Introduction to

Building Services
Second Edition

E.F. Curd and C.A. Howard

School of the Built Environment
Liverpool John Moores University
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 CONTENTS

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Preface Vlll

1 Cold water installations: supply and distribution

Introduction
Water supply
Nature of water
Supplies to low-rise buildings
Supplies to high-rise buildings
Pipe sizing
Example
Questions
,References

Domestic hot water generation and distribution

Introduction
Electric immersion heaters
DHW generation by boiler systems
Point-of-use domestic hot water supply
Primatic indirect hot water cylinder
Unvented hot water systems
Domestic hot water by solar energy
Domestic hot water temperature
Questions
References

3 Disposal services: sanitary appliances, drainage above and below ground,

solid waste storage
Introduction
Sanitary appliances
Drainage above ground
Drainage below ground
Refuse disposal
Questions
References

4 Types of heating system

Fundamental considerations
Comfort factors
Heating systems
Utilization subsystem
Energy conversion subsystem
Fuels
Firing methods
Distribution subsystem
 Contents

Control subsystem
Solar heating
Electricity
District heating
Combined heat and power
Questions
References

5 Ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration

Ventilation
Methods of air distribution
Air change rate
Air-conditioning systems
Basic refrigeration process
Heat pumps
Fans
Filters
Ductwork
Questions
References

6 Electrical services for buildings

Electricity
Electrical generation and distribution
Distribution of electricity in buildings
Electrical regulations
Questions
References

7 Gas installations
Introduction
Connection of the gas supply
Burner types
Flues
Questions
References

8 Services access, lifts and escalators, fire-fighting equipment,

external access to buildings, and services costs
Introduction to service integration
Structural accommodation of services
Non-structural accommodation methods
Lift and escalator installations
Fire-fighting installations
Access for exterior maintenance
Services: cost considerations
Questions
References
 Contents vii
Appendices

A Interpretation of drawn information

B Units and equations

Index
 INDEX

ABS 6 carbon dioxide 113 (solar) 14

accelerated systems 56 carbon filters 80 district heating 62
access cartridge fuses 86 domestic hot-water temperature 14
adjustable platforms for 118 cast iron 45 domestic layout, typical 88
for exterior maintenance 116 cast iron boilers 49 downward systems 69
access shaft 31 CEN 127 drain termination 35
active control 113 CENELEC 90 drainage, above ground 19
activity levels 42 central heating 43 drains 128
actuators 61 cesspools 35 dry bulb temperature 71
air change rate 69 chain grate stokers 53 dry risers 115
air conditioning 70 channels 30 dry systems 113
air distribution, methods of 68 chilled ceilings 74 dry-powder extinguishers 113
aik temperature 42 Chimney Memorandum 1968 55 dual-duct systems 73
air velocity 42 chimneys 55 ducts 128
air-handling equipment 131 CIBSE guide 42 ductwork 80
air-pressure fluctuations 20 circuit breakers, miniature 87
air-water systems 72, 74 circulation, mode of 56
all-air systems 72-73 Clean Air Act 1956 55 earthing 91
anti-flash margin 50 column radiators 45 electric immersion heaters 10
atmospheric burners 97 combined heat and power 63 electric resistance cables 48
atmospheric pressure 76 combined trap 20 electrical circuits, simple 82
auto-pneumatic systems 6 combustion gas detectors 116 electrical grinders 18
axial flow fans 78 comfort factors 42 electrical regulations 92
communal waste 37 electricity 82
compound interest 121 off-peak 62
back inlet gullies 28 concealed grids 105 Electricity Acts 93
back siphonage 4 condensing 76 electricity generation and
back-drop manholes 3 1 condensing boilers 51 distribution 83
backward-curved fans 79 contract loads 109 electricity services supply and
baths 19 contract speeds 109 distribution 132, 133
bedding 33 control sub-systems 43, 60 electrohydraulic drives 109
Belfast sink 18 controllers 60 electrode boilers 50
boiler heat transfer 49 convectors 46 energy conversion sub-systems
boilers 48 cooling 71 43, 48
boiling point 76 copper 6 equations 134
bottle trap 21 cradles, powered 119 escalators 110
British Standards 127 cylinders 13 evaporation 42, 76
bulk waste 37 evaporators 77
burners 97 expansion valves 77
dual gasloil 97 deep cavities 106 exposed grid systems 105
magnetic types 98 dehumidification 7 1 external access 103
pressure jet 54 delta connections 84 external access equipment 117
bus bars 91 demineralisation 3
design shapes 117
dew-point temperatures 71 fan coil units 74, 75
cables dezincification 2 fans 78
down-rated 90 diffusion 80 vane-axial 78
mineral insulated 90 direct-fired radiant heating 47 feed and expansion tanks 12
types of 89 disposable filters 80 filtering 71
calcium carbonate (limestone) 2 distribution, of domestic hot water filters 80
 Index
disposable 80 hose reel systems 113-1 14 extract 68
reusable 80 hot water, instantaneous 11 mesh 84
filtration 1, 37 hot water systems MET 42
final sub-circuits 87 high temperature 56 micro systems 59
fire detection 115 low temperature 56, 58 micrometre 80
fire-fighting appliances, fixed 113 unvented 14 mineral insulated cables 90
fire-fighting installations 112 hydrated sodium sulphate (Glauber miniature circuit breakers 87
fire-fighting systems, selection salts) 2 minibore systems 59
of 116 hydraulic jump 20 mixed upward-downward system 69
firing methods 52 moisture content 71
first-aid measures 113 mud gullies 29
flame detectors 116 IEE regulations 93
flame triangles 112 impaction 80
floor trenches 104 incineration 38 national grid 83
floor-warming systems 47 indirect systems 12 natural convectors 44, 46
flue discharges 99 induced siphonage 22 natural gas 52
flues 98 induction effect 74 natural ventilation 66
foam cylinders 113 induction units 74 negative suction 20
forced convectors 46 inlets, to drainage gullies and
frequency 84 traps 28
fuel oils, classification of 52 inspection chambers 32 ohm 82
fuels 51 insulators 90 Ohm's law 83
fuses 86 integral traps 21 one-pipe drop 57
high-breaking capacity 86 interception 80 one-pipe ring main 57
fusing currents 86 internal access 103 one-pipe systems 25, 56-5'7
International Standards 94 open systems 56
invert levels 30 operating temperature 56
Garchey system 39 ionization detectors 115
gas burners 54 I S 0 127
gas distribution 95 package shell boilers 49
gas fuel burners 95 panel radiators 44
gas installations 95 jointing 33 partially separate systems 27
gas supplies 96 passive (Trombe) walls 62
gas turbines 83 pathogenic bacteria 1
gaseous fuels 52 ladders 118 percentage saturation 71
gate valves 5 laser detectors 116 perimeter induction units 74
generators 83 latent heat 59, 71, 76 permanent equipment 118
glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) 18 Legionella pneumophilia 3 permanent hardness of water 2
glazed fireclay 18 lift cars 109 petrol/oil interceptors 29
gravity systems 56 lift control systems 110 phase conductors 84
greenhouse effect 76 lift and escalator installations 107 pipe material 33
group control 110 lifts, types of 109 pipe sizing 7
group heating 62 lighting systems 91 pipe-line collection systems 38
gullies 28, 129 liquid fuel burning 53 pipes 128
liquid fuel (petroleum) 51 plate collectors 61
liquid petroleum gas 52 plenum systems 67
hard water 2 local heating 43 plug formation 20
heat detectors 116 local units 13 pneumatic systems 39
heat generators 48 positive compression 20
heat loss 135 power cables, uprated 90
heat output 44 magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts) 2 powered trolleys and cradles 119
heat pumps 78 maintenance costs 120 pressure cylinders 7
heating systems 43 manholes 30, 129 pressure jet burners 54
high-breaking capacity fuses 86 mean radiant temperature 42 pressure vessels 58
high-level WC's 16 mechanical extract, induced input 67 primary air 53, 74
high-rise buildings 6 mechanical input, forced extract 67 primatic cylinders 13
horizontal group 102 mechanical input, mechanical private drainage 27
 Index 14 1
provision, for fire-fighting personnel small bore heating 59 two-pipe heating systems 57
116 smoke detection 115 with direct return 57
psychrometrics 71 sodium chloride (common salt) 2 with reversed return 57
PVC cables 90 sodium sulphate, hydrated (Glauber two-pipe rising systems 57
PVC-U 6 salts) 2
soft water 2
soil pipes and pipework 20, 24 U-ducts 100
radial blades 79 solar heating 61 ultrasonic detectors 116
radiant panels 47 solid fuel burning 51-52 unit heaters 46
radiator shelves 45 special traps 22 unitary systems 72, 75
radiators 44 specific enthalpy 71 units 134
rainfall 1 specific volume 71 up-rated power cables 90
raised floors 106 sprinkler systems 113 upward ventilation 68
ranges 18 stack effects 66 urinals 17
refrigeration processes, basic 76 staging 118 utilization sub-systems 44
refuse containers, individual 37 stainless steel 6, 18
refuse disposal 36 standard atmosphere 76
replacement costs 120 star point 84
reusable filters 80 steam systems 59 vane-axial fans 78
ring circuits 87 steam traps 60 vapour compression cycle 76
riser systems 113 step-up transformers 83 vapour pressure 42
running costs 120 sterilisation 1 vaporizing-liquid extinguishers 113
stopcocks 5 variable air volume 73-74
suspended ceilings 105 vertical ducts 102-103
salt-glazed ware 33 symbols 127 visible smoke detection 115
sanitary appliances 16 system layout 56
saturated vapour temperature 76
saturation percentage 71 walkways 102
SE-ducts 100 wash basins 17
secondary air 53, 74 taps 18 waste pipes 20
self-cleansing velocity 27 tanks, feed and expansion 12 water
self-siphonage 22 temperature 77 hard 2
sensible heat 59, 71 temporary cradles 118 soft 2
sensing elements 60 temporary hardness 2 water closets (WCs), high level 16
septic tanks 36 thermal cornfort 42 water extinguishers 113
service cables 90 thermocouples 98 water supplies 1
service integration 102 three t's 112 water-borne to sewer 39
services costs 120 three-phase supplies 84 water-tube boilers 50
sewers 128 three-pipe systems 75 watts 82
silica (sand) 2 three-wire supplies 84 WCs, high level 16
single operative systems 118 traction drives 109 wet bulb 71
single stacks 25 transmission lines 83 wet and dry systems 113-114
single-phase supplies 84 travelling ladders 118 wet hydrant risers 115
single-point supplies 13 trolleys, powered 119 wet systems 60, 114
sink grinders 38 trunking 106 wide open condition 79
Sitz baths 19 tube-axial fans 78 winter air-conditioning cycle 72
soil stack 25 two-pipe drop heating systems 57 working chambers 31