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Introduction To Quantizer and Llyod Max Quantizer

Quantization refers to the process of mapping continuous input values to a smaller set of discrete output values. It is involved in nearly all digital signal processing to represent signals digitally. There are two main types: scalar quantization treats each input separately, while vector quantization groups inputs into vectors. The Lloyd-Max quantizer iteratively solves for optimal decision and reconstruction levels to minimize quantization error based on the input distribution. It performs non-uniform quantization when the input distribution is non-uniform, with finer quantization where the distribution has higher probability.

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181 views10 pages

Introduction To Quantizer and Llyod Max Quantizer

Quantization refers to the process of mapping continuous input values to a smaller set of discrete output values. It is involved in nearly all digital signal processing to represent signals digitally. There are two main types: scalar quantization treats each input separately, while vector quantization groups inputs into vectors. The Lloyd-Max quantizer iteratively solves for optimal decision and reconstruction levels to minimize quantization error based on the input distribution. It performs non-uniform quantization when the input distribution is non-uniform, with finer quantization where the distribution has higher probability.

Uploaded by

Neha Sengupta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

QUANTIZER AND LLYOD MAX


QUANTIZER
PRESENTED BY:
NAME UNIVERSITY ROLL.
ANIK PANDIT 11500316136
AMRIDEEP BAKSI 11500316137
INTRODUCTION
Quantization, in mathematics and digital signal processing, is the process of
mapping input values from a large set (often a continuous set) to output values
in a (countable) smaller set, often with a finite number of
elements. Rounding and truncation are typical examples of quantization
processes. Quantization is involved to some degree in nearly all digital signal
processing, as the process of representing a signal in digital form ordinarily
involves rounding. Quantization also forms the core of essentially all lossy
compression algorithms.
The difference between an input value and its quantized value (such as round-
off error) is referred to as quantization error. A device or algorithmic
function that performs quantization is called a quantizer. An analog-to-digital
converter is an example of a quantizer.
PRECONCEPT
Quantization refers to the process of approximating the continuous set of values in
the image data with a finite (preferably small) set of values. The input to a
quantizer is the original data, and the output is always one among a finite number
of levels. The quantizer is a function whose set of output values are discrete, and
usually finite. Obviously, this is a process of approximation, and a good quantizer
is one which represents the original signal with minimum loss or distortion.

There are two types of quantization - Scalar Quantization and Vector Quantization.
In scalar quantization, each input symbol is treated separately in producing the
output, while in vector quantization the input symbols are clubbed together in
groups called vectors, and processed to give the output. This clubbing of data and
treating them as a single unit increases the optimality of the vector quantizer, but at
the cost of increased computational complexity. Here, we'll take a look at scalar
quantization.

A quantizer can be specified by its input partitions and output levels (also called
reproduction points). If the input range is divided into levels of equal spacing, then
the quantizer is termed as a Uniform Quantizer, and if not, it is termed as a Non-
Uniform Quantizer. A uniform quantizer can be easily specified by its lower bound
and the step size. Also, implementing a uniform quantizer is easier than a non-
uniform quantizer. Take a look at the uniform quantizer shown below. If the input
falls between n*r and (n+1)*r, the quantizer outputs the symbol n.

Fig 1. A uniform quantizer


EXAMPLE OF A QUANTIZED WAVEFORM
WORKING PRINCIPLE

Mathematically, the decision and the reconstruction levels are solutions to the
above set of nonlinear equations. In general, closed form solutions to equations
(6.3) and (6.4) do not exist and they need to be solved by numerical techniques.
Using numerical techniques, these equations could be solved in an iterative way
by first assuming an initial set of values for the decision levels{di}. For
simplicity, one can start with decision levels corresponding to uniform
quantization, where decision levels are equally spaced. Based on the initial set
of decision levels, the reconstruction levels can be computed using equation
(6.3) if the pdf of the input variable to the quantizer is known. These
reconstruction levels are used in equation (6.4) to obtain the updated values
of{di}. Solutions of equations (6.3) and (6.4) are iteratively repeated until a
convergence in the decision and reconstruction levels are achieved. In most of
the cases, the convergence is achieved quite fast for a wide range of initial
values.
WAVEFORM
CASE STUDY
LLYOD MAX QUANTIZER PROPERTIES:
Uniform and non-uniform quantization
Lloyd-Max quantizers described above perform non-uniform quantization if the
pdf of the input variable is not uniform. This is expected, since we should
perform finer quantization (that is, the decision levels more closely packed and
consequently more number of reconstruction levels) wherever the pdf is large
and coarser quantization (that is, decision levels widely spaced apart and hence,
less number of reconstruction levels), wherever pdf is low. In contrast, the
reconstruction levels are equally spaced in uniform quantization, i.e.,
Information theoretic analysis

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