SEMINAR REPORT

ON
(Size 16 Times New Roman)
NAME OF THE PROJECT
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SUBMITTED BY
Name of student 1
Name of student 2
Name of student 3
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Under the Guidance of

Name of the Guide

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

P.E.S’S MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PUNE – 411 005.

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

Academic Year : ______________

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 CERTIFICATE

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This is to certify that

Name of Student Exam No.

Name of Student Exam No.

Name of Student Exam No.

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of B.E. (E&TC) have successfully completed the seminar titled ‘ Title of the Seminar (in block
bold)’ during the academic during the academic year __________. This report is submitted as
partial fulfillment of the requirement of degree in E&TC Engineering as prescribed by Savitribai
Phule Pune University.

Principal H.O.D. Project Guide

P.E.S’s MCOE, Pune-05. E&TC (Name of the Guide)
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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(Not more than 1 page in size 12 Times New Roman)

All students should write this on their own and should take this as an opportunity to thanks those
who have helped them in their project work.
Do not copy any one else’s acknowledgement.
 LETTER FROM THE SPONSERER (if any)
[On Sponserer’s letter-head]

Compulsory for all the sponsored projects on Company’s letter head

Copy of it must be submitted to Mrs. M. S. Kanitkar or Dr. Mrs. A. P. Laturkar

 ABSTRACT
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(In 300 words in size 12 Times New Roman)

Abstract

It is necessary to provide medication to the aged in time. Automatic medication dispenser is

designed specifically for users who take medications without close professional supervision. It
relieves the user of the error-prone tasks of administering wrong medicine at wrong time. Geriatrics
relay on their medications to keep them healthy, but complex medication schedules can lead to
mistakes like missing doses, taking incorrect amounts, or taking medicines at the wrong times.
These mistakes could lead to unnecessary doctor or hospital visits, illness and even death. Hence
there is a need to design a Medication Dispensing Device that can help Geriatrics to take
medication on schedule. This would prevent unplanned hospital or doctor visits related to incorrect
medication use. This paper proposes a design of a smart device which dispenses the medications on
the prescribed schedule. also in this project we are implementing line following robot. That follows
the line and give the medicine accordingly.
 LIST OF FIGURES
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(In 300 words in size 12 Times New Roman)

Sr. No. Title of Figure Page No.

1. Figure Title
 LIST OF TABLES
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(In 300 words in size 12 Times New Roman)

Sr. No. Title of Table Page No.

1. Table Title
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Sr. No. Title of Chapter Page No.

1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Survey
3. Specification of the project
4. Block Diagram & Description
5. Hardware System Design
5.1
5.2 {Detailed Design of each block}
5.2.1
5.2.2
6. Software System Design
(Algorithms & Flowchart)
7. Expected Results
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. References / Bibliography
11. Data Sheets. (Only for uncommon components)

Chapters – The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may further be
divided into sections and subsections. Chapters, sections, and subsections should be given
appropriate titles. Tables and figures should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the first
reference to them. Figure and table numbers should carry their chapter number. For example Fig.
4.2 is the second figure in the fourth chapter.
 Details expected in each chapter:

1. Introduction
- Not more 2 pages with proper referencing w.r.t. references mentioned in bibliography

2. Literature Survey
- Survey of similar products already available in the market
- Comparison with various other technologies available to implement the same.
- Reference from journal paper is essential
(Not more than 4 pages)

3. Specifications
(Electrical & Mechanical)

4. Block Diagram & Description

- Brief description of each block
- (maximum 3 pages)

5. Hardware System Design

- 5.1 Detail design of each block
- 5.2 Mechanical design (cabinet design, Heat sink, front panel etc.)
Hardware design should be followed by complete circuit diagram specifying component
nos. & type. (This should match with the component list) circuit. Diagram should be on
double A4 size paper.

6. Software System Design :

i. Each flow-chart & algorithm should be property titled & indexed (ex. 6.1, 6.2, etc, - same
should appear in table of contents) indicating the function that flow-chart is doing w.r.t. the
project.

7. Expected Results :
- Results that would be obtained at various stages of the implementation of the system.

8. Applications
- Specify detailed relevant applications of the system designed & implemented.
- Future modifications which could have been implemented if time & money are no
constraints.

9. Conclusion :

10. References (In following format) : (Follow IEEE format)

- Authors name, “Title of book”, Publisher, Year of publication / Edition no. Ex. ANDESON R. J., “Security Engineering”,
Wiley, 2001 For Papers referred from journals / magazines. Ex. ABRAMSON, N, “Internet Access Using VSATS”, IEEE
Communication Magazine, Vol.38, PP. 60-68, July 2000.

Except Title everything should be in size 12 Times New Roman & sub Titles (If Any) Size 14
Times New Roman Bold.
Seminar Report should be printed on A4 Size Paper & Spiral Bound.
Do not include unnecessary figures or downloaded photos.

Size of seminar report should be min: 35 pages max: should not exceed 50 pages.

Contents should not be in ‘cut and paste’ from the reference paper and must be properly
edited. Importance must be given to the report writing as it creates first impression on the
external examiner. Citations must be included as and where referred from Reference Papers.

All the Best!

Mrs. M. S. Kanitkar
Dr. Mrs. A. P. Laturkar
INTRODUCTION

As the people getting busier these days, they tend to forget to take their medicines at prescribed
schedule. As a consequence of this Geriatrics are facing unnecessary disposure of themselves into
the hospitals. Hence a device or a system is to be designed in such a way that it can dispense the
pills at preset time [1]. There has been a need ever since medication was in a pill form for a device
that could accurately replace a human being for the need of delivering pills. Humans can determine
who to give the pill’s to, when and how many and there has not been a pill dispenser to date that has
had the capability to replace these three very important aspects. There are many other problems that
plague the home pill user, such as someone stealing pills, forgetting to take them or having the pills
available to take too many. We started with these basic needs user and came up with a solution
using a simple microcontroller to manage the pill’s dispersal and a proximity sensor to read and
allow access of only a valid key to have the pill’s dispensed[4]. With this there are endless
possibilities to where, how and when this pill dispenser could come to help and aid many different
kind of people in their lives. With the addition of a buzzer this pill dispenser can also remind you
when to take your pills, and also notify others when your pills have not been taken. Below is just
the beginning of some of the basic functions an accessed controlled pill dispenser could achieve.
LITERATURE REVIEW

BACKGROUND STUDY
While designing and planning for this thesis, several papers had been gone through to make it
possible as it was very challenging to complete the job with a limited knowledge. Several online
articles discussed about the hazards and problems people are facing now a days regarding their
medication. One thing that was evident in these writings was that, following the doctor's
prescriptions timely has become a big challenge for people now a days.
Medication adherence is de_ned by the World Health Organization as "the degree to
which the person's behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a
health care provider."[2].

Poor adherence to prescribed medication can result in serious

health hazards. For instance, a recent study has found that the risk of hospitalization in
patients, with diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, or congestive
heart
failure who were non adherent to prescribed therapies was more than double
compared with the general population.[3]
Rates of non-adherence vary widely and can be very high, even in the tightly con-
trolled and monitored environment of a clinical trial. Multiple factors contribute to
non-adherence. For instance, patients with chronic conditions are less likely to follow
prescription orders than those with acute conditions.[4]

The e_ectiveness of a therapy or treatment directly depends upon a patient's abil- ity
and willingness to follow a prescribed regimen. The patient's ability to read and
understand medication instructions is a key factor.[5] Patients with low literacy face
dif-
_culties in understanding the instructions in a prescription which ultimately results in
decreased adherence and poor medication management and consumption. Issues of
low literacy must be recognized and strategies designed with this limitation in
consideration. A patient with heart failure who does not take his or her prescribed
medication or forget to have their medicine, costs the U.S. health care system an
average of almost $8,000
annually, according to a 2011 analysis published in Health A_airs. The _gures are
high for other illnesses too almost $4,000 per patient with high blood pressure, over
$3,700
per patient with diabetes and about $1,200 per patient with high cholesterol.[1] Dr.
Brennan and a team of researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital, in Boston, have
been studying this issue since 2010 by analyzing pharmaceutical insurance claims
data. They've pinpointed several reasons patients don't take their medicine and among
those, one of them is: There is a high degree of complexity for patients taking
multiple drugs for a vari- ety of conditions. There are currently around 80 million
U.S. residents with multiple chronic conditions and several medications to manage.
Patients who have a number of prescriptions are less likely to take their medications
as prescribed because they may have di_culty managing a schedule that involves
taking several di_erent medications at various times throughout the day.[1]

1. A smartphone-enhanced pill-dispenser providing patient identification

and in-take recognition
Author:- C. Crema, A. Depari, A. Flammini, M. Lavarini, E. Sisinni, A. Vezzoli
The wider and wider availability of powerful, low cost mobile devices (e.g., smartphones or tablets) is
deeply changing healthcare, so that the mHealth term has been coined.The announcement of healthcare
projects by market big playersas Apple and Samsung confirms this trend. In particular, the opportunity
to collect reliable patient data automatically allows to enhance patient/user self-management and helps
in better delivering therapies. In this paper, authors propose an innovative architecture for a smart pill-
dispenser enhanced by a smartdevice that furnishes the capability of automatically identifying the user,
other than logging medicine in-take activities. A real-world prototype, based on an emulated
pilldispenser connected via an NFC link to different smartdevices, has been purposely realized.
Experimental tests confirm the architecture feasibility. Low-cost requirements are satisfied and a user-
friendly interface has been implemented.
 2. Design of Automatic Medication Dispenser
Author:- S. Mukund1 and N.K.Srinath 2
Caring of the aged is of a serious concern in the developing countries. Family members are responsible
for the care and management of the old. In the modern age it is difficult for family members to be
available all the time to support the aged. Today, in our society most families are nuclear. Elderly
would prefer to remain independent and their desire for independence in natural, but it is a worry for
their children. Sometimes despite their best effort, the aged fail to remember to take their medication on
time. Automatic Medication dispenser is one such approach to help them take their medicines
efficiently. As the cost of in-home medical care rises, it has become more and more incumbent among
individuals to opt for a device that effectively takes care of their medications. The automatic medicine
dispenser serves the purpose.
SPECIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
 Construct a device that is relatively small and lightweight.
 Develop the software in such a way that patients receive their medication
 reliably and safely as prescribed by their physician.
 Use as much off the shelf technology, as well as harvest parts from other
 systems to keep costs low.,
 Develop a device that can perform all the necessary functions as stated inthe
project abstract.
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION

 Firstly camera capture the prescription image and store it with the database.
 In this project we are using raspberry pi as a controller. and DC motor.
 This is our first module in which we have to deliver medicine to patient using
raspberry pi On time.
 Here we are using L293D motor driver Ic to run the DC Motor through which
provide medicine based on RTC. a multiple medicine container and dispenser
used.
 After getting medicine to container then send an mail to family member.
 The overall operation is to facilitate the user to set the timings to dispense
multiple medicine at required timings.
 indications –by providing a speaker sound.
 Also the system will send an mail to particular person.
 Based on timing output will be provided through speaker.
 Colour sensor used for line following. We are implementing robot which
follow the line and give the medicine as per the time to patient in different
ward.

Existing system

A possible scenario for the above mentioned assumptions to be valid is that the user
acquires all of his/her medication supplies from a single pharmacy, and the
pharmacist serving the user has access to all of user’s medication-related information
(e.g., current prescriptions and allergies). When the user comes to fill a new
prescription or purchase some OTC drugs and health supplements, the pharmacist
uses a prescription authoring tool or a similar tool to process the user’s new and
existing prescriptions and generate a MSS for the user’s dispenser. The pharmacist
provides the MSS to the user, along with new supplies of medications in containers.
Each container holds the medication identified by the RFID tag attached to the
container.
The MSS is stored in a flash disk. The dispenser has on its base a number of sockets,
an indicator light around each socket, a reminder (i.e., an audio alarm, or a flashing
light, or a phone, etc.), a text display, a LED display, a Push-To-Dispense (PTD)
button, verification boxes, a dispensing drawer and a USB port. The RFID reader for
reading tags on containers sits inside the base. Containers holding medications taken
by the user are plugged in sockets. There is a switch inside the base for each socket.
The switch is closed when a container is plugged in the socket; otherwise it is open.
1) Set up In order to put new supplies under the care of the dispenser, the user
plugs the MSS 8 disk into a USB port of the dispenser and all the new
containers into empty sockets in any order. The dispenser picks up from the
MSS disk the updated medication list and constraints for scheduling the new
medications along with existing ones. Whenever the dispenser controller
senses that the state of the switch for a socket (say socket number k) changes
from open to close, it commands the RFID reader to read the tags on all
containers in sockets. Upon discovering a new id (say M), it creates and starts
to maintain the id-location mapping (M, k) for the new medication and locks
the container in socket. Reminder Containers MSS MSS flash disk PTD
Dispensing drawer Verification box Socket LED display Text display
Indicator light Dispenser base RFID tag
The controller can correctly locate the container for every medication under its
care only if it disallows multiple containers being plugged in at the same time.
In the rare event when it senses that the user has plugged in more than one
container, the dispenser prompts the user to remove the containers involved
and plug them back again one at a time.
2) Normal Operations Set up completes and normal operations commence when
the dispenser base holds a container and has the id-location mapping for every
medication listed in the MSS. The dispenser first computes a medication
schedule, which specifies the time instants and dose sizes of medications to be
taken. We will refer to these time instants as dose times hereafter. Shortly
before each dose time, the dispenser uses the reminder to tell the user to come
to take medication(s). In response, the user reports to the dispenser by pushing
the PTD button. 9 Because the time the user takes to respond to a reminder
may vary widely, the dispenser updates the dose size of each medication due
to be taken whenever the PTD button is pushed. For each medication due to be
 taken, the dispenser lights up the indicator light around the socket holding the
container for the medication and unlocks the socket to allow the removal of
the container. When the user picks up the container, the LED display shows
the dose size to be taken at the time. After the user retrieves the indicated dose
from the container and puts the container back to the socket, the dispenser
locks the container in place again. The dispenser and the user repeat this
collaborative process if there is more medication(s) scheduled to be taken at
the time.
A dispenser with the verification capability is equipped with a camera to capture the
image of objects placed in verification boxes. The user needs to put each retrieved
dose in a verification box. Once there, the dispenser checks visually whether the
retrieved dose size is correct. It uses the text display to instruct the user when
correction is necessary, and when there is no error, locks the returned container in
place and drops the medication into the dispensing drawer.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 HARDWARE SYSTEM DESIGN

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
Raspberry pi
Camera
Dc motor
L293d motor driver
Speaker
Power supply

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Operating system : Windows XP/7.

Coding Language : Python(OPEN CV)
 RASPBERRY PI
RASPBERRY PI DISCRIPTION
Raspberry Pi Model, 512 Mb with a nice black plastic case: The Raspberry Pi is a
low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and
uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It has the ability to interact with the outside
world, and has been used in real time applications. This board is the central module of
the whole embedded image capturing and processing system as given in figure. Its
main parts include: main processing chip, memory, power supply HDMI Out,
Ethernet port, USB ports andabundant global interfaces.

Fig. Raspberry pi module

The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer developed in
the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom
BCM2835 system on a chip which includes an ARM1176JZF 700 MHz processor
Video CoreIV GPU and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later
Upgraded to 512 MB. It does not include a built-in hard disk or solid-state drive, but
Uses an SD card for booting and long-term storage.

The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip(SoC), which includes

an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHzprocessor (The firmware includes a number of "Turbo"
modes so that the user can attempt over clocking, up to 1 GHz, without affecting the
warranty), VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes
of RAM, later upgraded to 512 MB. It does not include a built-in hard disk or solid-
state drive, but uses an SD card for booting and long-term storage. The Foundation's
goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25 and US$35. They started accepting
orders for the higher priced model B on 29 February 2012, and the lower cost model
A on 4 February 2013.

The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for download.
Tools are available for Python as the main programming language, with support
for BBC BASIC (via the RISC OS image or the "Brandy Basic" clone for Linux), C,
and Perl.

Hardware:

Initial sales were of the Model B, with Model A following in early 2013. Model A has
one USB port and no Ethernet controller, and will cost less than the Model B with two
USB ports and a 10/100 Ethernet controller.

Though the Model A doesn't have an 8P8C (RJ45) Ethernet port, it can connect to a
network by using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On
the model B the Ethernet port is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter. As is
typical of modern computers, generic USB keyboards and mice are compatible with
the Raspberry Pi.

The Raspberry Pi does not come with a real-time clock, so an OS must use a network
time server, or ask the user for time information at boot time to get access to time and
date for file time and date stamping. However, a real-time clock (such as the DS1307)
with battery backup can be added via the I²C interface.

On 20 April 2012 the schematics for the Model-A and Model-B were released by the
Raspberry Pi Foundation.

Hardware accelerated video encoding became available on 24 August 2012 when it

became known that the existing license also covered encoding. Previously it was
thought that encoding would be added with the release of the announced camera
module. However, for the time being there is no stable software support for hardware
H.264 encoding.
At the same time the Raspberry Pi Foundation released two additional codec’s that
can be bought separately, MPEG-2 and Microsoft's VC-1. Also it was announced that
the Pi will support CEC, enabling it to be controlled with the television's remote
control.

On 5 September 2012, a revision 2.0 board was announced, with a number of minor
corrections and improvements. On 15 October 2012, the Raspberry Pi foundation
announced that all new Raspberry Pi model B's would be fitted with 512 MB instead
of 256 MBRAM.

USB hub

A USB hub is a device that expands a single Universal Serial Bus (USB) port
into several so that there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system.
USB hubs are often built into equipment such as computers, keyboards, monitors,
or printers. When such a device has many USB ports, they all usually stem from one
or two internal USB hubs rather than each port having independent USB circuitry.
Physically separate USB hubs come in a wide variety of form factors: from external
boxes (looking similar to an Ethernet or network hub) connectible with a long cable,
to small designs that can be directly plugged into a USB port (see the "compact
design" picture). In the middle case, there are "short cable" hubs which typically use
an integral 6-inch cable to slightly distance a small hub away from physical port
congestion and of course increase the number of available ports.

In order to connect additional devices to the RPi, you may want to obtain a
USB hub, which will allow multiple devices to be used. It is recommended that a
powered hub is used - this will provide any additional power to the devices without
affecting the RPi itself. A USB 2.0 model is recommended. USB 1.1 is fine for
keyboards and mice, but may not be fast enough for other accessories.

SD Card

The SD card is a key part of the Raspberry Pi, provides the initial storage for the
Operating System and files. Storage can be extended through many types of USB
connected peripherals. 32 GB SD card is used for our Project.
Secure Digital (SD) is a nonvolatile memory card used extensively in portable
devices, such as mobile phones, digital cameras, GPS navigation devices, handheld
consoles, and tablet computers. It is a family of solid-state storage media. The Secure
Digital standard was introduced in August 1999 as an improvement over Multimedia
Cards (MMC). The Secure Digital standard is maintained by the SD
Association (SDA). SD technologies have been implemented in more than 400 brands
across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000 models. The Secure Digital
format includes four card families available in three different form factors. The four
families are the original Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity (SDHC), the
extended-Capacity (SDXC), and the SDIO, which combines input/output functions
with data storage. The three form factors are the original size, the mini size, and the
micro size. Electrically passive adapters allow a smaller card to fit and function in a
device built for a larger card.There are many combinations of form factors and device
families, although as of 2013, the prevailing formats are full- or micro-size SDHC and
full or micro SDXC.

Power supply:

Raspberry Pi can work without the main connection by using power bank that can be
connected to Pi using an USB cable.The unit uses a Micro USB connection to power
itself (only the power pins are connected – so it will not transfer data over this
connection). A standard modern phone charger with a micro- USB connector will do,
but needs to produce at least 700mA at 5 volts. Check your power supply's ratings
carefully. Suitable mains adaptors will be available from the RPi Shop and are
recommended if you are unsure what to useyou can use a range of other power
sources (assuming they are able to provide enough current ~700mA):
 Computer USB Port or powered USB hub (will depend on power output)
 Special wall warts with USB ports
 Mobile Phone Backup Battery (will depend on power output) (in theory –
needs confirmation).
To use the above, you'll need a USB A 'male' to USB micro 'male' cable - these are
often shipped as data cables with MP3 players.
GPIO: One powerful feature of the Raspberry Pi is the row of GPIO (general purpose
input/output) pins along the edge of the board, next to the yellow video out socket.26
GPIO Header in Model A/B and 40 GPIO Header in Model BThese pins are a
physical interface between the Pi and the outside world.Out of 26, 8 are dedicated IO
Lines, 2 are for UART, 4 are for SPI (+1 for Another Chip Select) , and another 2 for
the I2C Interface (Total 17 out of 26)
These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world.Rest is
Supply Rails.
WiringPi : Easy to use C Library for accessing the GPIO Lines via Programming
(Arduino Style Programming) These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and
the outside world. At the simplest level, you can think of them as switches that you
can turn on or off (input) or that the Pi can turn on or off (output). Seventeen of the 26
pins are GPIO pins; the others are power or ground pins.
The GPIO port is one of the most powerful tools at the Raspberry Pi’s disposal,
allowing you to connect directly to an electronic circuit to control it. In such a system,
the Pi is referred to as a microcontroller. This is what makes the Raspberry Pi great
for big projects, as you can use it to program a machine or circuit, and even have it
connect to the internet via the other Raspberry Pi functions so that it can control
contraptions with web data. Each of the GPIO pins can do something different and
very specific. At the basic core, though, you can have them provide power
consistently to part of a circuit, program a power switch to one of the pins, and even
have it sense a change over the pins (thanks to resistance). These three basic functions
allow you to do a lot, and can be programmed with Python.

Fig . GPIO Pin Diagram of raspberry pi

The GPIO.BOARD option specifies that you are referring to the pins by the number
of the pin the plug - i.e the numbers printed on the board (e.g. P1) and in the middle of
the diagrams below.
The GPIO.BCM option means that you are referring to the pins by the "Broadcom
SOC channel" number, these are the numbers after "GPIO" in the green rectangles
around the outside of the below diagrams:

Unfortunately the BCM numbers changed between versions of the Pi1 Model B, and
you'll need to work out which one you. So it may be safer to use the BOARD numbers
if you are going to use more than one Raspberry Pi in a project.

The Model B+ uses the same numbering as the Model B r2.0, and adds new pins
(board numbers 27-40).
The Raspberry Pi Zero, Pi 2B and Pi 3B use the same numbering as the B+.
importRPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(7, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(7,True)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(7,False)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(7,True)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(7,False)
print “Done”
GPIO.cleanup()
To wire up an LED bulb to be programmable from the Raspberry Pi, to turn it on and
off again a few times. For this, you will need a breadboard prototyping circuit board,
an LED, a 50-ohm resistor, and some wires. Refer to our Frizzing diagram on the
right, to see how it’s wired up; the negative end of the LED goes to a ground pin on
the Raspberry Pi (which is where the flow of electricity ends), and a programmable
pin goes through the 50-ohm resistor to provide power to the LED when it’s turned
on. Open up IDLE, the Python programming software, and create a new file. Save it
as led.py, and input the code from the code listing. What the code does is first tell
Python to use the GPIO module so we can connect to the GPIO pins, by importing the
module. We then import the time module so we can create a delay between
commands. We then tell the code to treat the GPIO pins as the number they are on the
board, and to turn the seventh pin into an output. We alternate between True and False
so that it turns the pin on and off. Once it’s cycled a few times, it will print the
message ‘Done’ into IDLE, and finally turn off the GPIO pins. You can do a lot more
with GPIO if you want to, and this is a good way to start before moving on to bigger
projects.
 USB WEBCAM (QHM500-8LM)

Quantum brand 46 Megapixel QHM500-8LM USB PC Webcam

SPECIFICATION:
Inbuilt sensitive microphone
Image Sensor High Quality CMOS Sensor
Image Resolution 46 Mega Pixels (Interpolated) 8 white lights
Potentiometer to switch on 8 lights when in dark
Image Control Color saturation, brightness, sharpness and brightness is adjustable
Snap shot switch for taking still pictures
Anti-flicker 50Hz,60Hz or outdoor
Resolution Hardware : 500K pixels
Image Quality: RGB24 or I420
Interface: USB2.0
Frame Rate: 30 fps (MAX)
Lens : f=6.0 F=2.0
Focus Range 4cm to infinity
DC GEARED MOTORS
DC motor
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.
DC Motor Connections
Figure shows schematically the different methods of connecting the field and
armature circuits in a DC Motor. The circular symbol represents the armature
circuit, and the squares at the side of the circle represent the brush commutator
system. The direction of the arrows indicates the direction of the magnetic fields.

THEORY OF DC MOTOR

The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if

we reduce the supply voltage from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the
speed. How can this be achieved when the battery is fixed at 12 Volts? The speed
controller works by varying the average voltage sent to the motor. It could do this by
simply adjusting the voltage sent to the motor, but this is quite inefficient to do. A
better way is to switch the motor's supply on and off very quickly. If the switching is
fast enough, the motor doesn't notice it, it only notices the average effect.

When you watch a film in the cinema, or the television, what you are actually
seeing is a series of fixed pictures, which change rapidly enough that your eyes just
see the average effect - movement. Your brain fills in the gaps to give an average
effect.

Now imagine a light bulb with a switch. When you close the switch, the bulb
goes on and is at full brightness, say 100 Watts. When you open the switch it goes off
(0 Watts). Now if you close the switch for a fraction of a second, then open it for the
same amount of time, the filament won't have time to cool down and heat up, and you
will just get an average glow of 50 Watts. This is how lamp dimmers work, and the
same principle is used by speed controllers to drive a motor. When the switch is
closed, the motor sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If the switch is
open for the same amount of time as it is closed, the motor will see an average of 6
Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly. The graph below shows the speed of a
motor that is being turned on and off.
Principles of operation
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-
carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an
external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the
conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware
of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract,
while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal
configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate
rotational motion.

Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a
magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that
Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength
permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes
the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor
(together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator.
The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically
connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout --
with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such
that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the
stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole
motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding,
leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very
common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can
imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle
of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there.
Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts
out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts
simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage
motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that
it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could
produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the
workings of one via an interactive animation.

You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time
(but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one
commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next
coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see
more about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a
direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:
The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and
has a number of advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support
for the windings -- a particularly important consideration for high-torque motors.
The core also conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be
driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is also
relatively inexpensive compared with other construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a
relatively high inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results
in high winding inductances which limit brush and commutator life.

In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless'

armature winding. This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural
integrity. As a result, the armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be
mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless DC motors have much lower armature
inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size, extending brush and
commutator life.
DC motor behavior
High-speed output
This is the simplest trait to understand and treat -- most DC motors run at very high
output speeds (generally thousands or tens of thousands of RPM). While this is fine
for some BEAM bots (say, photo poppers or solar rollers), many BEAM bots (walkers,
heads) require lower speeds -- you must put gears on your DC motor's output for
these applications.

H-BRIDGE:
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run
forwards or backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are
available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.

The two basic states of a H-bridge. The term "H-bridge" is derived from the
typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four
switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the
first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied
across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this
voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
 Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at
the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The
same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.

Operation
The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but
can also be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the
motors terminals are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is
effectively disconnected from the circuit. The following table summarizes operation.

S1 S2 S3 S4 Result

Motor moves
1 0 0 1
right

Motor moves
0 1 1 0
left

0 0 0 0 Motor free runs

0 1 0 1 Motor brakes

H-Bridge Driver:
The switching property of this H-Bridge can be replace by a Transistor or a Relay or a
Mosfet or even by an IC. Here we are replacing this with an IC named L293D as the
driver whose description is as given below.
Features:
 600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY
 PER CHANNEL
 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive)
 PER CHANNEL
 ENABLE FACILITY
 OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
 LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
 (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
 INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES

DESCRIPTION
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver
designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such
as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To
simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A
separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage
and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching
applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic
packaage which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heatsinking The
L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected
together and used for heatsinking.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
PIN CONNECTIONS
BATTERY

Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either

individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical
battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy.Batteries may be used once and discarded, or
recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to
power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide
standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

Fig: Various batteries (top-left to bottom-right): two AA, one D, one handheld ham
radio battery, two 9-volt PP3, two AAA, one C, one camcorder battery, one cordless
phone battery.
How batteries work
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It
consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells
connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One
half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively-charged
ions) migrate, i.e. the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes
electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively-charged ions) migrate, i.e.
the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery,
reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode, while oxidation
(removal of electrons) occurs to anions at the anode. The electrodes do not touch
each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Many cells use two half-
cells with different electrolytes. In that case each half-cell is enclosed in a container,
and a separator that is porous to ions but not the bulk of the electrolytes prevents
mixing.

Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive
electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is
the difference between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta.
Therefore, if the electrodes have emfs E1 and E2 and , then the net emf is E2 - E1 ;
in other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the
half-reactions.
The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as the
terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell
that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals
the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that
is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal
voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has
negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of
until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and stored
a charge of one Coulomb then on complete discharge it would perform 1.5 Joule of
work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and the open
circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are
plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the
curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.

As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the
energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline
and carbon-zinc cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of
1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately
the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other hand the high electrochemical potential
changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or
more.
TCS3200 Color Sensor Module
PIN PIN
NAME NUMBER DESCRIPTION

GND 4 Power supply ground. All voltages are reference to the ground.

VCC 5 Supply voltage

OE 3 Enable for FO (Active low)

OUT 6 Output frequency (fo)

S0, S1 1, 2 Select lines for output frequency scaling

S2, S3 7,8 Select lines for photodiode type.

S0 S1 OUTPUT FREQUENCY SCALING(f0)

L L Power down

L H 2%

H L 20%

H H 100%

S2 S3 PHOTODIODE TYPE

L L RED

L H BLUE

H L CLEAR (NO FILTER)

H H GREEN

The sensor has four different types of filter covered diodes. In the 8 x 8 array
of photodiodes, 16 photodiodes have Red filters, 16 have Blue filters, 16 have Green
filters and the rest 16 photodiodes are clear with no filters. Each type can be activated
using the S2, S3 selection inputs. Since each photodiodes are coated with different
filters each of them can detect the corresponding colours. For example, when
choosing the red filter, only red incident light can get through, blue and green will be
prevented. By measuring the frequency, we get the red light intensity. Similarly,
when choose other filters we can get blue or green light.
We can also set the frequency scaling option by using the S0, S1 select lines.
Normally, in Arduino 20% frequency scaling is used.

Brief Description
This Arduino compatible TCS3200 color sensor module consist of a TAOS
TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and 4 white LEDs. The main part of the module is the
TCS3200 chip which is a Color Light-to-Frequency Converter. The white LEDs are
used for providing proper lighting for the sensor to detect the object colour correctly.
This chip can sense a wide variety of colours and it gives the output in the form of
corresponding frequency. This module can be used for making colour sorting robots,
test strip reading, colour matching tests etc.

The TCS3200 chip consist of an 8 x 8 array of photodiodes. Each photodiode

have either a red, green, or blue filter, or no filter. The filters of each color are
distributed evenly throughout the array to eliminate location bias among the colors.
Internal circuits includes an oscillator which produces a square-wave output whose
frequency is proportional to the intensity of the chosen color.
 Features and Specifications
• Input voltage: (2.7V to 5.5V)
• Interface: Digital TTL
• High-resolution conversion of light intensity to frequency
• Programmable colour and full-scale output frequency
• No need of ADC(Can be directly connected to the digital pins of the
microcontroller)
• Power down feature
• Working temperature: -40oC to 85oC
• Size: 28.4x28.4mm(1.12x1.12")
SOFTWARE SYSTEM DESIGN

FLOWCHART
ALGORITHM
STEP 1:- Start.
STEP 2:- power up hardware.
STEP 3:- Here we are using different types of sensor like color sensor.
STEP 4:- colour sensor used for line following.
STEP 5:- robot will provide medicine to patient.
STEP 6:- camera for capturing the image of prescription.
STEP 7:- as per time dispense the medicine
STEP 8:- also speaker provide output like time to take tablet.
STEP 9:- dispense the medicine via dc motor. L293d motor driver will drive the
motor
STEP 10:- also after getting medicine send an mail
STEP 11:- Stop.
EXPECTED RESULT

Details about the design of the automatic medicine dispenser (AMD) are included in
the paper. Initially the requirements to design this device are collected and then design
consideration is taken care. Finally a design process is suggested to design automatic
medicine dispenser.
The Programmable automatic medicine dispenser designed allows the care taker to
reliably administer medications to a patient without needing to be present every time
the medication is scheduled.
APPLICATIONS
1. Domestic use only.
2. In hospitals
3. homes
CONCLUSION
In this paper we have presented an The wearable device is connected to wi-fi,. In
our project dc motor is used to deliver the medicine to patient. Hence we can
implement this project successfully.
REFERENCES
[1] Kovac, M., "E-Health Demystified: An E-Government Showcase" Computer ,
vol.47, no.10, pp.34,42, Oct. 2014.
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online: http://eurlex.
europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0736:FIN:EN PDF.
[3] R.S.H. Istepanian, E. Jovanov, Y.T. Zhang, “Guest Editorial, Introduction to the
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Care Connectivity,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine,
Dec. 2004, 8(4): 405 - 414.
[4] D. Raskovic, T. Martin, E. Jovanov, “Medical Monitoring Applications for
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[5] A. Depari, A. Flammini, E. Sisinni, A. Vezzoli, "A wearable smartphone-based
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Medical Measurements and Applications Proceedings (MeMeA), Lisbon, Portugal,
June 11-12, 2014, pp. 54-59.
[6] L.E. Burke, M.A. Styn, S.M. Sereika, M.B. Conroy, L. Ye, K. Glanz, M. A. Sevick,
L. J. Ewing, “Using mHealth technology to enhance selfmonitoring for weight loss: a
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