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3D Tunnel Simulation Using Core Replacement

1.0 Introduction

In this tutorial, RS2 is used to simulate the three-dimensional excavation of a tunnel. In

three dimensions, the tunnel face provides support. As the tunnel face advances away
from the area of interest, the support decreases until the stresses can be accurately
modelled with a two-dimensional plane-strain approach. This procedure is necessary to
determine the amount of deformation prior to support installation.

A circular tunnel of radius 4m is to be constructed in Schist at a depth of 550m. The in-

situ stress field has been measured with the major in-plane principal stress equal to 30
MPa, the minor in-plane principal stress equal to 15 MPa and the out-of-plane stress
equal to 25 MPa. The major principal stress is horizontal, and the minor principal stress
is vertical. The strength of the Schist can be represented by the Generalized Hoek-
Brown failure criterion with the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock equal to
50 MPa, the GSI equal to 50 and mi equal to 10. To compute the rock mass
deformation modulus, the modulus ratio (MR) is assumed to be 400. The support is to
be installed 2m from the tunnel face.

The goal of this tutorial is to demonstrate how to model the tunnel deformation prior to
support installation using the core replacement (material softening) approach.

To design a support system, the following procedure can be used:

1. Determine the amount of tunnel wall deformation prior to support installation

(Core Softening Model). As a tunnel is excavated, there is a certain amount of
deformation, usually 35-45% of the final tunnel wall deformation, before the
support can be installed. Determining this deformation can be done using either
a) observed field values, or b) numerically from 3D finite-element models or

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axisymmetric finite-element models, or c) by using empirical relationships such as

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those proposed by Panet or Vlachopoulos and Diederichs.

2. Using the core replacement technique, determine the modulus reduction

sequence that yields the amount of tunnel wall deformation at the point of and
prior to support installation. This is the value determined in step 1 (Core
Replacement Part 1 Model)

3. Build a model that relaxes the boundary to the calculated amount in step 2. Add
the support and determine whether a) the tunnel is stable, b) the tunnel wall
deformation meets the specified requirements, and c) the tunnel lining meets
certain factor of safety requirements. If any of these conditions are not met,
choose a different support system and run the analysis again (Core Replacement
Part 2 Model)

2.0 Construct the Model

2.1 Project Settings

Select: Analysis > Project Settings

Under the General tab, define the units as “Metric, stress as MPa.”

Under the Stages tab, change the number of stages to 9 (see following figure). Fill
in the stage names as shown below. Close the dialog by clicking OK.

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2.2 Geometry

Now enter the circular tunnel.

Select: Boundaries > Add Excavation

1. Right-click the mouse and select the Circle option from the popup menu.
2. Select the Center and radius option, enter Radius = 4 and enter Number of
Segments = 96 and select OK.

3. Enter the circle center: Enter (0,0) in the prompt line and the circular excavation
will be created.

Select Zoom All (or press the F2 function key) to zoom the excavation to the center of
the view.

Now let’s create the external boundary. In RS2, the external boundary may be
automatically generated, or user-defined. Let’s use one of the ‘automatic’ options:

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In the Create External Boundary dialog, use set Boundary Type = Box and Expansion
Factor = 5. Select OK, and the external boundary will be automatically created.

The boundaries for this model have now been entered.

2.3 Materials

Select: Properties > Define Materials

For Material 1, under the Strength tab, change the Failure Criterion to
Generalized Hoek-Brown and the Material Type to Plastic.

Now define the strength parameters and the Young’s Modulus using the GSI
calculator. Press the GSI calculator button:

In the GSI calculator dialog, set the uniaxal compressive strength of the
intact rock equal to 50 MPa, the GSI equal to 50 and mi equal to 10. To
compute the rock mass deformation modulus, set the modulus ratio (MR) to
400.

Press the OK button. The material properties dialog should now be updated
with the new strength and modulus values.

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Change the Name of Material 1 to E=6143.

Click on the Material 2 tab and change the name to E=3000. Change the Initial
Element Loading to None. In the Stiffness tab, change the Young’s Modulus to
3000 MPa.

Now follow the same procedure and set the Young’s modulus of Materials 3
through 8 to 1000, 250, 100, 50, 20, and 10 MPa respectively. Change the names
to reflect the value of the modulus. Make sure that the Initial Element Loading for

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Materials 3 thru 8 is set to None.

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Click OK when done.

The first material, with modulus 6143 MPa and Generalized Hoek-Brown failure
criterion, is the in-situ rock mass. Materials 2 through 8 will be used inside the
excavation (excavation core). The core material is progressively replaced over several
stages. This replacement, along with the modulus reduction, allows the boundary to
progressively deform. In each of the eight stages, the material inside the excavation is
replaced by a material with zero internal stress (i.e. Initial Element Loading = None)
and with a lower modulus than the proceeding stage. In the final stage, the material
inside the excavation is removed. This process models the advancement of the tunnel
face. Each stage (and corresponding core modulus) represents some distance from the
tunnel face, either in front of or behind the face. The final excavated stage represents
the deformed state far away from the tunnel face, at a distance where the face has no
influence on stresses or displacements. What’s left is determining the correspondence
between core modulus and distance from the tunnel face, specifically, the modulus
sequence that yields the deformation at the support installation distance. The support

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installation distance being the distance between the tunnel face and where the support
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is installed.

To determine the correspondence between core modulus and distance from the tunnel
face, the relationship between tunnel wall deformation and distance from the tunnel
face must be known. Knowing the relationship between tunnel wall displacement and
distance from the tunnel face and knowing the relationship between core modulus and
tunnel wall displacement, the relationship between core modulus and distance from the
tunnel face can then be determined. Knowing this relationship allows the calculation of
the modulus reduction sequence that gives the tunnel wall displacement prior to
support installation.

2.4 Core Replacement Technique

Select: Zoom Excavation on the toolbar

Select: Properties > Assign Properties

1. Make sure the Stage 2 tab, E=3000, is selected (at the bottom left of the view).

2. Select the “E=3000” button in the Assign dialog.

3. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel. The material inside the tunnel should
change to green, the color representing the E=3000 material.

4. Change to Stage 3, E=1000, by clicking the stage tab at the bottom of the screen.

5. Select the “E=1000” button in the Assign dialog.

6. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel. The material inside the tunnel should
change to light blue, the color representing the E=1000 material.

7. Change to Stage 4, E=250.

8. Select the “E=250” button in the Assign dialog.
9. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel.

10. Change to Stage 5, E=100.

11. Select the “E=100” button in the Assign dialog.

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12. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel.

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13. Change to Stage 6, E=50.

14. Select the “E=50” button in the Assign dialog.

15. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel.

16. Change to Stage 7, E=25.

17. Select the “E=25” button in the Assign dialog.

18. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel.

19. Change to Stage 8, E=10.
20. Select the “E=10” button in the Assign dialog.

21. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel.

22. Change to Stage 9, Excavated.

23. Select the “Excavate” button at the bottom of the Assign dialog.
24. Click the left mouse button inside the tunnel. The material inside the excavation
should now be removed.

25. Close the Assign dialog by clicking on the X in the upper right corner of the dialog.

Now select Stage 1 – the in-situ condition stage. Turn on the minimum data tips mode
using the following command.

Select: View > Data Tips > Minimum

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Hover the mouse inside the excavation. After a second, a data tip should appear:
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Notice that the data tip shows all the materials inside the excavation as a function of
stage.

Let’s run the analysis.

2.5 Mesh

Select: Mesh > Mesh Setup

In the mesh setup dialog, ensure the Element Type is 6 Noded Triangles.

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Click the Discretize button and then the Mesh button. Click OK to close the dialog.

2.6 Field Stress

Field Stress determines the initial in-situ stress conditions, prior to excavation.

Select: Loading > Field Stress

Enter Sigma 1 = 30, Sigma 3 = 15, Sigma Z = 25, Angle = 0, and select OK.

Select: File > Save

Select: Analysis > Compute

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3.0 Results
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Select: Analysis > Interpret

The maximum stress, Sigma 1 for Stage 1 will be displayed. Notice that there is no
variation of stress and that the stress (30 MPa) is equal to the major in-situ field stress.
This is expected since in the first stage the material inside and outside the tunnel
boundary is the in-situ E=6143 material.

Select: Zoom Excavation on the toolbar

Change the contours to plot Total Displacement using the pull-down menu in the
toolbar. The model for Stage 1 will look like this:

There is essentially no displacement in the first stage. Now click through the stages. An
increase in deformation is visible around the tunnel as the core material is replaced and
softened (modulus reduced).

3.1 Step 1: Computing tunnel deformation before support installation using the
Vlachopoulos and Diederichs method

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To compute the tunnel deformation at the point of support installation, use the empirical
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relationship developed by Vlachopoulos and Diederichs. To use this method,
information from the finite element analysis is required: a) the maximum tunnel wall
displacement far from the tunnel face, and b) the radius of the plastic zone far from the
tunnel face.

Both values can be computed from a plane strain analysis with zero internal pressure
inside the excavation. In the model constructed in this tutorial, the results from stage 9
are used since the material inside the excavation is completely removed in this stage.

Switch to the last stage (Stage 9). Look at the bottom of the legend. The maximum
displacement for this stage is approximately 0.05 m. This is the value of maximum wall
displacement far from the tunnel face. The location of this displacement is in the roof
and floor of the excavation. The location of this displacement is important since any
comparisons of displacement for various core moduli must be made at the same
location.

To determine the radius of the plastic zone, Display Yielded Elements.

Several crosses are visible and represent elements in the finite element analysis that
have failed. Zoom Out so that the entire extent of failed points is visible (see below).

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The extent of this failed zone represents the extent of the plastic zone around the
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tunnel. To determine the radius of the plastic zone, use either the measuring tool or the
dimensioning tool to measure the distance from the center of the tunnel to the
perimeter of the yielded/plastic zone. This tutorial uses the measuring tool:

Select: Tools > Add Tool > Measure

Select (0, 0) as the location to measure from. Use the mouse to extend the measuring
line vertically until the edge of the yield zone is reached. Click here to select.

As seen above, the radius of the plastic zone is approximately 8.8 m.

Computing displacement prior to support installation using the Vlachopoulos and

Diederichs Method

The following plot was created using the Vlachopoulos and Diederichs equations
(Vlachopoulos and Diederichs, 2009). The equations can also be found in the Kersten
Lecture, appendix 1 (Hoek et. al., 2008). Using this plot, it is possible to estimate the
amount of closure prior to support installation if the plastic radius and displacement far
from the tunnel face are known.

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For our problem, Rp=8.8m, Rt=4m, X=2m, and umax=0.069m. The Distance from
tunnel face/tunnel radius = 2/4 = 0.5. The Plastic zone radius/tunnel radius = 8.8/4 =
2.2. From the above plot this gives Closure/max closure approximately equal to 0.44.
Therefore the closure equals (0.44)*(0.069) = 0.030 m.

As computed above, the tunnel roof displaces 0.030m before the support is installed.

Step 2: Determining the core modulus

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The next step is to determine the core modulus that yields a displacement of 0.030m in
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the roof of the tunnel. It is important to maintain the same location as is used to
determine umax, since the location of maximum displacement can change depending
on the magnitude of the internal pressure. This can be seen in this model as larger core
moduli produce larger displacement in the sidewall while smaller core moduli produce
larger displacements in the roof and floor.

To determine the internal pressure that yields a 0.030m roof displacement, plot the
displacement versus stage for a point on the roof of the excavation.

Ensure Total Displacement is selected as the data type.

Graphing Displacement in the Roof of the Excavation

To create the graph:

Select: Graph > Graph Single Point vs. Stage

1. When asked to enter a vertex, type in the value 0, 4 for the location and press
Enter. This is a point on the roof of the excavation.

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2. The Graph Query Data dialog will appear:

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3. Press the Plot button. The following figure shows the plot generated by the
program. This is a plot of displacement versus stage for a point in the roof of the
tunnel.

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Right-click in the plot and choose Sampler > Show Sample. Move the sampler by
moving the mouse with the left mouse button. Move the sampler until the displacement
value on the right side of the plot is equal to 0.030m.

This plot shows that in stage 4, the wall displacement in the roof of the tunnel is
approximately 0.030m. This represents a 3-stage material replacement and reduction
of core modulus from E=6143(insitu), to 3000, 1000 and finally 250 MPa.

Creating a convergence confinement graph in Excel

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To create a convergence confinement graph (plots displacement versus core modulus),

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export the above graph to Microsoft Excel™.

Right-click in the graph and choose the Plot in Excel option.

Excel will launch with a plot of stage number versus displacement. The plot can be
easily changed to show the stage number data to the core modulus. A sample of the
Excel file for this example is included in the Tutorials folder with the RS2 data files.

The following image shows the convergence-confinement plot in Excel for this example.
The plot shows that modulus reduction to 250MPa yields the tunnel wall displacement
computed above for the point of support installation (0.030m).

Steps 1 and 2 as defined in the Problem section at the beginning of this tutorial have
been completed; lets proceed by defining the support system.

From Interpret, switch back to the RS2 Model program

Note: see the note at the end of this tutorial about how to carry out the analysis if the required
modulus value lies between two values in the initial modulus reduction sequence.

4.0 Model: With Support

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We will now use the 9-stage model created above and modify it to create the support
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design.

4.1 Project Settings

Select: Analysis > Project Settings and select the Stages Tab.

Use the Delete Stages button to delete stages 5,6,7, and 8.

Change the name of stage 5 from Excavated to Support Installed.

The dialog should look like:

It is important that we keep all the core softening stages up to the stage that represents
support installation. This is because the replacement and softening of the core material
in stages 2 and 3 affect the final displacement result. These stages directly influence
the stress path and displacement of the material around the excavation.

Close the dialog by clicking OK.

Make sure the Stage 5, Support Installed stage tab is selected. Click the Zoom
Excavation button on the toolbar.

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4.2 Setting the Reinforced Concrete Liner Properties

Now define the liner properties. The properties correspond to a 200 mm thick layer of
concrete reinforced with W150X18 I-beams spaced at 2-meter intervals along the
tunnel axis.

Select: Properties > Define Liners

1. Change the Name of the liner to Tunnel Liner

2. Change the Liner Type to Reinforced Concrete

3. Click on the Common Types button. In the Reinforcement database dialog:

a. Select an I-beam from a list of standard reinforcement types.
b. Select the W150 x 18 I-beam.
c. Click OK, and the I-beam reinforcement properties will be automatically loaded

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into the Define Liner Properties dialog.

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4. In the Define Liner Properties dialog, for the Reinforcement, enter a spacing of
2m.

5. Enter the properties for the concrete.

a. Thickness=0.2m, Modulus=25000MPa, Poisson Ratio=0.15, Compressive
Strength=45MPa, Tensile Strength=5MPa. The liner properties dialog should look
like:

6. Press OK to save the input and exit the dialog.

4.3 Adding a Reinforced Concrete Liner to the Tunnel

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Let’s line the tunnel with the liner defined above. First make sure that Stage 5, the
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Support Installed stage, is selected.

Select: Support > Add Liner

1. In the Add Liner dialog, select Tunnel Liner as the Liner Property and set the liner
to install at stage 5. Select OK.

2. Click and hold the left mouse button and drag a selection window which encloses
the entire excavation. Release the left mouse button. Notice that all excavation
line segments are selected.

3. Right-click the mouse and select Done Selection, or just press the Enter key. The
entire tunnel will now be lined, as indicated by the thick blue line segments

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around the excavation boundary (see below).

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Click through the stages. Notice how the color of the liner changes from light blue in
stages 1 through 4 to dark blue in stage 5. This indicates that the liner is being installed
in stage 5.

The model is ready for analysis.

5.0 Compute

Before analyzing the model, save it as a new file called 3D Tunnel Simulation using
Core Replacement (Part 2).fez (make sure to select Save As and not Save, or it will
overwrite the internal pressure reduction file).

Select: File > Save As to save the model

Save the file as 3D Tunnel Simulation using Core Replacement (Part 2).fez.

Select: Analysis > Compute

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The RS2 Compute engine will proceed in running the analysis.

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6.0 Results and Discussion: With Support

From Model, switch to the Interpret program.

Select: Analysis > Interpret

If any other files are loaded in the Interpret program (i.e. the CoreSoftening.fez file),
close them. Click on the tab at the bottom of the program window associated with the
file and use the File > Close menu option to close the file.

Make sure the Stage 5 tab is selected and zoom in on the excavation.

Support Capacity Diagrams

Support capacity diagrams give the engineer a method for determining the factor of
safety of a reinforced concrete liner. For a given factor of safety, capacity envelopes are
plotted in axial force versus moment space and axial force versus shear force space.
Values of axial force, moment, and shear force for the liner are then compared to the
capacity envelopes. If the computed liner values fall inside an envelope, they have a
factor of safety greater than the envelope value. So, if all the computed liner values fall
inside the design factor of safety capacity envelope, the factor of safety of the liner
exceeds the design factor of safety.

Select: Graph > Support Capacity Plot

The Support Capacity Plot dialog allows the user to choose the support element (i.e.
liner type), the number of envelopes, and the stages from which the liner data is taken.

Use the spin control to increase the number of envelopes to 3. The dialog should look
like:

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Press OK.

The following plot is generated. The dark red lines represent the capacity envelopes for
the 3 factors of safety (1, 1.2, 1.4).

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Notice that all the data points fall within the factor of safety=1.4 envelope, on all four
plots. This means that the support system chosen has a factor of safety greater than
1.4.

Note about determining the final core modulus:

In this example, the required core modulus, which gives the displacement required at
the point of support installation, happens to be exactly equal to one of the original
modulus values chosen for the initial reduction sequence (i.e. 250 MPa). In general,
this will not be the case. That is, the required core modulus will probably lie between
two of the values chosen for the initial modulus reduction sequence. If this occurs:

1. Use the convergence-confinement graph to determine the required core modulus

at the point of support installation, as discussed earlier in this tutorial.

2. Then either insert a new stage of core replacement, with the required modulus
value, or simply use the nearest stage with a HIGHER modulus value and lower
the material modulus at this stage to the required value (e.g. if the required
modulus is 350 MPa, but the initial sequence goes from 500 to 250, then change
the 500 to 350).

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3. Re-run the analysis and check if the new modulus value does in fact give the
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desired displacement at the point of support installation. It should be close. If not,
then repeat steps 1 to 3 until the required modulus value is determined.

This concludes the 3D Tunnel Simulation Tutorial.

7.0 References

Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C., Diederichs, M.S. and Corkum, B. (2008). Integration of
geotechnical and structural design in tunnelling – 2008 Kersten Lecture. Proceedings
University of Minnesota 56th Annual Geotechnical Engineering Conference.
Minneapolis, 29 February 2008, 1-53.

Vlachopoulos, N. and Diederichs, M.S. (2009). Improved longitudinal displacement

profiles for convergence-confinement analysis of deep tunnels. Rock Mechanics and
Rock Engineering, 42(2), 131-146.

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