Scribd
Upload
183 views35 pages

Lec 01-Introduction To Biomedical Signal Processing

The document provides an overview of biomedical signal processing. It discusses what signals are and gives examples including temperature, blood pressure, and common biomedical signals like the electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and others. These biomedical signals can exist in analog, discrete, or digital form depending on how they are measured and represented over time. The ECG and EEG are discussed in more detail regarding what physiological events they represent and how they are measured and acquired.

Uploaded by

farsun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
183 views35 pages

Lec 01-Introduction To Biomedical Signal Processing

The document provides an overview of biomedical signal processing. It discusses what signals are and gives examples including temperature, blood pressure, and common biomedical signals like the electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and others. These biomedical signals can exist in analog, discrete, or digital form depending on how they are measured and represented over time. The ECG and EEG are discussed in more detail regarding what physiological events they represent and how they are measured and acquired.

Uploaded by

farsun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Biomedical Signal

Processing
Dr. Faraz Akram
[email protected]
Contents

Review of Signals and systems


What is a Signal?
Characteristics of a signal
Introduction to Biomedical Signals

Why Signals are Processed?


Prerequisite
• Signals and Systems
• Probability and Statistics

Required Text
Discrete-Time Signal Processing
By
Alan V. Oppenheim, I Ronald W. Schafer

Third Edition
Why Signal Processing?

Digital Signal Processing is one of the most powerful


technologies that will shape science and engineering in
the twenty-first century.
Revolutionary changes have already been made in a
broad range of fields such as
Communications
Biomedical Signal Processing
Medical imaging
Radar & sonar
High fidelity music reproduction
DSP is everywhere

DSP has revolutionized many


areas in science and
engineering. A few of these
diverse applications are
shown here.
What is a Signal?
What is Signal
• Signal is a time varying physical phenomenon which is intended to
convey information.
OR
• “Signal is a single-valued representation of information
as a function of an independent variable (e.g., time)”
(Bruce, 2001).
OR
• Signal is a function of one or more independent variables, which
contain some information.

Examples: voice signal, video signal, signals on telephone wires.


Examples of Signals
• Speech: 1-Dimension signal as a function of time s(t).

• Grey-scale image: 2-Dimension signal as a function of space i(x,y)

• Video: 3 x 3-Dimension signal as a function of space and time


{r(x,y,t), g(x,y,t), b(x,y,t)}.
Biomedical Signals
Example: Temperature
• Most Infections cause a rise in temperature of
the body, that can be measured quantitatively
by an instrument “thermometer”
• A single measurement 𝑥 of temperature is a
scaler:
• Represents the thermal state of the body at a
particular or single instant of time 𝑡
• If we record the temperature continuously
• We obtain a signal as a function of time
• Expressed in continuous-time or analog form as 𝑥(𝑡)
Temperature in degrees

30
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

31
8
8…
9
9…
10
1…
11
1…
12
1…
13
1…
14
1…
15
1…
16
Continuous-time

1…
17

Time in hours
1…
18
1…
19
1…
20
2…
21
2…
22
2…
23
2…
24
Discrete-time
Time 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝐶 33.5 33.3 34.5 36.2 37.3 37.5 38.0 37.8 38.0

39

38
Temperature in degrees

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time in hours
Digital
Time 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝐶 33.5 33.3 34.5 36.2 37.3 37.5 38.0 37.8 38.0

39

38
Temperature in degrees

37

36

35

34

33

32
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time in hours
• When the temperature is measured at
discrete points of time, it may be expressed
in discrete-time form as 𝑥(𝑛𝑇) or 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑛: index or measurement sample number of the array of values
𝑇: uniform interval between the time instants of measurements

• A discrete-time signal that can take


amplitude values only from a limited list of
quantized levels is called a digital signal
Analog, Discrete, and Digital Signals
Blood Pressure
• Another basic measurement in heath
care and monitoring: Blood pressure
(BP)
• Each measurement consists of two
values
• The systolic pressure and the diastolic
pressure
• Units: millimeters of mercury (𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔)
Time 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00
Systoli 122 102 108 94 104 118 86 95 88
c
Diastoli 66 59 60 50 55 62 41 52 48
140
c systolic diastolic

120
Temperature in degrees

100

80

60

40

20

0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time in hours
Commonly used Biomedical Signals
Action Potential: Mother of all biological signals

Electromyogram (EMG): Electrical activity of the muscle cells

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Electrical activity of the heart /cardiac cells

Electroencephalogram (EEG): Electrical activity of the brain

Electrogastogram (EGG): Electrical activity of the stomach

Phonocardiogram (PCG): Audio recording of the heart’s mechanical activity

Electrooculogram (EOG): Electrical activity of the eye muscles

Electoretinogram (ERG): Electrical activity of the retinal cells


Action potentials
• All biological signals of electrical origin are made
up from integration of many action potentials

• The AP is the electrical signal that is generated by


a single cell when it is mechanically, electrically or
chemically stimulated
• It is the primary mechanism through which electrical
signals propagate between cells, tissues and organs
• It is due in part, to an electrochemical imbalance across
the cell membrane, and in part, due to selective
permeability of the membrane to certain ions
Electromyogram (EMG)
EMG
• The EMG is the graphic representation of
the electrical activity of the muscle cells
• It is the integration of millions of muscle
APs as measured from the skin surface
Recording EMG
• EMG is a surface signal obtained through
surface and/or needle electrodes.
• Usually, muscle electrical activity is
recorded by placing electrodes near the
muscle of interest.
ECG
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signals:
• ECG: electrical activity of heart activity recorded
from the body surface
• Monitoring of heart rate

The ECG signal can be recorded fairly easily with


surface electrodes placed on the limbs and/or the chest

Very commonly used signal in medical;


thus reviewed intensively
ECG
It is the combination of many APs from
different regions of the heart that makes up
the ECG
Insight of ECG
ECG consists of waveforms that represent the
polarization, depolarization, and repolarization of
the atria and ventricles of the heart.

The waveforms are labelled as


• P wave: atrial depolarization
• QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
• T wave: ventricular repolarization
• U wave: repolarization of the Purkinje fibers
• Baseline: the polarized state
ECG Acquisition
ECG: Signal Abnormalities
Many diseases cause specific changes in the
ECG-signal waveshapes
• QRS-complex widening (and/or jagging)
• due to impulse-conduction blocking
• due to ventricular hypertrophy
• due to arrhythmias
• P-waves: might be masked by T-wave or
even by QRS complex of previous cycle
due to arrhythmias
• St-segment
• normally flat and in line with PQ-segment
• may be elevated or depressed
EEG Signals
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signals
• Electrical activity of the brain
• Cortical potentials → generate signals
due to
• Physiological control processes
• Thought processes
• External stimuli (generate signals in
corresponding parts of the brain)
• Measurement:
• on the scalp using surface electrodes
(scalp EEG)
EEG Signals
• Uses of EEG
• Studying nervous system
• monitoring sleep stages
• biofeedback and control (BCI= brain-
computer interface)
• Diagnoses of diseases such as epilepsy
EEG-Signal Measurement: Scalp- Electrode placement

The 10-20 system of Electrode placement


EEG signals contain several patterns of
periodic or rhythmic activities with signal
frequencies in distinguishable frequency bands.

Signal Frequency range


Delta 0.5𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 4𝐻𝑧
Theta 4𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 8𝐻𝑧
Alpha 8𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 12𝐻𝑧
Beta > 12 𝐻𝑧
EEG-Signal Waves

→ Delta

→ Theta

→ Alpha

→ Beta

→ α Blocking
Why Signals Are Processed?
Why Signals Are Processed?
• To remove unwanted signal components
that is corrupting the signal of interest
(Noise/Artifact).

• To extract information by rendering it in a


more obvious or more useful form.
Artifacts and Noise
• Interference from other physiological
systems (e.g. muscle artifacts in EEG
recording)

• Low level signals (e.g. microvolts in


EEG) require very sensitive amplifiers;
they are easily sensitive to interference,
too

You might also like