

Culled from the records, the facts are: On 11 April 1985, around 10:00 o'clock in the morning, the Manero
brothers Norberto Jr., Edilberto and Elpidio, along with Rodrigo Espia, Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Efren
Pleñago and Roger Bedaño, were inside the eatery of one Reynaldo Diocades at Km. 125, La Esperanza,
Tulunan, Cotabato. They were conferring with Arsenio Villamor, Jr., private secretary to the Municipal Mayor
of Tulunan, Cotabato, and his two (2) unidentified bodyguards. Plans to liquidate a number of suspected
communist sympathizers were discussed. Arsenio Villamor, Jr. scribbled on a cigarette wrapper the following
"NPA v. NPA, starring Fr. Peter, Domingo Gomez, Bantil, Fred Gapate, Rene alias Tabagac and Villaning."
"Fr. Peter" is Fr. Peter Geremias, an Italian priest suspected of having links with the communist movement;
"Bantil" is Rufino Robles, a Catholic lay leader who is the complaining witness in the Attempted Murder;
Domingo Gomez is another lay leader, while the others are simply "messengers". On the same occasion, the
conspirators agreed to Edilberto Manero's proposal that should they fail to kill Fr. Peter Geremias, another
Italian priest would be killed in his stead.8

At about 1:00 o'clock that afternoon, Elpidio Manero with two (2) unidentified companions nailed a placard on
a street-post beside the eatery of Deocades. The placard bore the same inscriptions as those found on the
cigarette wrapper except for the additional phrase "versus Bucay, Edil and Palo." Some two (2) hours later,
Elpidio also posted a wooden placard bearing the same message on a street cross-sign close to the eatery.9

Later, at 4:00 o'clock, the Manero brothers, together with Espia and the four (4) appellants, all with assorted
firearms, proceeded to the house of "Bantil", their first intended victim, which was also in the vicinity of
Deocades' carinderia. They were met by "Bantil" who confronted them why his name was included in the
placards. Edilberto brushed aside the query; instead, he asked "Bantil" if he had any qualms about it, and
without any provocation, Edilberto drew his revolver and fired at the forehead of "Bantil". "Bantil" was able to
parry the gun, albeit his right finger and the lower portion of his right ear were hit. Then they grappled for its
possession until "Bantil" was extricated by his wife from the fray. But, as he was running away, he was again
fired upon by Edilberto. Only his trousers were hit. "Bantil" however managed to seek refuge in the house of
a certain Domingo Gomez. 10 Norberto, Jr., ordered his men to surround the house and not to allow any one
to get out so that "Bantil" would die of hemorrhage. Then Edilberto went back to the restaurant of Deocades
and pistol-whipped him on the face and accused him of being a communist coddler, while appellants and their
cohorts relished the unfolding drama. 11

Moments later, while Deocades was feeding his swine, Edilberto strewed him with a burst of gunfire from his
M-14 Armalite. Deocades cowered in fear as he knelt with both hands clenched at the back of his head. This
again drew boisterous laughter and ridicule from the dreaded desperados.

At 5:00 o'clock, Fr. Tulio Favali arrived at Km. 125 on board his motorcycle. He entered the house of Gomez.
While inside, Norberto, Jr., and his co-accused Pleñago towed the motorcycle outside to the center of the
highway. Norberto, Jr., opened the gasoline tank, spilled some fuel, lit a fire and burned the motorcycle. As
the vehicle was ablaze, the felons raved and rejoiced. 12

Upon seeing his motorcycle on fire, Fr. Favali accosted Norberto, Jr. But the latter simply stepped backwards
and executed a thumbs-down signal. At this point, Edilberto asked the priest: "Ano ang gusto mo, padre (What
is it you want, Father)? Gusto mo, Father, bukon ko ang ulo mo (Do you want me, Father, to break your
head)?" Thereafter, in a flash, Edilberto fired at the head of the priest. As Fr. Favali dropped to the ground,
his hands clasped against his chest, Norberto, Jr., taunted Edilberto if that was the only way he knew to kill a
priest. Slighted over the remark, Edilberto jumped over the prostrate body three (3) times, kicked it twice, and
fired anew. The burst of gunfire virtually shattered the head of Fr. Favali, causing his brain to scatter on the
road. As Norberto, Jr., flaunted the brain to the terrified onlookers, his brothers danced and sang "Mutya Ka
Baleleng" to the delight of their comrades-in-arms who now took guarded positions to isolate the victim from
possible assistance. 13

In seeking exculpation from criminal liability, appellants Severino Lines, Rudy Lines, Efren Pleñago and Roger
Bedaño contend that the trial court erred in disregarding their respective defenses of alibi which, if properly
appreciated, would tend to establish that there was no prior agreement to kill; that the intended victim was Fr.
Peter Geremias, not Fr. Tulio Favali; that there was only one (1) gunman, Edilberto; and, that there was
absolutely no showing that appellants cooperated in the shooting of the victim despite their proximity at the
time to Edilberto.

But the evidence on record does not agree with the arguments of accused-appellants.

On their defense of alibi, accused brothers Severino and Rudy Lines claim that they were harvesting palay
the whole day of 11 April 1985 some one kilometer away from the crime scene. Accused Roger Bedaño
alleges that he was on an errand for the church to buy lumber and nipa in M'lang, Cotabato, that morning of
11 April 1985, taking along his wife and sick child for medical treatment and arrived in La Esperanza, Tulunan,
past noontime.

Interestingly, all appellants similarly contend that it was only after they heard gunshots that they rushed to the
house of Norberto Manero, Sr., Barangay Captain of La Esperanza, where they were joined by their fellow
CHDF members and co-accused, and that it was only then that they proceeded together to where the crime
took place at Km. 125.

It is axiomatic that the accused interposing the defense of alibi must not only be at some other place but that
it must also be physically impossible for him to be at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission. 14

Considering the failure of appellants to prove the required physical impossibility of being present at the crime
scene, as can be readily deduced from the proximity between the places where accused-appellants were
allegedly situated at the time of the commission of the offenses and the locus criminis, 15 the defense of alibi
is definitely feeble. 16After all, it has been the consistent ruling of this Court that no physical impossibility exists
in instances where it would take the accused only fifteen to twenty minutes by jeep or tricycle, or some one-
and-a-half hours by foot, to traverse the distance between the place where he allegedly was at the time of
commission of the offense and the scene of the crime. 17 Recently, we ruled that there can be no physical
impossibility even if the distance between two places is merely two (2) hours by bus. 18 More important, it is
well-settled that the defense of alibi cannot prevail over
the positive identification of the authors of the crime by the prosecution witnesses. 19

In the case before Us, two (2) eyewitnesses, Reynaldo Deocades and Manuel Bantolo, testified that they were
both inside the eatery at about 10:00 o'clock in the morning of 11 April 1985 when the Manero brothers,
together with appellants, first discussed their plan to kill some communist sympathizers. The witnesses also
testified that they still saw the appellants in the company of the Manero brothers at 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon
when Rufino Robles was shot. Further, at 5:00 o'clock that same afternoon, appellants were very much at the
scene of the crime, along with the Manero brothers, when Fr. Favali was brutally murdered. 20 Indeed, in the
face of such positive declarations that appellants were at the locus criminis from 10:00 o'clock in the morning
up to about 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon, the alibi of appellants that they were somewhere else, which is
negative in nature, cannot prevail. 21 The presence of appellants in the eatery at Km. 125 having been
positively established, all doubts that they were not privy to the plot to liquidate alleged communist
sympathizers are therefore removed. There was direct proof to link them to the conspiracy.

There is conspiracy when two or more persons come to an agreement to commit a crime and decide to commit
it. 22It is not essential that all the accused commit together each and every act constitutive of the offense. 23 It
is enough that an accused participates in an act or deed where there is singularity of purpose, and unity in its
execution is present. 24

The findings of the court a quo unmistakably show that there was indeed a community of design as evidenced
by the concerted acts of all the accused. Thus —

The other six accused, 25 all armed with high powered firearms, were positively identified with
Norberto Manero, Jr. and Edilberto Manero in the carinderia of Reynaldo Deocades in La
Esperanza, Tulunan, Cotabato at 10:00 o'clock in the morning of 11 April 1985 morning . . .
they were outside of the carinderia by the window near the table where Edilberto Manero,
 Norberto Manero, Jr., Jun Villamor, Elpidio Manero and unidentified members of the airborne
from Cotabato were grouped together. Later that morning, they all went to the cockhouse
nearby to finish their plan and drink tuba. They were seen again with Edilberto Manero and
Norberto Manero, Jr., at 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon of that day near the house of Rufino
Robles (Bantil) when Edilberto Manero shot Robles. They surrounded the house of Domingo
Gomez where Robles fled and hid, but later left when Edilberto Manero told them to leave as
Robles would die of hemorrhage. They followed Fr. Favali to Domingo Gomez' house,
witnessed and enjoyed the burning of the motorcycle of Fr. Favali and later stood guard with
their firearms ready on the road when Edilberto Manero shot to death Fr. Favali. Finally, they
joined Norberto Manero, Jr. and Edilberto Manero in their enjoyment and merriment on the
death of the priest. 26

From the foregoing narration of the trial court, it is clear that appellants were not merely innocent bystanders
but were in fact vital cogs in perpetrating the savage murder of Fr. Favali and the attempted murder of Rufino
Robles by the Manero brothers and their militiamen. For sure, appellants all assumed a fighting stance to
discourage if not prevent any attempt to provide assistance to the fallen priest. They surrounded the house of
Domingo Gomez to stop Robles and the other occupants from leaving so that the wounded Robles may die
of hemorrhage. 27Undoubtedly, these were overt acts to ensure success of the commission of the crimes and
in furtherance of the aims of the conspiracy. The appellants acted in concert in the murder of Fr. Favali and in
the attempted murder of Rufino Robles. While accused-appellants may not have delivered the fatal shots
themselves, their collective action showed a common intent to commit the criminal acts.

While it may be true that Fr. Favali was not originally the intended victim, as it was Fr. Peter Geremias whom
the group targetted for the kill, nevertheless, Fr. Favali was deemed a good substitute in the murder as he
was an Italian priest. On this, the conspirators expressly agreed. As witness Manuel Bantolo explained 28 —

Q Aside from those persons listed in that paper to be killed, were there other
persons who were to be liquidated?

A There were some others.

Q Who were they?

A They said that if they could not kill those persons listed in that paper then
they will (sic) kill anyone so long as he is (sic) an Italian and if they could not
kill the persons they like to kill they will (sic) make Reynaldo Deocades as their
sample.

That appellants and their co-accused reached a common understanding to kill another Italian priest in the
event that Fr. Peter Geremias could not be spotted was elucidated by Bantolo thus 29 —

Q Who suggested that Fr. Peter be the first to be killed?

A All of them in the group.

Q What was the reaction of Norberto Manero with respect to the plan to kill Fr.
Peter?

A He laughed and even said, "amo ina" meaning "yes, we will kill him ahead."

xxx xxx xxx

Q What about Severino Lines? What was his reaction?

A He also laughed and so conformed and agreed to it.

Q Rudy Lines.

A He also said "yes".

Q What do you mean "yes"?

xxx xxx xxx

Q What about Efren Pleñago?

A He also agreed and even commented laughing "go ahead".

Q Roger Bedaño, what was his reaction to that suggestion that should they fail
to kill Fr. Peter, they will (sic) kill anybody provided he is an Italian and if not,
they will (sic) make Reynaldo Deocades an example?

A He also agreed laughing.

Conspiracy or action in concert to achieve a criminal design being sufficiently shown, the act of one is the act
of all the other conspirators, and the precise extent or modality of participation of each of them becomes
secondary. 30

The award of moral damages in the amount of P100,000.00 to the congregation, the Pontifical Institute of
Foreign Mission (PIME) Brothers, is not proper. There is nothing on record which indicates that the deceased
effectively severed his civil relations with his family, or that he disinherited any member thereof, when he
joined his religious congregation. As a matter of fact, Fr. Peter Geremias of the same congregation, who was
then a parish priest of Kidapawan, testified that "the religious family belongs to the natural family of
origin." 31 Besides, as We already held, 32 a juridical person is not entitled to moral damages because, not being
a natural person, it cannot experience physical suffering or such sentiments as wounded feelings, serious
anxiety, mental anguish or moral shock. It is only when a juridical person has a good reputation that is
debased, resulting in social humiliation, that moral damages may be awarded.

Neither can We award moral damages to the heirs of the deceased who may otherwise be lawfully entitled
thereto pursuant to par. (3), Art. 2206, of the Civil Code, 33 for the reason that the heirs never presented any
evidence showing that they suffered mental anguish; much less did they take the witness stand. It has been
held 34 that moral damages and their causal relation to the defendant's acts should be satisfactorily proved by
the claimant. It is elementary that in order that moral damages may be awarded there must be proof of moral
suffering. 35 However, considering that the brutal slaying of Fr. Tulio Favali was attended with abuse of superior
strength, cruelty and ignominy by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the pain and anguish of the victim,
outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse, exemplary damages may be awarded to the lawful heirs, 36 even
though not proved nor expressly pleaded in the complaint, 37 and the amount of P100,000.00 is considered
reasonable.

With respect to the civil indemnity of P12,000.00 for the death of Fr. Tulio Favali, the amount is increased to
P50,000.00 in accordance with existing jurisprudence, which should be paid to the lawful heirs, not the PIME
as the trial court ruled.

WHEREFORE, the judgment appealed from being in accord with law and the evidence is AFFIRMED with the
modification that the civil indemnity which is increased from P12,000.00 to P50,000.00 is awarded to the lawful
heirs of the deceased plus exemplary damages of P100,000.00; however, the award of moral damages is
deleted.

Costs against accused-appellants.

SO ORDERED.

Cruz, Padilla and Griño-Aquino, JJ., concur.

# Footnotes

1 "Tulio" is variably spelled as "Tullio" in certain parts of the records. Incidentally, the name
"Fr. Peter Geremias" is likewise interchangeably referred to as "Fr. Peter Geremia."

2 TSN, 24 October 1985, pp. 55-56.

4 Docketed as Crim. Case No. 1884 for the attempted murder of Rufino Robles. Those
charged are the same accused in Crim. Case No. 1881 except Arsenio Villamor, Jr., John Doe
and Peter Doe.

5 Docketed as Crim. Case No. 1883 for arson for the burning of the motorcycle of Fr. Tulio
Favali. The lone accused is Norberto Manero, Jr.

6 See Records, p. 445.

7 Penned by Judge Benjamin M. Estañol, Regional Trial Court, Branch 17, Kidapawan,
Cotabato; Records, pp. 860-61.

8 See Note 2.

9 Id., pp. 68-70.

10 Id., pp. 70-79.

11 Id., pp. 57-60.

12 Id., pp. 82-89.

13 TSN, 4 October 1985, pp. 91-108; TSN, 6 November 1985, pp. 68-78.

14 People vs. Pugal, G.R. No. 90637, 29 October 1992.

15 All accused-appellants allege that they were in Tulunan, Cotabato, the town where the
offenses were committed, albeit not at the very scene of the crime in Km. 125.

16 People vs. Bañez, G.R. No. 95456, 18 September 1992, citing People v. Sabater, No. L-
38169, 23 February 1978, 81 SCRA 110.

17 People v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 105964, 4 November 1992.

18 People v. Abuyan, Jr., G.R. Nos. 95254-55, 21 July 1992.

19 People v. Antud, G.R. No. 95684, 27 October 1992.

20 Decision, p. 36; Rollo, p. 230.

21 People v. Serdan, G. R. No. 87318, 2 September 1992.

22 People v. Hasiron, G.R. No. 100797, 15 October 1992, citing Art. 8, Revised Penal Code.

23 People v. Sabornido, G.R. No. 102141, 18 September 1992.

24 People vs. Martinado, G.R. No. 92020, 19 October 1992.

25 Accused-appellants together with two (2) other unidentified persons.

26 Decision, p. 30; Rollo, p. 224.

27 TSN, 28 August 1986, pp. 93-94.

28 TSN, 4 October 1985, p. 118.

29 TSN, 6 November 1985, pp. 36-43.

31 See TSN, 28 August 1986, p. 51.

32 Simex International (Manila), Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 88013, 19 March 1990, 183
SCRA 360.

33 Art. 2206 (3) provides: "The spouse, legitimate and illegitimate descendants and
ascendants of the deceased may demand moral damages for mental anguish by reason of the
death of the deceased."

34 Raagas v. Traya, 130 Phil. 846 (1968).

35 Darang v. Belizar, No. L-19487, 31 January 1967, 19 SCRA 214.

36 Art. 2230 provides: "In criminal offenses, exemplary damages as a part of the civil liability
may be imposed when the crime was committed with one or more aggravating circumstances.
Such damages are separate and distinct from fines and shall be paid to the offended party"
(Civil Code); see alsoDempsey v. RTC, Br. 75, G.R. No. 77737-38, 15 August 1988, 164
SCRA 384, and People v. Marciales, G.R. No. 61961, 18 October 1988, 166 SCRA 436.

37 Singson v. Aragon, 92 Phil. 514 (1953); PAL v. CA, G.R. Nos. 50504-05, 13 August 1990,
188 SCRA 461, citing Kapoe v. Masa, G.R. No. 50473, 21 January 1985, 134 SCRA 231.