ANALYSIS OF SERIES IMPEDANCE MATRIX MODELS AND

INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELD OF TRANSMISSION LINES ABOVE

LOSSY GROUND

Hoang Viet (1), Vu Phan Tu (1) Josef Tlusty (2) , Member, IEEE

(1) Department of Power Systems Engineering, HoChiMinhCity University of Technology

(HCMUT), Vietnam. ( [email protected] ).
(2) Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech
Republic. ([email protected])

ABSTRACT

This paper considers the influence of earth complex resistivity and sag to magnitude of the
induced magnetic field of transmission lines above lossy ground. We first analyze and compare series
impedance matrix calculation methods. We secondly propose a simple formula for calculating a height
of overhead distribution lines in a span. Finally, we present new theoretical analysis of the induced
magnetic field computation of power lines in a span based on the earth-return impedance formulae
which proposed by Taku Noda [5]. These analytical formulae are more accuracy about mathematics
and physics because, in which, the correction of earth resistivity and the line height are taken into
account. Results are presented by means of graphs that are shown that all values of inductances
(impedances) and induced magnetic fields always vary with complex resistivity and the height of the
line in a span.
Keywords: Transmission lines, induced magnetic field, complex resistivity, line sag.

1. INTRODUCTION of initial data. In calculating, most authors

For considering the transient analysis assumed that the earth resistivity is a real
problems of transmission lines, the frequency- number and straight lines parallel to a ground
dependent ground-return impedance models surface. In this paper, we developed on a
proposed by Carson [1] is still the standard traditional method for calculation of the
model for calculating impedance of overhead induced magnetic field, in which:
transmission lines. Based on Carson’s • Propose the simple formula for
formulae, some approximate formulae calculating a line height in a span. This
proposed by Carson-Clem, Sunde [2], Deri et purpose is to estimate maximum and minimum
al [3], F.Rachidi [4] and Taku Noda [5] are values of induced magnetic field of the line in
presented. Therefore, based on approximate a span.
models this paper will apply and compare • Formulate new analytical formulae
various models of ground-return impedances of induced magnetic field computation of
of three-phase distribution lines above lossy single- and three-phase lines, in which taken
ground which has frequency-dependent earth into account a complex depth, the frequency-
complex resistivity. dependent earth resistivity and the function of
The induced magnetic fields generated by line height in the span.
overhead transmission lines will effect to Results and comparisons are presented on
materials nearby transmission lines such as many graphs, it has been shown that the value
communication lines, pipelines and human [6]- of induced magnetic fields are indentical in
[11]. The calculation and measurement of the two cases are taken into account the earth
induced magnetic fields are studied by many complex resistivitie values measured by
authors in the recent years [12]-[17] with Wenner and Driven Rod methods. At midspan
different approach and different suppositions
of the line the value of induced magnetic field calculation models proposed by many authors
is maximum. in following:
The expression of the earth return self
2. SERIES IMPEDANCE MATRIX impedance of i-th conductor is derived by
In general, at medium frequencies the series Carson [1]:
impedance matrix of the overhead distribution jωμ ⎛ 2hi ⎞
lines is the sum of three impedances as follows Z gii ,Carson = .ln ⎜ ⎟ + Z gii
'
(2)
Z ∑ = Z(e) + Z(c) + Z( g ) (1) 2π ⎝ ri ⎠
∞
Where jωμ e-2.hi .ξ
'
With: Z gii = .∫ dξ (3)
•Z(e): the external impedance of the π 0 ξ + ξ 2 + jωμσ
conductor.
The approximate formula is derived by
•Z(c): the internal impedance of the
Carson-Clem as follow:
conductor.
jωμ ⎛ Dg ⎞ (4)
•Z(g): the ground-return impedance of the Z gii ,Carson -Clem = π 2 . f .10-7 + ln ⎜ ⎟
conductor. 2π ⎝ ri ⎠
The impedance Z(e) and Z(c) that are the Where
unchanged components and are presented in F is the frequency, ρg is the earth resistivity
[15], so in this paper we will only focus on the and Dg is the fictitious equivalent depth of the
impedance Z(g). earth return path.
1. Ground-return self-impedance matrix ρg (5)
Dg = 712.
f
Transmission line ground-return impedance
The earth return self impedance is proposed
matrix has two terms: diagonal term is self
by Sunde [2]:
impedance and off-diagonal term is mutual
impedance. The self impedance Zgii is the ratio jωμ ⎛ 2hi ⎞
Z gii , Sunde = .ln ⎜ ⎟ + Z gii
'
(6)
of the voltage drop per unit length to the 2π ⎝ ri ⎠
current flowing in the conductor and returning
through the earth. The mutual impedance Zgij jωμ ⎛ 1 + γ g .hi ⎞
(7)
'
Z gii = .ln ⎜ ⎟⎟
between i-th and j-th conductors is the ratio of 2π ⎜ γ .h
⎝ g i ⎠
the induced voltage per unit length in i-th Where
conductor to the current in j-th conductor. Both γg: the complex propagation constant in
the self and mutual impedances are effected by earth.
the earth return current is illutrated in Fig. 1.
γg = jωμ . (σ g (ω ) + jω.ε g (ω ) ) (8)

a. Earth-return self-impedance matrix: The earth return self impedance is proposed

by Deri [3]:
conductor
jωμ ⎛ 2hi ⎞
I Z gii , Deri = .ln ⎜ ⎟ + Z gii
'
(9)
2π ⎝ ri ⎠
and Z gii jωμ ⎛ p + hi ⎞ (10)
'
= .ln ⎜ ⎟
Ground surface 2π ⎝ hi ⎠
The earth return self impedance is
formulated by Taku Noda [5] as follows
p jωμ ⎛ 2hi ⎞
I Z gii ,Taku = .ln ⎜ ⎟ + Z gii
'
(11)
2π r
⎝ i ⎠
Complex ground return plane and
jωμ ⎡⎛ α . p ⎞ A ⎛ β . p ⎞1− A ⎤
Fig. 1. The ground return path model. '
Z gii = .ln ⎢⎜ 1 + ⎟ . ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥
(12)
2π hi ⎠ ⎝ hi ⎠ ⎥
⎣⎢⎝ ⎦
In order to consider the self-impedance
In Taku Noda’s model, the return current
matrix of transmission lines, we introduce the
comprises two terms that flowed into two
underground surfaces at depths α.p and β.p as jωμ ⎛ Rij
'
⎞
in Fig. 2. The coefficients A, B and α, β are Z gij ,Taku = .ln ⎜ ⎟⎟ + Z gij
' (19)
2π ⎜R
presented in [5]. ⎝ ij ⎠
⎡⎛ A
⎤
⎢⎜ ( hi + h j + 2α . p ) + Dij ⎟ . ⎥
2 2 ⎞

b. Earth-return mutual-impedance ⎢⎜
( hi + hj ) + Dij2 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎥
2
matrix jωμ ⎢⎝
(20)
'
Z gij = .ln ⎢ 1− A ⎥
The expression of the earth return mutual 4π
⎢⎛ ( hi + h j + 2β . p ) + Dij2 ⎞ ⎥
2

impedance of i-th conductor is derived by ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥

⎢⎜ ( ) ⎟ ⎥
2
Carson [1]: h + h + D 2
⎣⎝ i j ij ⎠ ⎦
jωμ ⎛ Rij ⎞
'

Z gij ,Carson = .ln ⎜ ⎟ + Z gij

' (13) 2. The total series impedance matrix:
2π ⎜R ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ij
As above presentation the series impedance
∞ ( )
- hi + h j ξ
matrix has three terms which are the external
jωμ e
'
Z gij = .∫ .cos ( dij .ξ ) dξ (14) impedance matrix, the internal impedance
π
0 ξ + ξ 2
+ jωμσ
matrix and the ground return impedance
The earth return mutual impedance is matrix. Five methods for the calculation of the
proposed by Deri [3]: ground-return impedance matrix has been
jωμ ⎛ Rij ⎞
'
(15) presented.
Z gij , Deri = .ln ⎜ ⎟ + Z gij '

2π ⎜ ⎟ We will combine these methods to obtain the

⎝ Rij ⎠
total series impedance matrix as follows
jωμ ⎜ ( hi + h j + 2 p ) + Dij ⎟
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
'
Z gij = .ln
(16) •Using the external impedance matrix and
4π ⎜ ( h + h )2 + D 2 ⎟ the internal impedance matrix in [15] combine
⎝ i j ij ⎠
with Carson’s earth return impedance matrix
The earth return mutual impedance is
(2) and (13) as
proposed by Rachidi [4]:
Z1∑ = Z ( e ) + Z ( c ) + Z ( g )-Carson (21)
jωμ ⎛ Rij ⎞
'

Z gij , Rachidi = .ln ⎜ ⎟⎟ + Z gij

'
(17) •Using the external impedance matrix and
2π ⎜R
⎝ ij ⎠ the internal impedance matrix [15] combined
⎡⎛ 2
⎛ h + hj ⎞ ⎛ D ⎞ ⎞⎤
2
with earth return impedance matrix, which has
⎢ ⎜1 + γ g . ⎜ i ⎟ + ⎜ γ g . ij ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ (18)
jωμ ⎢⎜ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎟⎥ diagonal terms are derived by Carson-Clem’s
'
Z gii = .ln ⎢ ⎝ ⎠
⎥ equation (4) and off-diagonal terms are
4π ⎢ ⎛ hi + h j ⎞ ⎛
2
Dij ⎞
2
⎥
⎢ ⎜ g γ . +
⎟ ⎜ g γ . ⎟ ⎥ proposed by Rachidi (17) as
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ Z 2 ∑ = Z ( e ) + Z ( c ) + Z ( g )-CarsonClem-Rachidi (22)
The earth return mutual impedance is •Using the external impedance matrix and
proposed by Taku Noda [5]: the internal impedance matrix [15] combined
conductor with earth return impedance matrix, which has
diagonal terms are derived by Sunde’s
I
equation (6) and off-diagonal terms are
proposed by Rachidi (17) as
Z 3 ∑ = Z ( e ) + Z ( c ) + Z ( g )-Sunde-Rachidi (23)
Ground surface
•Using the external impedance matrix and
α.p the internal impedance matrix [15] combined
with Deri’s earth return impedance equations
(9) and (15).
A.I Complex ground return Z 4 ∑ = Z ( e ) + Z ( c ) + Z ( g )-Deri (24)
β.p •Using the external impedance matrix and
the internal impedance matrix [15] combined
with Taku Noda’s earth return impedance
Complex ground return equations (11) and (19).
(1-A).I
Z 5 ∑ = Z ( e ) + Z ( c ) + Z ( g )-Taku (25)
Fig. 2. The ground return path model is presented by Because components of the external
Taku Noda impedance matrix and the internal impedance
matrix in total series impedance matrices (21)- By considering various models of impedance
(25) are the same, so this paper only compares matrices are expressed and illustrated on Figs.
between earth return impedance matrices that 3. – 5. It can be seen that the models are
are derived by Carson-Clem, Rachidi, Deri and identical. However, Taku Noda’s model is
Taku Noda. better than other ones about mathematical and
The results, presented in graphs, are physical bases because Taku Noda
examined to 500kV transmission line [18] and approximated the integral functions (3) and
the earth resistivity is the frequency dependent (14) by double-exponential approximations of
complex function [19]. the coefficients A, B, α and β are discussed in
[5].
2
2
3. A SIMPLE FORMULA OF THE LINE
1.5
HEIGHT IN THE SPAN
Zijtaku( f )
Most authors of previous studies calculated
[Ohm/m]

Zijderi( f )
1 electromagnetic fields of power transmission
Zijrachidi( f )
lines with assume horizontal straight lines
0.5
parallel to a ground surface with a height is
called average height between maximum and
minimum height of the line. However, the
0 0
0 2 .10
5 5
4 .10 6 .10
5
8 .10
5
1 .10
6 calculation result of the electromagnetic fields
0 f 10
6
will be different as large as 40% in [20].
[Hz]
Figure. 3. Comparison between expressions (15), (17) and Therefore, the height of the line is given by
(19) in frequency domain.
[20]:
8
8
⎛ y ⎞ (26)
h( y) = hmin + 2δ . sinh 2 ⎜ ⎟
Ziitaku ( f ) ⎝ 2δ ⎠
6
Ziideri( f ) Where δ is a solution of the equation
[Ohm/m]

4
S ⎛ L ⎞ (27)
Ziisunde( f ) = sinh 2 ⎜ ⎟
Ziiclem( f )
2δ ⎝ 4δ ⎠
2
Hmax is maximum height of the line, hmin is
0 0
minimum height of the line, S is the sag of the
0 2 .10
5
4 .10
5
6 .10
5 5
8 .10
6
1 .10 line and L is length of the line in a span.
0 f 6
10
[Hz] We propose a simple formula to calculate the
Fig. 4. Comparison between expressions (4), (6), (9) and height of the line in a span [16]:
(11) in frequency domain.
4.S 2 (28)
h( y) = hmin + .y
11
11 L2
10
25.65
9 25.65 23.51
21.37
8 19.24
h2( y ) 17.1
Zijtaku( d) 7 14.96
[m]

h1( y ) 12.82
[Ohm/m]

Zijderi( d) 6 10.69
8.55
5 6.41
4.27
Zijrachidi( d) 4 2.14
0
232.5 186 139.5 93 46.5 0 46.5 93 139.5 186 232.5
3
− 232.5 y 232.5
[m]
2
1 Fig. 6: the 500kV transmission line model in a span [20].
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 d
[m]
15 Table .1. is the comparison between (26) and
(28), it is shown that maximum error between
Fig. 5. Comparison between expressions (15), (17) and two formulae is about 1-2%. However, in high
(19) from horizontal distance Dij between i-th and j-th phases.
voltage engineering, this error is small and we
can accept the simple formula (28) for ⎛ hk ( y )-z ⎞
calculating the induced magnetic field of lines ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ( hk ( y ) -z )2 + x 2k ⎟
in the span. ⎜ ⎟
Table. 1. The comparison between (26) and (28).
__
H x 3φ =
∑ Ik ⎜
+ A.
hk ( y ) + z + 2α p ⎟ (31)
2π ⎜ ( hk ( y ) + z + 2α .p ) + x 2k
2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
y(m) h(y)↔(26) h(y)↔(28) ⎜ ⎟
hk ( y ) + z + 2 β p
⎜ + (1-A ) . ⎟
0 8.5 8.5 ⎜ ( k y ) + z + 2β .p ) + x 2k
h (
2
⎟
⎝ ⎠
46.5 9.185 9.186
Horizontal induced magnetic field
93 11.24 11.244
component of three-phase line is found as
139.5 14.667 14.674 ⎛ 1 A ⎞
⎜ - 2⎟
186 19.469 19.476 __
Hz3φ =
∑ k k⎜ k
x .I (h ( y)-z)2
+ x2
k (hk ( y) + z + 2α. p)2
+ xk ⎟

232.5 25.65 25.65 2π ⎜ 1− A ⎟

⎜- (h ( y) + z + 2β. p)2 + x2 ⎟
⎝ k k ⎠
(32)
4. NEW ANALYTICAL FORMULAE Where:
OF INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELD k : a,b,c − phase a, phase b, phase c of
By considering and comparing various three-phase line.
different models of impedance matrices are Ik : k-th phase current [A].
presented in Section II, we have seen that Taku hk : height of k-th phase conductor [m].
Noda’s proposed formulae have gained more xk: horizontal distance from k-th phase
accuracy using two complex earth-return conductor to observed point [m ].
planes. Therefore, we now chose this model The equations (28)-(31) formulated by
for formulating and calculating the induced authors are more accuracy, in which the
magnetic fields of power transmission lines. complex depth p of constant earth resistyvity is
New analytical formulae of induced corrected by using the complex resistivity [19]
magnetic field components of single- and and the constant height of the line is also
three-phase lines are given by corrected by the equation (26) or (28).

a. Induced magnetic field of single-phase 5. EXAMPLE AND RESULTS

transmission lines: Considering an example of high voltage
Vertical induced magnetic field component three-phase distribution line as in [17] above
of single-phase line is written as two-layer earth, where earth resistivities are
⎛ hi ( y )-z hi ( y ) + z + 2α p ⎞ measured by Wenner and Driven Rod methods
⎜ + A.
2 ⎟
I ⎜( i( ) ) ( i( ) )
2 2
__ h y -z + x 2
h y + z + 2 α .p + x ⎟ [19]. Upper layer reistivity ρ1(DC) is 100 Ωm
Hx =
2π ⎜ hi ( y ) + z + 2 β p ⎟ and lower layer resistivity ρ2(DC) is 1000 Ωm.
⎜ + (1-A ) . ⎟
⎜ ( hi ( y ) + z + 2β .p ) + x
2 2 ⎟ Rated current I = 610A. . Line height is 10m.
⎝ ⎠
Phase-phase distance is 4m.
5
(29) 5
4.5
Horizontal induced magnetic field 4
component of single-phase line is given by 3.5

⎛ 1 A ⎞ Hx3φ_D( x) 3

⎜ (h ( y)-z)2 + x2 - (h ( y) + z + 2α. p)2 + x2 ⎟

H(A/m)

Hx3φ_W( x) 2.5
I.x i
__
⎟ (30)
Hz = ⎜
i
2
2π ⎜ 1− A ⎟ 1.5
⎜ - (h ( y) + z + 2β. p)2 + x2 ⎟
⎝ i ⎠ 1

0.5
b. Induced magnetic field of three-phase 0
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
transmission lines: − 100 x 100
Vertical induced magnetic field component (m)
Fig. 7: Horizontal induced magnetic field of 110kV three-
of three-phase line is expressed as phase line at ground (z=0).
 value that can be measured Wenner or
Driven Rod methods. This thing can be seen
on Figs. 9. -10. of vertical induced magnetic
filed and on Figs. 11. – 12. of total induced
magnetic field. The induced magnetic field
values of transmission line are largest at
midspan and smallest at two poles of line in
span. This difference can be larger than 40%
because it depends on the length of span, sag
in span, tower structure and voltage level...
The area of induced magnetic field values is
largest at under or near transmission line
(around ±20m).

Fig. 8: Horizontal induced magnetic field of 110kV three-

phase line at ground (z=0).

6
6
5.4
4.8
4.2

Hz3φ_D( x) 3.6
H(A/m)

Hz3φ_W( x) 3
2.4

1.8
1.2
0.6
0
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
− 100 x 100
(m)

Fig. 11: Total induced magnetic field of 110kV three-

phase line at ground (z=0).
Fig. 9: Vertical induced magnetic field of 110kV three-
phase line at ground (z=0).
6
6
5.4

4.8
4.2

H3φ_D( x) 3.6
H(A/m)

H3φ_W( x) 3

2.4
1.8
1.2
0.6
0
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
− 100 x 100
(m)

Fig. 12: Comparison betwen two induced magnetic fields

of 110kV three-phase line at ground (z=0) above two-layer
earth.

Table. 2. presents the comparison of total

Fig. 10: Vertical induced magnetic field of 110kV three- induced magnetic field values above lossy
phase line at ground (z=0). ground , where soil resistivities are measured
by Wenner and Driven Rod methods. Results
Figs. 7.- 8. are horizontal induced
have seen that error is small about 1-2%, so we
magnetic field values of the line above lossy
can choose one of soil resistivies for
ground are calculated in 2D and 3D
calculation of induced magnetic field of the
domains. It is shown that these calculation
line.
values are similar with any earth resistivity
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This paper presented five different high voltage power lines and in buildings, are
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