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Evolution of Processors: Department of Elex. & Instru. Engg. Shri G.S. Institute of Tech & Sci Indore

The document summarizes the evolution of processors from early mechanical calculators to modern microprocessors. It discusses the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Key developments include the 4004 microprocessor in 1971 which began the fourth generation of microprocessors. Subsequent processors from Intel like the 8086, 80386, and Pentium improved performance through higher clock speeds and increased transistor counts. Overall the summary highlights the rapid advancement of processors over the past 50 years in terms of transistors, clock frequency, and computational power.

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Barry Allen
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56 views30 pages

Evolution of Processors: Department of Elex. & Instru. Engg. Shri G.S. Institute of Tech & Sci Indore

The document summarizes the evolution of processors from early mechanical calculators to modern microprocessors. It discusses the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Key developments include the 4004 microprocessor in 1971 which began the fourth generation of microprocessors. Subsequent processors from Intel like the 8086, 80386, and Pentium improved performance through higher clock speeds and increased transistor counts. Overall the summary highlights the rapid advancement of processors over the past 50 years in terms of transistors, clock frequency, and computational power.

Uploaded by

Barry Allen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A Seminar on

EVOLUTION OF PROCESSORS
Presented by
Sandesh Agrawal
BE (3rd Year )

Guided by
Mrs. S. V. Charhate
DEAN Academics

Department of Elex. & Instru. Engg.


Shri G.S. Institute of Tech & Sci
Indore
Brief history of computers
Various Technical Definition
Introduction of IC technology
Functions of Microprocessor
Various stages of development of Computer

Various leading Processor


manufacturing companies
AUTOMATION

MICROPROCESSOR MICRONTROLLER
WHY µ-PROCESSOR
??????
MICROPROCESSOR MICRONTROLLER

Process DATA Process DATA


Don’t have RAM ,ROM &have RAM ,ROM
other Peripherals &
Designed to perform Designed
other to perfo
Unspecific task specific task
Peripherals
Clock Speed is few
Clock Speed is quite high
High Cost, Large size Low Cost, Small s
TECHNICAL TERMS -
ADDRESS BUS
Buses DATA BUS
CONTROL BUS

Program Counter (PC)


Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Interrupt
Registers
What are
microprocessors???
 A microprocessor is a processor that
contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a
single chip.
 Process bundle of Information

Address bus
MAR
PC

IR
Control
Control bus
unit
X

Y
Data bus ALU ACC

A simple microprocessor architecture


What are microprocessor-based
systems???
Consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O
units, & other peripherals.

Microprocessors are the brains of the systems


Microprocessor
Control Bus
unit
Data path
ALU
Output Input
Reg. Memory
units units
EVOLUTION OF
COMPUTER
The Mechanical age: -abacus : 500 B.C.
-calculator(with gears and wheels) : Pascal

 First generation (1889-1954) -vacuum tube


The Electrical age: -Hollerith machine(1889)
-ENIAC(Electronics Numerical Integrator & Calculator)
-first general-purpose, programmable electronic computer
-17,000 vacuum tube, 500 miles of wire, 6000 switches
-life of vacuum tube(3000 hours)IBM 650, 1954problem
: maintenance
 Second generation (1954-1959) -transistor

Bipolar Transistor : 1948, William Shockley, John Bardeen,


Walter H. Brattain at Bell labs(1956, Novel physics award)
Mainframe : describe CPU portion of computer
Mainframe computer : designed to handle large volumes of
data while serving hundreds of users simultaneously
Built on circuit boards mounted into rack panels(frame)

Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer


 Third generation (1959-1971) - IC
 Integrated Circuit : 1958,Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments)
& Dr. Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor).
 IBM : 32-bit 360 series(1964)
 INTEL(Integrated Electronics) : 1968

PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation


Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8
is the least expensive general purpose small
computer in 1960s
 Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

4- Bit processor-
MCS-4 Family - 4004 (used in calculator),
4001, 4002,4003,4008,4009
MCS-40 Family- 4040, 4101,4207,4209 etc.
8- Bit processor- 8008,8080,8085 etc
16- Bit processor- 8086,8088,80186,80286 etc.
32- Bit processor- 80386DX, 80386SX, 80376,pentium
Pentium pro, II, etc.
64- Bit processor- Intel Pentium, core i3, core
i5,core i7,etc
Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm)
100,000,000 7
P III 8080
Pentium 6
10,000,000 P4
1,000,000 80386 P II 5
100,000 8088 4
80286
10,000 8088
3
1,000 8080
2 80386
100 Pentium
10 1 80286 P II P III P 4
1 0
1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

Clock frequencies (MHz)


10000
P4
1000
P II
Pentium P III
100
80386
10 8088
8080
80286
1
1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000
Introduced in 1977
8-bit with 40-pin dual in line package
16-bit address bus
4500 transistors,2 MHz,8-bit word size
Introduced in 1978
20-bit address bus : access up to 1MB memory
16-bit Internal processor registers also can process 8 bit.
A separate BIU & EU: fetch & execute simultaneously
40-pin DIP package, 29k transistors,
Introduced in 1979, almost similar to 8086
20-bit address bus: access up to 1Mb memory
external 8-bit data bus, 16 bit Internal
VDD (5V)

20-bit
8-bit data
address

control 8088 control


signals signals
To 8088 from 8088

CLK

GND
8088 signal classification
24-bit address bus : 16M byte memory
added 16 new instructions
Identical to 8086 except the addressing and
higher clock speed
134k transistors

6-12 MHz

Introduces “VIRTUAL MEMORY CONCEPT”


flexible 32-bit Microprocessor(1986) : data bus, registers
32-bit address bus(4G byte physical)
64 terabyte virtual
4G maximum segment size
Support 16k segments
Concept of paging was introduced
Available in 20MHz to 33MHz

132-PIN grid array package


 Increasing the complexity of the IC:
if every line could be shrunk in half, same circuit could be
built in one-forth the area
 Superscalar : support 2 instruction pipelines(5 stage)
actually execute two different instruction simultaneously
 Pentium(1993) : originally labeled P5(80586)
- 60 - 66MHz(110MIPS)
-8K code cache, 8K data cache
-coprocessor : redesign(8-stage instruction pipeline)
-64 bit AB(higher data transfer rates)
 Code named P6 : 1995
-basic clock frequency : 150-166MHz
 Two chips in one : two separate silicon die
 Superscalar processor of degree three-
-12 stage
 Internal cache :
 level one(L1) : 8K instruction and data cache
 level two(L2) : 256K(or 512K)
 36-bit address bus : 64G byte memory
 has been optimized to efficiently execute 32-bit code
1. used faster core than Pentium
is still P6 or Pentium pro processor
2. Two version :
1. slot 1 version mounted on a plastic cartridge
512K cache : one-half the clock speed
2. socket 370 version called flip-chip : looks like the
older Pentium package → Intel claim cost less
256K cache : clock speed
3. clock frequency : 1 GHz
Facts
 44 Billion dollars worth of Microprocessors
were made in 2003 as well as sold. Most
was spent on laptop and or desktop
computers it takes about 0.2 % of the
CPU’s sold.

 Almost 56% of CPUs sold are 8 bit


microcontrollers.

 Less the 10 % of CPUs sold are 32 bit or


more. Most are sold in house hold
appliances such as vacuums, TVs,
SUMMARY

 104 increase in transistor count, clock


frequency over 30 years!

Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 26


REFERENCES
J. L. Antonakos, "An Introduction to the Intel Family of
Microprocessors," Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999

Tanenbaum, A S, 1990, 'Structured Computer


Organisation', Prentice-Hall.

Brian Bramer, Faculty of Computing and Engineering


Sciences De Montfort University, Leicester, UK,
“Workstation and System Configurations”

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