METHODS OF PLANT PROPAGATION j.

Plant each in a plastic pot of mixed

garden soil and river sand.
Plant propagation – is a method of
k. Return them to the enclosed
growing new plants from seeds or from
chamber for a week of recovery.
parts of existing plants.
Gradually open the chamber during
a. Sexual propagation – plans propagate the succeeding 3 weeks. This will
sexually through seeds enable them to adjust to the outside
conditions.
b. Asexual propagation – the process of
l. Transfer the potted cuttings in the
reproducing plants from the parts that grow
hardening area. After 4-8 months,
from the mother plant like the bulb, sucker,
they are ready for outplanting.
tuber, rootstock, slip, and rhizome.

2. Grafting- connecting two pieces of

1. Cutting- easiest and simplest of all
living tissues together so that they
methods. This can be done by
unite and eventually grow and
snipping off a young shoot, a piece of
develop as one plant. It is also used
stem or root, or even a piece of leaf.
to: haste reproductive maturity of
Steps in rooting stem cuttings: seedlings; establish clonal seed
orchards, clonal test, and clonal
a. Collect young shoots or cuttings for
banks; and obtain benefits of
rooting and trim off their leaves into
rootstocks.
half.
There are several types of grafting:
b. Place them in a pail with water.
cleft, saddle, splice, and whip or
c. Cut them into two-nodal cuttings.,
tongue.
d. Sterilize them by soaking in fungicide
solution for 30-60 minutes. Follow
Steps used in grafting:
the direction indicated in the label.
a. Remove the leaves but retain the
e. Scrape the basal portion of the
buds or nodes in the scion.
cutting.
b. Split-out the top end of the
f. Treat them immediately with rooting
selected stock.
hormones, such as Indole Butyric
c. Sharpen the base of the scion.
Acid (IBA), Naphthalene Acetic Acid
d. Insert the scion between the split-
(NAA), and Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)
cut of the stock.
using the recommended
e. Apply wax over the cut portion to
concentration.
prevent loss of water.
g. Plant the treated cuttings in hiko
f. Tightly wrap the grafted part with
trays or plastic bags.
a plastic sheet. Do not cover the
h. Place them inside a non-mist
nodes.
propagation chamber. Keep them air-
g. Cover the grafted portion loosely
tight for 2-5 months.
with a plastic bag.
i. Once rooted, lift the cuttings and dip
h. Remove the plastic bag when
in water to gently remove the soil
young leaves appear but leave
from the roots.
the plastic sheet.
 i. Remove the plastic wrapping after a. Make a horizontal cut in the
5 months. rootstock, 2-3 centimeters
j. Cut the grafted portion and plant long, as deep as the bark.
the graft. b. Make a vertical cut below the
horizontal cut forming a T.
c. Slice a shield of bud from the
3. Marcotting- includes the bud stick about 2.5 centimeters
development of roots on a stem while under the bud to 2 centimeters
it is still attached to the parent plant. above.
d. Open the bark of the T-shaped
Steps in marcotting; cut in the rootstock.
a. Select branch that is 0.5-3 e. Insert the shield by pushing it
centimeters in diameter. downwards under the two flaps
b. Remove 3 centimeters of bark of bark.
around the branch. The exposed f. Tie securely with a tape but
part must be 15-30 centimeters leave the bud exposed. Don’t
from the tip of the branch. press the tape too firmly
c. Clean thoroughly the exposed against the inserted bud. This
portion with a knife. will destroy the growing bud.
d. Cover the exposed portion with
moistened rooting medium, such
as sphagu with small amount of  Patch budding
rich, loose soil. a. Remove a rectangular piece of
e. Cover the rooting medium with bark from the rootstock.
plastic. Tie both ends with string b. Slice a rectangular patch
to prevent seeping of too much containing the bud from the
water. budstick.
f. Cut the marcotted branch below c. Insert the patch with the bud in
the wrapped portion when the the cut on the rootstock. The
roots are fully developed. inserted patch should fit the cut
g. Remove the plastic and plant the tightly.
marcot. Keep the soil moist. d. Wrap the part with the inserted
bud with plastic, tape, or
waxed cloth leaving the bud
4. Budding- done when the scion is exposed.
reduced in size to contain only one e. Trim off the upper portion of
bud and a small portion of the bark, the rootstock, just above the
with or without wood. patched bud.
f. Cover the stem portion of the
Types of budding grafted bud with a clear plastic
 Shield Budding (used on bag to reduce transpiration.
citrus plants) g. Water the rootstock daily.
h. Remove the plastic cover once
the grafted buds sprout.
 WATERING – this is to provide the needed
nutrients as the roots cannot yet go deep
5. Inarching- the scion is made to unite
enough to suck the moisture
the rootstock as it grows
independently. Plants get water in different ways-
6. Layering- a branch or short part is
1. Through surface irrigation
introduced into the soil and fed by
This is commonly used in vegetable
the parent plant.
crops. Water is poured on the
surface the soil and allowed to flow
from the furrows along the rows of
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT IN PLANT
growing crops.
PROPAGATION
2. Through subsurface irrigation
1. Shovel- used to turn over soil and The equipment in this method is
dig up plants for propagation and expensive and needs technical
harvesting purposes. knowhow. Water is sprayed and
2. Spade- used to dig, plant, hoe, and distributed through overhead pipes
shovel. (like artificial rain) attached to a post
3. Rake- used to remove dried leaves high enough to allow the farmer to
and other garbage from the soil work under them.
surface and break the soil.
4. Grub hoe- used to dig and till the
soil. FERTILIZATION- fertilizers are enriching
5. Trowel- a hand tool with a short materials needed by crops to increase their
handle and a curved tapering blade productivity.
used to make holes to put plants and
Types of Fertilizers
seedlings in and for other light
digging works. 1. Organic fertilizers
6. Hand shears- used to prune plants It comes in the form of animal
and seedlings. manures, blood washing, or humus,
7. Pail- used to carry garden tools and which is the product of composting
sustain water from. and decomposting of plant residues
8. Hand cultivator- Used to cultivate and legumes.
the garden plot by loosening the soil 2. Inorganic fertilizers
and eliminating the weeds around It comes from nitrate of soda, surface
the plants. of ammonia, ammonium nitrate,
9. Watering can- used to water plants urea, and others.
and seedlings.
10. Spading fork- used to loosen
soil and dig out root crops. METHODS IN APPLYING FERTILIZERS
TO CROPS
1. Band application- fertilizers is
WATERING AND FERTILIZING TREE
applied near the seeds or seedlings.
CROPS
 2. Broadcast application- fertilizer is spray is available over-the-counter at
scattered in the field in all directions agricultural stores.
by hand or machine.
3. Foliar application- applying the right
amount of mixed fertilizer and water
4. that is thoroughly sprayed on the
leaves or foliage of the plants rather
than on the soil. FRUIT AND TREE CROP DISEASES
5. Top dressing- done by broadcasting
Fruit and tree crop diseases are basically
fertilizer over growing crops.
caused by fungi or virus and bacteria.
Fungus differs from the other plants
because it has no chlorophyll thus cannot
CONTROLLING PESTS AND DISEASES
manufacture food for itself.
OF TREES
Types of Insect Pests
CONTROLLING INSECTS OF FRUIT
1. Chewing insects (chewers)-
TREES
caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers,
and grubs belong to this class. They 1. Mango tree fruit fly- this is a
have hard, horny jaws or mandibles common oriental fly that destroys
to bite off and swallow portions of mango fruits. The flies suck on the
stems, leaves, buds, and fruits. mango fruit making it no longer
These insects can be killed by marketable, or it lowers the market
treating the fruit with arsenic. value of the fruit. To reduce the
2. Sucking insects- aphids, plant lice, damage caused by this insects,
and San Jose scales are examples practice orchard sanitation and clean
of these insects. These insects have culture. If the trees are heavily
beaks containing four bristles united infested, use chemical solution like
into a slender tube. When feeding, Azodrin following the instruction in
these insects use the tip of their the label for its use.
beaks to suck the surface of a plant 2. Mealy bugs- these insects are
to extract its plant juices. common among the fruit trees and
3. Lapping insects- possess mouth other commercial crops. They suck
parts which allow them to lop or lick the fruit juice and foliage. To control
out liquid from the surface of object these insects, use commercial
on which they feed. Arsenical poison insecticides like Chlordane
is used to control this class of Metaldehyde.
insects. Arsenic should be sprayed 3. Snails- they destroy seedlings and
when the fruits are just starting to eat portions of leaves forming ragged
appear. Do not harvest fruits for at holes. Snails are controlled by
least five months after the spraying spraying them with metaldehyde
to provide enough time for the poison liquid suspension.
to be washed away. This arsenic 4. Lepidopteran insects- they are
similar to moths and butterflies. The
 larvae of these insects are stem 2. BROKER- they are agents between
bores oor foliage feeders. They can buyers and seller
be controlled by using insecticides 3. SELLING IN BULK –fruits may be
such aAzodrin, Bordeaux mixture, loaded and shipped to the market in
and other commercially non-selective boxes
insecticides. 4. COOPERATIVE AGENCIES – these
are runs by person of the same
community of farmers
TECHNIQUES IN HARVESTING,
STORAGE, AND MARKETING FRUITS 5. SELLING BY AUCTION – fruits are
placed with facilities for displaying

Fruits are harvested before they are ripe

but must also be mature to make them fit
for consumption. When fruits are picked
green, the quality suffers because they
loose their good flavor. Tropical fruits or
Philippine fruits like mango and avocado
become ripe in 6-10 days from the time of
harvest.

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES

1. CURING – this is the process of
toughening and healing the bruises
and skinned areas
2. WAXING –the application of a thin
film of coating on the surface of fruits
and vegetables to delay deterioration
3. REFRIGIRATED STORAGE AND
TRANSPORT –removes heat from
the fruit fast in order to reduce
changes in fruit
4. QUARANTINE – quarantine
treatment and pests harvest control
of insects

MARKETING FRUITS
1. RETAILER – may be fruit vendors
fruit stand owners and groceries
AP

LESSON 1 BATAS NG PILIPINAS NG 1902 – UNANG BATAS NA

PINAGTIBAY NG KONGRESO NG US
 IPINASA NG KONGRESO NG US ANBG
SUMUSUNOD NA MGA BATAS PARA SA BATAS ORGANIKO – BATAS NG PILIPINAS NG 1902
KASARINLAN NG PILIPINAS:ANG BATAS
SERGIO OSMENA – NAHALAL NA SPEAKER
NG PILIPINAS NG 1902,BATAS JONES NG
1916,BATAS HARE HAWES CUTTING NG PAMBANSANG ASEMBLEA NOONG 1907
NG 1933 AT BATAS TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE
NG 1934 KORTE SUPREMA – PILIPINONG KUMATAWAN SA
WASHINGTON
 ANG PATAKARANG PILIPINASYON SA
PAMAHALAAN AY SUMIGLA SA SENADO – MATAAS NA KAPULUNGAN NG LEHISLATURA
PAMAMAHALA NI GOBERNADOR NG PILIPINAS
FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON
 ANG MGA MISYONG PANGKALAYAAN FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON – PILIPINASYON AY
NG MGA PILIPINO AY NAGTUNGO SA US NAISAKATUPARAN NI FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON
NG MAGKAKAHIWALAY NA PANAHON BATAS HARE HAWES CUTTING – BATASNA NAIUWI NG
UPANG HILINGIN SA KONGRESO ANG MISYONG OSROX
PAGSASARILI NG PILIPINAS
 ANG BATAS TYDING MCDUFFIE NG 1934 BATAS TYDINGS MCDUFFIE – BATAS NA BUNGA NG
AY NAGTAKDA NG MGA PROBISYON PAGSISIKAP NI MANUEL QUEZON
PARA SA PAGKAKAMIT NG KASARINLAN CLARO M. RECTO – NAGING PANGULO NG
NG PILIPINAS KOMBENSIYONG KONSTISYONAL NG 1934
 ANG 1935KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS
AY NAGTAKDA NG PAG IRAL NG LESSON 2
PAMAHALAANG COMMONWEALTH SA  ANG BALANGKAS NG PAMAHALAANG
LOOB NG SAMPUNG TAON KUNG SAAN COMMONWEALTH NG PILIPINAS AY ITINAKDA
MAGSANAY ANG MGA PILIPINO SA NG 1935 KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS
SARILING PAMAMAHALA
 NAGSAGAWA NG REORGANISASYON SA
PAMAHALAAN SI PANGULONG MANUEL L. SA
IDENTIFICATION: PAGSISIMULA NIYA SA PANUNUNGKULAN
 ANG PAMAHALAAN AY NAGSAGAWA NG MGA
BATAS GABALDON – BATAS NA LUMIKHA SA ASEMBLEA PROGRAMA PARA SA PAGBUBUTI SA MGA
NG PILIPINAS BAGAY NA NAUUKOL SA TANGGULANG
DECLARATION OF PURPOSE –BATAS NG MAGBIBIGAY PAMBANSA , POPULASYON , MORALIDAD AT
NG KASARINLAN SA MGA PILIPINOKUNG MATATAG NG KULTURA, WIKANG PAMBANSA,KABUHAYAN ,
PAMAHALAAN REPORMANG , PANG EDUKASYON AT
REPORMANG PAMPOLITIKA
BATAS HARE HAWES CUTTING – BATAS NA NAGTAKDA  PAGTATAG NG KONGRESO NG PILIPINAS
NG 50 PILIPINONG MAKAKAPASOK SA US TAON – TAON KAPALIT NG PAMBANSANG ASAMBLEA
BATAS NA MAGBIBIGAY NG KASARINLAN- BATAS NA  PAGPAPAHABA NG PANAHON NG
MAGBIBIGAY NG KASARINLAN NG PILIPINAS PAGSAPIT PANUNUNGKULAN PANGULO AT
NG HULYO 4,1946 PANGALAWANG PANGULO
 PAGTATAG NG KOMISYON SA ELEKSIYON
1935 KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS – BATAS NA {COMMISION ONELECTIONS O COMELEC}
NAGPAIRAL NG PAMAHALAANG COMMONWEALTH AT
BATAS NA NGATAKDA NG PLEBISTO PARA SA 1935
KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS
IDENTIFICATION:

NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT – UNANG BATAS NA IPINASA

NG PAMBANSANG ASAMBLEA

HEN.DOUGLAS MCARTHUR- NAGING TAGAPAYONG

MILITAR NI PANGULONG QUEZON

8 NA ORAS – PAGGAWA PARA SA MGA MANGGAGAWA

JAIME C DE VEYRA – UNANG DIREKTOR NG SURIAN NG

WIKANG PAMBANSA

PILIPINO – NAGING BATAYAN SA PAGBUO NG WIKANG

PAMBANSA NG PILIPINAS

DOUBLE SINGLE SESSION – TINUTUKOY NA PAGKAKA

ROON NG DALAWANG TINUTURUANG KLASE NG ISANG
GURO

COMELEC – ITINATAG PARA MAMAHALA SA LAHAT NG

ELEKSIYON SA BANSA

PISO – BATAS SA PINAKAMABABANG SAHOD AY

NAGTAKDA NG PINAKAMABABANG SAHOD SA
MANGGAGAWA BAWAT ARAW

ELISA ROSAL OCHOA –UNANG BABAENG KONGRESISTA

NG PILIPINAS