Multiscale Analysis

CILAMCE 2018 CONGRESS
11 – 14 NOVEMBER 2018, PARIS/COMPIÈGNE, FRANCE
MULTISCALE ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE CRACKS IN AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE
T. A. A. Oliveira1, G. Gomes2, F. Evangelista Junior3, A. M. Delgado Neto4
University of Brasilia
1
[email protected]
2
[email protected]
3
[email protected]
4
[email protected]
1. Introduction
This paper shows an analysis of multiple cracks in an aircraft fuselage through the automation in
software specialized to evaluate the cracks propagation - BemCracker2D [1, 2]. The first analysis
refers to the macro element in which is performed a rivet modeling at the software BemLab2D [3] and
analyzed via Dual Boundary Element Method the SIF at BemCracker2D. With the SIF, the stresses in
a micro element are then calculated. This micro element is composed by two pre-established initial
cracks and a circular hole. As a result, there is relationship between fatigue life (number of load
cycles) and compliance of the edges of this micro element at each crack increment. The main objective
is evaluating the compliance of micro elements under several levels of loads, cracks, and holes. And as
specific objectives: obtaining edge displacements at each crack propagation and the number of loading
cycles for each increment.
2. Material and Methods

The methodology of this paper consists of the analysis via Dual Boundary Elements Method of fatigue
life of aircraft fuselage with two cracks pre-established and a circular hole. For this, an aircraft
fuselage panel model, representing the macro analysis, was automated in order to obtain elastic
stresses in the regions of these voids.
2.1. Macro model analysis

BemLab2D was used to create the boundary element mesh to represent the numerical model (see
Figure 1), and the BemCracker2D to compute the SIF.
Figure 1: Boundary element mesh of the macro model with BemLab2D.

SIF values are listed in Table 1.
Analytical Numerical
Tip 1 Tip 2 Tip 3 Tip 4 Tip 5 Tip 6
0.07092803 0.07155231 0.07155169 0.07156367 0.07156367 0.07155169 0.07155231
Table 1: Analytical and numerical SIF results.
These results therefore present the purpose of corroborating the model and the subsequent analysis to
be performed.
2.2. Micro model analysis
With the SIF computed, the stress field at the crack tip is calculated through the Eqs. (1), (2) and (3)
according to [4]. To the tip 1 in Figure 1 (KI=0.07155231).
𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼 𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 3𝜃𝜃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = cos �1 − sin sin � (1)
√2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 2 2
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = cos �1 + sin sin � (2)
√2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 2 2
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = sin �cos cos � (3)
√2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 2 2
where KI is the SIF, r the distance to the tip and θ the angle.
Figure 2 shows the stress field near the crack tip for three different angles used to the analysis in the
micro element.
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2: Stress field for different angles θ
a) θ=0° b) θ=45° c) θ=90°
As near the crack in the case of the LEFM the stresses tend to infinity near the crack tip, in order to
calculate the maximum ones in the elastic stage it was used r as the distance of the Irwin’s plastic zone
(2𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 ).
The stresses field values are listed in Table 2.
Angle σx σy τ
θ=0° 239.00 239.00 0.00
θ=45° 142.74 298.88 32.34
θ=90° 84.50 253.50 -84.50
Table 2: Stresses Fields
The micro model is highlighted in Figure 3, which shows two pre-established cracks and a central
circular hole. For the analysis, a BemLab2D model of a 1 cm square side element was adopted with
the stresses calculated in Eqs. (2) to (4) and displacement constraint on the left and lower sides, with a
central hole of radius 0.1 cm and two 0.1 cm cracks inclined 45°.
Figure 3 - Model of the Micro Element.

3. Results
According to each increment there are the points for the construction of the fatigue life curve (N) x
Compliance in (m/N) of both the right and upper edge, shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6 for θ=0°, 45° and
90°, respectively. It can be seen that as the crack propagates (number of cycles) compliance increases.
This is due to the fact that the edge displacement rates increase gradually due to the loss of rigidity of
the plate with the crack increments, so that when the number of cycles reaches about 106, the edge
displacements are already quite amplified, resulting in high compliance. It is also seen Figure 4 that
due to the symmetry of the plate layout, the graph of Crack 1 Tip 1 is equal to that of Crack 2 Tip 2
and that of Crack 1 Tip 2 is equal to that of Crack 2 Tip 1.
Figure 4: Load cycles x Compliance for θ=0°

4. Conclusions
Regarding the use of software (BemLab2D and BemCracker2D), the results found for SIF validation
were very close to the analytical ones with identical values up to the second decimal place. Therefore,
it can be concluded that the use of these were satisfactory resulting in output data as expected.

5. Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), to the Brazilian
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES) for the supporting funds for this
research and to Federal District Research Support Foundation (FAP-DF).
6. References
[1] Gomes, G. "Data Structure for Representing Bidimensional Models of Boundary Elements". MSc.
Thesis, Brazilia University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brazilia, 2000.
[2] Gomes, G. "Aplication of BEM and DRM in in Object Oriented 2D Plasticity Problems". DSc.
Thesis, Brazilia Univeristy. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brazilia, 2006.
[3] Delgado Neto, A. "BEMLBA2D: Graphical Interface for Modeling, Visualization and Analysis
with Boundary Elements - An Application in Elastomeric Problems". MSc. Thesis, Brazilia University,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brazilia, 2017.
[4] Anderson, T. L., 2005. Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. CRC Press. Boca.

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CILAMCE 2018 CONGRESS

11 – 14 NOVEMBER 2018, PARIS/COMPIÈGNE, FRANCE

MULTISCALE ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE CRACKS IN AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE

T. A. A. Oliveira1, G. Gomes2, F. Evangelista Junior3, A. M. Delgado Neto4

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Macro model analysis

Figure 1: Boundary element mesh of the macro model with BemLab2D.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3 - Model of the Micro Element.

Figure 4: Load cycles x Compliance for θ=0°

Figure 6: Load cycles x Compliance for θ=90°

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