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Multiple Integrals

This document discusses multiple integrals and their applications. It introduces double integrals to calculate volumes bounded by surfaces over a region. Examples are provided to calculate volumes using double integrals. Mass, moments and centers of mass can also be found using double integrals by considering an object's density. The document provides examples of finding the total mass of an object and calculating moments and centers of mass using double integrals. Several homework examples are given applying these concepts to different surfaces and densities.

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Elizabeth Santiago
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© © All Rights Reserved
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985 views

Multiple Integrals

This document discusses multiple integrals and their applications. It introduces double integrals to calculate volumes bounded by surfaces over a region. Examples are provided to calculate volumes using double integrals. Mass, moments and centers of mass can also be found using double integrals by considering an object's density. The document provides examples of finding the total mass of an object and calculating moments and centers of mass using double integrals. Several homework examples are given applying these concepts to different surfaces and densities.

Uploaded by

Elizabeth Santiago
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTCA4001 | Engineering Mathematics 2

Chapter 4 Multiple Integrals


1 Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic you will be able to:

o Calculate double integrals o Find areas using single integration o Find volumes
using double integration o Find masses, moments and centres of mass using double
integration calculations.

2 Introduction
Previously you have learned that the area 𝐴 underneath a curve (𝑥) between two points 𝑎 and 𝑏 can
be calculated by taking definite integral of function at those two points. Graphically, this can be
visualised in Figure 1 and, mathematically, it can be written:

where 𝐹(𝑥) is the integral of 𝑓(𝑥).

Figure 1: The definite integral of a function

In summary, the integral of a single variable (𝑥) between two points a and b is the area A under the
curve of (𝑥). The same idea can be used for calculating volumes by calculating the double integral of
a two-variable function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) on a region R of the(𝑥, 𝑦) plane.

𝑉=∫∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝑅

3 Double Integrals
For a general function (𝑥, 𝑦) the double integral is the volume bounded by the graph 𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦) over
the region R.
We can compute ∫ ∫𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 on a region R in the following ways:

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MTCA4001 | Engineering Mathematics 2

Suppose R lies between the lies 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏.

Suppose R lies between the lies 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑑.

Example 1:

Find the volume of the solid over the rectangle 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3 (Region R is the rectangle)
and bounded by the 𝑥𝑦 plane and the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 1. Calculate the volume using the two ways,
that is by calculating (𝑥) first then the volume and by calculating (𝑦) first then the volume.

Example 2:

Find the volume under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 over the triangle bounded by the lines
𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 2𝑥
One by one
syms x y
integeral_y=int(x+2*y+1,y,0,2*x) % integration with respect to y
integeral_x=int(integeral_y,x,0,1)% integration with respect to x

Matlab output is

integeral_y =

2*x*(3*x + 1)

integeral_x =

Or directly
integeral_xy=int(int(x+2*y+1,y,0,2*x),x,0,1) % integration with
respect to y first and then with respect to x
Matlab output is

integeral_xy =
3

2
MTCA4001 | Engineering Mathematics 2

Example 3 - Homework:
2

Find the volume under the surface over the rectangle bounded by the
lines 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 300 and 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 200

Example 4:

We propose to find the volume under the surface 𝑧 = 10 bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓1(𝑥)
= 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑓2(𝑥) = 𝑥2 on the 𝑥𝑦 plane.

Plot the two curve on the 𝑥𝑦 plane and find the two intersection points
(𝑥1, 𝑦1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2, 𝑦2).

Calculate the surface area .

Calculate the volume .

4 Mass
A thin plate covering a region R in the plane is called a lamina. We suppose the lamina is filled with
some inhomogeneous material, whose density over the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is (𝑥, 𝑦). Then the total mass of
the plate is

𝑚 = ∫ ∫ 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝑅

Example 4:

Suppose the rectangle R: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4 is filled with an inhomogeneous fluid whose density


at the point . Find the total mass.

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MTCA4001 | Engineering Mathematics 2

syms x y
integeral_y=int(x*y/6,y,0,4) % integration with respect to y

integeral_x=int(integeral_y,x,0,3) % integration with respect to x

integeral_y =

(4*x)/3

integeral_x =

5 Moments and Centre of Mass


Given a mass m at a point P, its moment about an axis Z is dZ m, where dZ is the distance of P to the
axis Z. Archimedes’ principle states that moments are additive, so if we have a lamina covering a
region R, we can approximate its total moment about an axis Z by covering it with a grid of small
rectangles, and adding up the moments of each of the rectangles. In the limit this becomes a double
integral: the moment of the lamina R about the axis Z is:

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑍 = ∫ ∫𝑅 𝑑𝑍 𝜌 where 𝜌 is the density and 𝑑𝑍 is the distance from the axis Z.

The lamina is balanced along the axis Z if MomZ = 0. The centre of mass of R is a point 𝑃̅(𝑥, 𝑦) such
that R is balanced along every axis through 𝑃̅. To calculate these, use the following:

Centre of mass 𝑃̅(𝑥, 𝑦):

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑥=0 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑦=0
𝑥= , 𝑦̅ = ,
𝑚 𝑚

To find Moments and Centre of Mass.


clc
clear

syms x y f

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MTCA4001 | Engineering Mathematics 2

f=(x*y)/6;

Mass=int(int(f,y,0,4),x,0,3)

M_x=int(int(f*y,y,0,4),x,0,3)

M_y=int(int(f*x,y,0,4),x,0,3)

x=M_y/Mass
y=M_x/Mass

Matlab OutPut

Mass =
6
M_x =
16

M_y =
12
x =
2
y =

8/3

Example 5:

For the example 4 find 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑥=0, 𝑦=0 and then the centre of mass coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦).

Example 6:

Consider a lamina bound by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦 = 1. The density of the material in the
lamina is 𝜌 = 𝑥2𝑦.

Plot the two curves on the same graph and find the intersection points.

Calculate the mass of the lamina and the two moments 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑥=0 and 𝑦=0.

Find the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of the centre of mass.

Example 7:

Consider a lamina of a region R bound by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2. The density of the
material in the lamina is 𝜌 = 10.

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MTCA4001 | Engineering Mathematics 2

Plot the two curves on the same graph, shade the area of the lamina and find the intersection
points.

Calculate the mass of the lamina and the two moments 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑥=0 and 𝑦=0.

Find the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of the centre of mass.

Example 8:

Consider a lamina of a region R bound by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥. The density of the
material in the lamina is 𝜌 = 2𝑦.

Plot the two curves on the same graph, shade the area of the lamina and find the intersection
points.

Calculate the mass of the lamina and the two moments 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑥=0 and 𝑦=0.

Find the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of the centre of mass.

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