Musa Acuminata (Banana) Peel

Extract as
Organic Insecticide and
Commercialized Insecticide

Submitted by:
Agbayani, Angel Mae P.
Sanguesa, Vivien Mae V.
Fidel, Kim Krysha A.
Abstract
The most common and widely grown fruit crop in our country is banana. There are many
varieties of bananas in the Philippines. The saba, lacatan, latundan, bungulan and
Cavendish are the most common in our country. Other varieties grown in the country
include the Morado, Pitogo Los Banos, Senorita, Tindok, Gloria, Granda, and Tumok.
Lacatan is considered as one of the premier fruit crops in the Philippines. It has a light
orange to an orange pulp, firm, and aromatic. Its peel is golden yellow when ripe. The
skin can be easily removed with some rags sticking to the pulp. In the other part of the
world, the people who lived in the U.S. are probably used on tossing banana peels in the
trash. But people in other countries, including India, have been taking advantage of their
nutritional benefits for decades. While a banana's flesh is soft and sweet, the skin is thick,
fibrous, and slightly bitter. To eat the peel, they can either blend it into smoothies or fry,
bake, or boil them for at least 10 minutes. Heat breaks down the skin's fiber and loosens
up that tough texture, making the peel easier to chew and digest. There are a number of
uses for a banana that are known for its specialty. The sheath of the plant is used in the
preparation of fiber that is used in agriculture. The rachis is used for tanning of fishing
nets. Leaves are also used wrapping materials for perishables. A number of handicrafts
like bags, baskets, etc. are prepared from dried midribs. The dried plant part after burning
is used as manure.

Chapter I

1.0 Introduction
Banana is the fourth important food crop in terms of economic importance. Rice, wheat,
and milk are the first, second and third. The largest producer of banana in the world where
from India. The cultivation is distributed throughout the country and thus generates
employment for many. Aside from desert purpose, a number of value-added products are
prepared from banana, and many of these products serve as raw materials in
confectionary, tanning, beverage, pharmaceutical, and animal feed industry. One of the
rich sources of energy is banana. The major source of energy in banana is carbohydrate.
Apart from carbohydrate, banana fruit is rich in phosphorous, calcium, iron, potassium
and magnesium. The major source of energy in banana is carbohydrate. Traces of zinc,
copper, chlorine, cobalt, and iodine are also contained in the fruit. Most of the vitamins
namely Vitamin A, Vitamin C and riboflavin are present in fair quantity in banana. Thus
from the nutritive point of view, banana can be considered as the cheapest, plentiful and
most nourishing of all fruits. These peels are just left as solid waste at large expense and
are not being used for any other purposes. Thus, the operation of food processing wastes
in the industry is now becoming a very serious ecological problem and additional pollution
for the environment (Nagarajaiah and Prakash, 2011). Banana peels can be a possible
alternative insecticide through extraction. The purpose of this study is to create an
alternative insecticide by the use of organic materials for killing insects in the Philippine
setting.

1.1 Definition of Terms

1. Banana Peel - The skin of a banana (stripped off and discarded) that
contains a certain compound called Tannin
2. Extract - The proportion of a plant or substance removed by solvents and
used in chemical preparations it may be in solid, powder or liquid form.
3. Insecticide - An agent or a chemical substance used for killing insects.
4. Tannin - A yellowish or brownish bitter-tasting organic substance present
in some galls, barks, and other plant tissues, consisting of derivatives of
Gallic acid, used in leather production and ink manufacturer.
5. Acclimate - Respond physiologically or behaviorally to a change in a single
environmental factor.

1.2 Background of the Study

This study is done to give importance to banana peelings. The research wanted to
produce insecticide out of banana peelings. Since banana peelings are also a waste, they
can be a problem to our community.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The problem of this study is to assess the effectivity of Musa acuminata (Banana) Peel
extract as an organic insecticide in killing insects. The result of this study will help on the
development of making effective organic insecticides in eliminating insects in household,
gardens and in farms.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study is useful to:
1. Households. The result of this study will help the people arising due to the
numerous growth of unwanted insects. The results will help the household to
eliminate insects in their houses.
2. Farmers. The study will help the farmers to control the pests that harm their plants
with lesser expenses than the commercialized insecticide.
 3. Community. This alternative insecticide is non-toxic for humans and safe for the
environment since it is based on organic materials.
4. Health. A clean and safe environment will prevent unwanted insects to spread.
This study will help the individuals to find an alternative organic insecticide without
harming the health of individuals.
5. Students. The study will serve as a benefit for future researchers to have a
continuous study about the use of Musa Acuminata (Banana) Peel as an
alternative insecticide.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The study entitled “A comparative study between Musa acuminata (Banana) Peel Extract
as an Organic insecticide and Commercialized insecticide”. This study was limited only
to measure the effectivity of banana peel extract as an alternative insecticide in killing the
Periplaneta americana (American cockroach).

Chapter II

2.0 Review of Related Literature

Green Banana
Based on Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry of 2012, Banana peel is
also used in treating warts, poison ivy rashes, bruises, mosquito bites, and even helps in
combatting alcohol addiction by drinking the water in the boiled banana peels. Eating
green banana is not bad. Green banana is “starchier”. Resistant starch is a type of starch
that isn’t digested in the same way as most starches. Instead of breaking down, they pass
through the intestine unchanged – give them the characteristic of an insoluble fiber.
Another health benefit of green bananas is that the short – chain of fatty acids produced
by the fermentation of resistant starch increases the ability of the body to absorb nutrients
– especially calcium (Dr. Leong, 2010 – 2016).
Banana Tannin / Tannin
Green banana peels provided a high level of tannin content and then decreased
during the ripening. Tannin extraction from banana peels was carried out to determine
the optimum condition such as a type of solvent, extraction time, extraction temperature,
and ratio of banana peel to solvent. Condensed tannin also exhibited the ability to
precipitate protein and a metal ion (Surujanamethakul and Hiraga 1994). The levels of
tannins of a green banana range from 122.4 mg to 241.4 mg. Current research indicates
that condensed tannins are also in the cell walls, which are a suitable source of natural
antioxidant that is biologically accessible in the stomach (Perry, 2017). Plant react to
herbivory through a different mechanism such as morphological, biochemical and
molecular to fight the effect of herbivore attack. (PSB, 2012). The defense weapons of
plants on herbivore are the anti-nutritional factors such as tannin. Tannin's beneficial
effect depends on their concentration. High levels of tannin cause negative effects lessen
nutrient utilization and animal productivity, death in certain animals (Taghizadeh and
Besharati, 2004). Tannins are water-soluble plant polyphenols that precipitate proteins.
Anti-irritant, antisecretolytic, antiphologistic, antimicrobal, and antiparasitic are the
various physiological effect of tannins. High tannin concentrations resulted in lessen
animal performances and health disorders as in monogastriers (Wochenschr, 2006).
Age of Tannin in Wine
Wine is perishable and capable of deteriorating, complex chemical reactions
involving a wine's sugars, acids and phenolic compounds (The phenolic content in wine
refers to the phenolic compounds—natural phenol and polyphenols—in wine, which
include a large group of several hundred chemical compounds that affect the taste, color
and mouthfeel of wine. These compounds include phenolic acids, stilbenoids, flavonols,
dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins, flavanol monomers (catechins) and flavanol polymers
(proanthocyanidins). This large group of natural phenols can be broadly separated into
two categories, flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Flavonoids include the anthocyanins and
tannins which contribute to the color and mouthfeel of the wine. The non-flavonoids
include the stilbenoids such as resveratrol and phenolic acids such as benzoic, caffeic
and cinnamic acids, such as tannins) can alter the aroma, color, mouthfeel and taste of
the wine in a way that may be more pleasing to the taster.
Tannin Concentration
If a mixture of a given percentage or ratio strength is diluted to twice its original
quantity, its active ingredient will be contained in twice as many parts of the whole, and
its strength therefore will be reduced by one-half. the amount of active ingredient remains
constant, any change in the quantity of a solution or mixture of solids is inversely
proportional to the percentage or ratio strength; that is, the percentage or ratio strength
decreases as the quantity increases, and vice versa. (Prince, 2000)
Cockroach
According to Steve Jacobs, the American cockroach is a scavenger that feeds on
decaying organic matter and a variety of other foods. It is particularly fond of fermenting
foods. However, during certain times of the year, the cockroaches may move inside a
house from outside. In cold weather these cockroaches may move indoors, seeking
warmer temperatures and food. Cockroaches may enter houses through sewer
connections, under doors, around plumbing, air ducts, or other openings in the foundation
(Steve Jacobs, 2013). Cockroaches are among the most common pests in many homes
and other buildings. During night time they search for food in kitchens, food storage
places, rubbish bins, drains, and sewers. They are pests because of their filthy habits and
bad smell. Some people may become allergic to cockroaches after frequent exposure.
Cockroaches can sometimes play a role as carriers of intestinal diseases, such as
diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever and cholera.

Chapter III

3.0 Methodology
The study used an experimental type of design to determine if the peel extract of Musa
Acuminata (Banana) can be used as an alternative insecticide. The subject is the
cockroaches that will be used in this study for there are three groups to be compared.
The first group is where 100% concentration of the extracted Musa Acuminata Peel is
used, second is a 50% concentration where the presence of water willbe added and the
third group will be exposed using a commercialized insecticide.
The Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach) was used as the subject of the study.
The banana peel as per its methodology will be extracting the juice through the use of
mortar and pestle, blender and cheesecloth and will be sprayed to the cockroaches for 3
days to determine its effectivity.

3.1 The Subject / Experimental Animals

The Periplaneta americana (PA) cockroaches that belong to the genus Periplaneta were
the subjects of the study. Thirty (n=30) adult cockroaches were used in conducting the
experiment. The insects were transferred to a plastic cage capable of containing 10
cockroaches with a dimension of “21 x 13 x 16 cm” and an aluminum tray with water under
the plastic cage with a dimension of “37 x 30 x 6 cm” to control the temperature. All
cockroaches were acclimatized for a period of two (2) weeks prior to the experimentation.
During this period, the subjects were given free access to bread crumbs and tap water
which will be put on an egg tray. The subjects were divided into three (3) groups which
correspond to three controlled groups namely: 100% concentration of Banana peel
extract control group, 50% concentration of Banana peel extract control group and
commercialize insecticide control group.

3.2 Apparatus, Material, Measures, Instrument

The researchers used an arrangement of procedures, materials in order to execute the
experiment effectively. The objective of this study is to obtain data of the effectivity of
Banana Peel extract to the test subjects. To achieve this, the researchers will expose the
subjects on the alternative insecticide. Measurements were taken through the mortality
rate of the test subjects and time using a watch. The mortality rate and time obtained will
indicate the effectiveness of Banana Peel extract on the test subjects.

3.3 Procedures
Procurement of Samples
The test subjects were individually measured by the number of cockroaches on the three
(3) different groups before the actual experiment.
Procedure:
Banana Peel Extract For 100% Concentration
1. Peel off the banana peel of the fruit
2. Gather the fresh peels and chop the banana peel into small pieces.
3. Extract the peels using a chopper and the mortar and pestle.
4. Filter the leaf using the cheesecloth.
5. 100% concentration would not be added by water.
6. After the extraction stores them at a controlled temperature for one week.
Banana Peel Extract For 50% Concentration
1. Peel off the banana peel of the fruit
2. Gather the fresh peels and chop the banana peel into small pieces.
3. Extract the peels using a chopper and the mortar and pestle.
4. Filter the leaf using the cheesecloth.
5. 50% concentration would be added by water.
6. After the extraction stores them at a controlled temperature for one week.
Actual Procedure
1. The researcher will group the 30 cockroaches into 3 groups (Group A, Group B, and
Group C) each will contain 10 cockroaches per container.
2. The researchers conditioned the insects with their natural food and 200 ml of water
three times a day for one week.
3. The researchers examined the insects if it is still alive, in the pre-treatment of the
different concentration of banana peel extract to the insects.
4. Record the number of death.
5. After a week, the researchers sprayed Group A with 100% level concentration of
banana peel extract, Group B with 50% level concentration of banana peel extract and
Group C with 100% level concentration of commercialized insecticide using a sprayer.
6. Observation of the subjects will begin for 7 days.
7. Record the result.

Chapter IV

4.0 Conclusion
The researchers conducted three trial experiment which consists of three groups:
Controlled, 100% Concentration, and 50% Concentration Group. The Controlled Group,
were the subjects are exposed in Commercialized insecticide while the 100%
Concentration and 50% Concentration Group were exposed with the Alternative
insecticide Musa acuminata (Banana) Peel Extract where the total amount of 50%
Concentration half measured is added with top water to make it 50%. Therefore, the
conclusion is, it showed us the variables of this study. The Independent variables are the
banana peels extract and the commercialized insecticide in which it affects the dependent
variable, the mortality rate of the test subjects. To be able to determine the result on the
effectivity of the Musa Acuminata (Banana) peel extract to the mortality rate of Periplaneta
Americana (Cockroaches) banana peels extract which serves as the independent
variable will be observed to determine if the alternative insecticides containing banana
peel extract is muchbetter compared to commercialized insecticide.

Chapter V
5.0 Recommendation
Based on the research that the group have found: the following are the recommendations
which could be used for the improvement of the study:
1. Researcher recommends to find other supplementing organic chemicals to make
the study even more effective.
2. Researcher recommends to conduct a research if it will be more effective on other
insects.
3. Researcher recommends to the students most especially to the paramedical
students and future researchers to further examine on the chemical properties present in
Musa acuminata and improve its effectiveness.
 Chapter VI
6.0 Reference
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