PRACTICAL FILE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Mr. Sanjay Kataria Wasim Jafar

Algorithm:

 Start.
 Declare variables x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,k,dx,dy,s,xi,yi and also declare gdriver=DETECT,gmode.
 Initialize the graphic mode with the path location in TC folder.
 Input the two line end-points and store the left end-points in (x1,y1).
 Load (x1,y1) into the frame buffer; that is, plot the first point. Put x=x1,y=y1.
 Calculate dx=x2-x1 and dy=y2-y1.
 If abs(dx) > abs(dy), do s=abs(dx).
Otherwise s= abs(dy).
 Then xi=dx/s and yi=dy/s.
 Start from k=0 and continuing till k<s,the points will be
o x=x+xi.
o y=y+yi.
 Place pixels using putpixel at points (x,y) in specified colour.
 Close Graph.
 Stop.

Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<dos.h>

voidlineDDA(int,int,int,int);

void main()

int x1,y1,xn,yn;

intgd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

printf("enter the starting coordinates of the line:");

scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);

printf("enter the ending coordinates of the line:");

scanf("%d%d",&xn,&yn);
 lineDDA(x1,y1,xn,yn);

getch();

voidlineDDA(int x1,int y1,int xn,intyn)

intdx,dy,m,i;

m=(yn-y1)/(xn-x1);

for(i=x1;i<=xn;i++)

if(m<=1)

dx=1;

dy=(m*dx);

else

dy=1;

dx=(dy/m);

x1=x1+dx;

y1=y1+dy;

putpixel(x1,y1,RED);

delay(20);

OUTPUT
 PROGRAM NO.3
Write a program to draw a line using Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm

Algorithm:

 Start.
 Declare variables x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,p,dx,dy and also declare gdriver=DETECT,gmode.
 Initialize the graphic mode with the path location in TC folder.
 Input the two line end-points and store the left end-points in (x1,y1).
 Load (x1,y1) into the frame buffer; that is, plot the first point put x=x1,y=y1.
 Calculate dx=x2-x1 and dy=y2-y1,and obtain the initial value of decision parameter p as:
 p=(2dy-dx).
 Starting from first point (x,y) perform the following test:
 Repeat step 9 while(x<=x2).
 If p<0,next point is (x+1,y) and p=(p+2dy).
 Otherwise, the next point to plot is (x+1,y+1) and p=(p+2dy-2dx).
 Place pixels using putpixel at points (x,y) in specified colour.
 Close Graph.
 Stop

Code:

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<dos.h>

voidlineBres(int,int,int,int);

void main()

int x1,y1,xn,yn;

intgd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

printf("Enter the starting coordinate at line:");

scanf("%d%d", &x1, &y1);

printf("Enter the ending coordinate at line:");

scanf("%d%d", &xn, &yn);

getch();

voidlineBres(int x1,int y1,int xn,intyn)

int dx = xn-x1,dy=yn-y1;

int di = 2*dy-dx;

int ds = 2*dy,dt = 2*(dy-dx);

putpixel(x1,y1,RED);

while(x1<xn)

x1++;

if(di<0)

di=di+ds;

else

y1++;

di=di+dt;

putpixel(x1,y1,RED);

delay(20);

}
 PRACTICAL NO. 7
Write a program to draw a circle using midpoint circle drawing algorithm

Algorithm:

1. Input radius r and circle centre (xc, yc), then set the coordinates for the first point on the circumference of a
circle centred on the origin as:

(x0, y0) (0,r)

2. Calculate the initial value of the decision parameter as:

5
p r
0
4

3. Starting with k = 0 at each position xk, perform the following test. If pk < 0, the next point along the circle
centred on (0, 0) is (xk+1, yk) and:

pk 1 p 2xk 1 1

Otherwise the next point along the circle is (xk+1, yk-1) and:

p p 2x 2y
k 1 k 1 k
1
1
 k
4. Determine symmetry points in the other seven octants
5. Move each calculated pixel position (x,y)onto the circular path centred at (xc, yc)to plot
the coordinate values:
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 until x >= y

x x x y y y
c c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
voidcirclemidpoint(int,int,int);
voiddrawcircle(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
intxc,yc,r;
intgd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
printf("Enter center coordinates of the circle: ");
scanf("%d%d",&xc,&yc);
printf("Enter radius of the circle: ");
scanf("%d",&r);
circlemidpoint(xc,yc,r);
getch();
}
voidcirclemidpoint(intxc,intyc,int r)
{
int x=0,y=r;
int p=1-r;
while(x<y)
{
drawcircle(xc,yc,x,y);
x++;
if(p<0)
{
p=p+2*x+1;
}
else
{
 y--;
p=p+2*(x-y)+1;
}
drawcircle(xc,yc,x,y);
delay(50);
}
}
voiddrawcircle(intxc,intyc,intx,int y)
{
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,RED);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,BLUE);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,GREEN);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,RED);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+xGREEN);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,YELLOW);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x, YELLOW);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x, YELLOW);
}

OUTPUT
 P RACTICAL N O. 7
Write a program to draw a ellipse using midpoint ellipse drawing algorithm
#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int gd = DETECT, gm;

int x = 350, y = 150;

int start_angle = 0;
int end_angle = 360;

int x_rad = 100;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C://TC//BGI");

ellipse(x, y, start_angle,
end_angle, x_rad, y_rad);

getch();

}
 P RACTICAL N O. 9
Write a program to fill a circle using Boundary Fill Algorithm

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<conio.h>

voiddcircle(inth,intk,int r);

voiddpixel(intx,inty,inth,int k);

voidcfill(intx,int y, intfcolor, intbcolor);

void main()

intgd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

setbkcolor(YELLOW);

dcircle(30,30,27);

cfill(30,30,BLUE,RED);

getch();

closegraph();

voiddcircle(inth,intk,int r)

inty,i;

for(i=0;i<=r;i++)

y=sqrt((r*r-(i)*(i)));

dpixel(i,y,h,k);
 }

voiddpixel(intx,inty,inth,int k)

putpixel(x+h,y+k,RED);

putpixel(y+h,x+k,RED);

putpixel(-y+h,x+k,RED);

putpixel(-x+h,y+k,RED);

putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,RED);

putpixel(-y+h,-x+k,RED);

putpixel(y+h,-x+k,RED);

putpixel(x+h,-y+k,RED);

voidcfill(intx,int y, intfcolor, intbcolor)

int current;

current=getpixel(x,y);

if(current!=bcolor&& current!=fcolor)

putpixel(x,y,fcolor);

cfill(x+1,y,BLUE,RED);

cfill(x-1,y,BLUE,RED);

cfill(x,y+1,BLUE,RED);

cfill(x,y-1,BLUE,RED);

}
}
OUTPUT
 P RACTICAL N O. 10
Write a program to fill a circle using Flood Fill Algorithm

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<conio.h>

voiddcircle(inth,intk,int r);

voiddpixel(intx,inty,inth,int k);

voidffill(intx,int y, intfcolor, intbcolor);

void main()

intgd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

setbkcolor(YELLOW);

dcircle(30,30,27);

ffill(30,30,YELLOW,BLACK);

getch();

closegraph();

voiddcircle(inth,intk,int r)

inty,i;

for(i=0;i<=r;i++)

y=sqrt((r*r-(i)*(i)));

dpixel(i,y,h,k);

voiddpixel(intx,inty,inth,int k)

putpixel(x+h,y+k,RED);

putpixel(y+h,x+k,RED);
 putpixel(-y+h,x+k,RED);

putpixel(-x+h,y+k,RED);

putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,RED);

putpixel(-y+h,-x+k,RED);

putpixel(y+h,-x+k,RED);

putpixel(x+h,-y+k,RED);

voidffill(intx,int y, intfcolor, intbcolor)

if(getpixel(x,y)==bcolor)

putpixel(x,y,fcolor);

ffill(x+1,y,YELLOW,BLACK);

ffill(x-1,y,YELLOW,BLACK);

ffill(x,y+1,YELLOW,BLACK);

ffill(x,y-1,YELLOW,BLACK);

}
OUTPUT