Defining Internet of Things

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IEEE_IoT_Towards_Definition_Internet_of_Things_Issue1_14MAY15.pdf
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%89%A9%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=134&doi=10.11648/
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http://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.psjd-86f8be9b-
ee85-43ea-9a09-71f79f74684b
http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IoT_Clusterbook_March_2010.pdf
https://icc2016.ieee-icc.org/content/keynotes
http://studenttheses.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10417/5706/katrina_lynn_fugl.pdf?sequence=1
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/879d/c38c66b46f67609adae92b5f66cacbb3a932.pdf
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URKUND ICGTSTHCM_2019_paper_79.doc (D46283270)
Defining Internet of Things: A Survey Nishad D. Patel1, Prof. Dr. Hitendra D. Patil2 1Lecturer,
S.S.V.P.S’s B. S. Deore Polytechnic, Dhule (M.S.) 2Principal, S.S.V.P.S’s B. S. Deore College of
Engineering, Dhule (M.S.)
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Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is often seen as
a network of physical objects and infrastructure that interact with each other, often
autonomously. IoT connects people and things seamlessly forming a symbiotic relationship. In
pervasive presence of IoT, services are provided as commodity. Since its inception,
developments in Internet and Things in particular, added values to IoT and causing evolution.
This evolution has forced us to reform the definition of IoT from time to time. This work is an
attempt made to cognize relevant but varied definitions of IoT.
Keywords: Internet of Things, IoT, Things, RFID, Ubiquitous Computing, Pervasive Computing
1. Introduction
Kevin Ashton, in 1999, during his tenure with AutoId Center of Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, used a term “Internet of Things” while presenting the idea of linking RFID in
Procter & Gamble’s supply chain to Internet. [1]. This term created ripples giving a life to new
vision. The idea of connecting RFID to Internet to track the movement of goods is now
transformed into a paradigm covering all areas of everyday life of individual, enterprises and
society as a whole, making it more and more pervasive. Such pervasiveness requires the
integration of various domains into single unified domain.
The IoT is not a single technology. Various information and communication technologies are
converging together to fulfill the vision of IoT giving the potential to provide unlimited
benefits and services to our society and is expected to create its own value. As services grow
more widespread, IoT is evolving as a promising technology and creating high impact on
several aspects of day to day life and behavior of potential users [2]. IoT has become a global
network and service infrastructure. The applications of IoT are numerous and diverse. The
implications of the technologies and their combination used in IoT are so profound that, IoT
forms a base of fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0).
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The goal of IoT is to enable
things to be connected
anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any path / network and any
service [3].
2
Several industrial, standardization and research bodies all over the world are involved in the
development of IoT to achieve this goal. In this paper, attempt is made to gather various
aspects that are considered during development of IoT. We have tried to gather varied IoT
definitions and maintain the chronology so as to understand the evolution also.
2. IoT Evolution and Definition
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Internet of Things, is a dynamic network of billions or trillions of wireless identifiable things,

communicating with one another and fusing the
physical world with digital one by bringing different concepts and technical components
together. Various applications, from diverse areas, are getting integrated into a single
ecosystem with a shared user interface.
The phrase, “Internet of Things” is made up of two terms – Internet and Things. Development
on the first term “Internet”, which has its origin in ARPANET project, was started in 1969. The
aim was to interconnect computers of U. S. Defense Department. Nowadays, Internet is not
only a network of computers, but has evolved into a network of devices of all types and sizes,
vehicles, smart phones, home appliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments, industrial
systems (commonly referred as “Things”) all connected and communicating, sharing
information all the time. Today’s Internet has become a global infrastructure [3].
The second term “Things”
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could be defined as a real / physical or digital / virtual entity that exist and move in space and
time and is capable of being
indentified. Definition of “Things” keeps on evolving [4]. “
Things” can be perceived in a different way and depending on the domain in which it is used.
Initially, only RFID, sensors, actuators, objects having intelligence were considered as “Things”.
But today’s technology has made it possible to connect people, data, processes and things
making it “Internet of Everything” (IoE). Incorporating nano-sensors in diverse objects through
the nano networks forms an “Internet of Nano Things” (IoNE) [5].
Properties of IoT like interconnectivity, things related services, device heterogeneity, dynamic
changes in state of devices, massive scale of interconnected devices have influenced
technologies that enable things to acquire and process information and improve security,
3
privacy (enabling technologies of IoT) [3]. These properties and enabling technologies have
played influential role while defining of IoT.
There are several definitions of IoT derived from different perspectives. These definitions
cover basic components of IoT – “Internet” and “Things”. The development of Internet is also
responsible to the evolution of IoT.
It all started from discovery of Radar by a Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt
in 1935. Radar works on principal of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Its use in detecting
enemy planes in World War II, triggered the idea of using RFID Tags to identify the objects.
Advances continued through 1950s, 1960s. Eventually first RFID Tag was patented in 1973 [6].
Mark Weiser who was working at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), put forth the idea of
Ubiquitous Computing (ubicomp). In ubicomp, profound technologies weave themselves into
fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it, thus making technology
disappear. According to him, in smart environment, the physical world is invisibly interwoven
with sensors, actuators, displays, and computational elements and connected through a
continuous network and embedded seamlessly in the everyday objects of our lives.
Researchers at Xerox tried to create human-to-human interface using technology in the late
1980s resulted in ubiquities computing. This was one of the first successful attempts to
connect objects to Internet [7].
Since its discovery RFID has gone through various developments. Use of RFID tags was very
common. In 1999,
Uniform Code Council, EAN International, Procter & Gamble and Gillette put up funding to
establish the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
The aim was to find
any broad class of identification technologies used in industry to automate, reduce errors,
and increase efficiency. These technologies include bar codes, smart cards, sensors, voice
recognition, and biometrics.
David Brock and Sanjay Sarma, professors at Auto-ID Center,
4
had been researching the possibility of putting low-cost RFID tags on all products to track
them through the supply chain. Their idea was to put only a serial number on the tag to keep
the price down.
Data associated with the serial number on the tag would be stored in a database that would
be accessible over the Internet. Sarma and Brock essentially changed the way people
thought about RFID in the supply chain [6].
In same year, one of the members of Auto-ID Center of MIT, Kevin Ashton, coined the term
“Internet of Things” to refer to a network where RFID tags connected to Internet. In 2003,
members of Auto-ID Center of MIT developed Electronic Product Code (EPC) to provide an
universal identifiers for any specific item. The aim was to support the spread use of RFID in
worldwide modern trading networks and to create industry driven global standards [8].
RFID was most sought after technology used to connect and identify an object connected to
Internet. IoT was not defined formally. Technological advances made it possible to provide
“always on” services that provided relevant content and information to users, wherever they
may be located [6]. In 2003-2004, the emergence of projects such as Cooltown, Internet 0, and
the Disappearing Computer initiative started serving the IoT idea. IoT started to appear in
book titles for the first time. US Department of Defense deployed RFID on a massive scale.
In 2005, IoT achieve a new level when International Telecommunication Union published a
report on Internet of Things. ITU suggested to
connect the world’s objects, in both – sensory and intelligent manner,
using technologies like
item identification (“tagging things”), sensors and wireless sensor networks (“feeling things”),
embedded systems (“thinking things”), and nanotechnology (“shrinking things”) [9].
In 2008 a group of companies such as Cisco, Intel, SAP and over 50 other members
of companies met to create IPSO Alliance, to promote the use of Internet protocol (IP)
and to activate IoT concept.
5
In year 2009, Cluster of European Research Project (CERP) envision IoT as a paradigm that will
bind physical and digital world by bringing together different concepts and technical
components of pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence. The ITU
and Internet of Things – European Research Cluster (IERC ) definition of IoT
states that
IoT
is
a “dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard
and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have
identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities
and
use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the information network” [3].
Coordination and Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities and Standardization, (
CASAGRAS) an 18-month E.U.-funded project was carried out by an international group of

companies and organizations working on RFID and other standards. In 2009 they published a
report regarding Internet of Things saying that IoT should not be developed exclusively
around radio frequency identification, but other automatic identification and data capture
technologies must also be used, and new sensor and communication technologies and
networks must also be incorporated. CASAGRAS defined IoT stating that IoT is a “
A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects through the exploitation
of data capture and communication capabilities. This infrastructure includes existing and
evolving Internet and network developments. It will offer specific object identification,
sensor, connection capability as the basis for the development of independent cooperative
services and applications. These will be characterized by a high degree of autonomous data
capture, event transfer, network connectivity and interoperability” [10].
6
During tracking the evolution of Internet of Things concept across various application
domains, Ibarra-Esquer J. E. et. al., noted that, definition of IoT proposed by CERP, and
CASAGRA are the two most referred definitions adopted by researchers [11].
Advancement in sensor technologies and improvement in device capabilities made it possible

to execute business logic at the edges of network. This helped in making business processes
decentralize and benefitted in performance, scalability and local decision making. Considering
these improvements, CERP further extended idea of IoT by including 6 As and 6 Cs to allow “
people and
things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and Anyone, ideally using Any path
/ network and Any service
implying addressing elements as Convergence, Content, Collections (Repositories),
Computing, Communication and Connectivity” so that people and things will be seamlessly
interconnected and will have symbiotic relationship” [12].
IEEE observed the diversity of research on IoT, and fuzziness caused by its definition. To
address these issues, and for the better understanding of the subject, IEEE IoT Initiative
published a report on its web portal in 2015. The aim was
to give
an all-inclusive
definition of IoT that ranges from small localized systems to a large global system that is
distributed and made of complex systems.
Two distinct definitions were proposed depending on size and complexity of systems [8].
IoT for small environment scenario, where uniquely identifiable “thing” is connected to
Internet, will have low complexity and can be defined
as, “
An IoT is
7
a network that connect uniquely identifiable “Thing” to the Internet. The “things” have
sensing / actuation and potential
programmabilities. Through the exploitation of unique identification and sensing,
information about the “thing” can be collected and the state of the “thing” can be changed
from anywhere, anytime, by anything” [8].
In large environment scenario,
where complexity of IoT system grows because of
large number of things gets interconnected to deliver complex service and support an
execution of complex process. In such large environment,
as shown in figure 1,
definition of IoT states
that, “Internet of Things envisions
a self-configuring, adaptive, complex network that interconnects ’things’ to the Internet
through the use of
standard communication
protocols. The interconnected things have physical or virtual representation in the digital
world, sensing/actuation capability, a programmability feature and are uniquely identifiable.
The representation contains information including the thing’s identity, status, location or any
other business, social or privately relevant information. The things offer services, with or
without human intervention, through the exploitation of unique identification, data capture
and communication, and actuation capability. The service is exploited
through the use of
intelligent interfaces and is made available anywhere, anytime, and for anything taking
security into consideration.”
Figure 1. Features and scope of an IoT system [8]
8
In their research on study of IoT on various trends and future directions from the social
science perspective [13], Lee et. al. divided several definitions suggested in variety of fields
into four categories.
i) IoT as Intelligent objects: Things have intelligence are most prominent feature of IoT. These
things have their own identities and thinking making them smart objects. These concepts are
related to “Ambient Intelligence”, where technology identifies and performs necessary tasks
without human instructions.
ii) IoT as an extension of Internet: IoT is understood as an evolution of a Web, where
network of items, each embedded with sensors, are connected to Internet,
resulting in integration of real world with the Web. In this IoT provides Web based
environment for networked devices.
iii) IoT as a global network infrastructure: The further extension of Internet becomes global
infrastructure, where physical world ultimately integrated into virtual world providing a
“Pervasive Computing” environment, synonymous to “Ubiquitous Computing”. At the core of
which, lies the ideology that vanishes technologies in the background making them
indistinguishable, disappear from user, weaving IoT into everyday life activities.
iv) IoT as an interaction of information: IoT can viewed as connection of “things information”
or “product information”, rather than only connection of things themselves. Thus IoT can be
seen as “Semantic Web” with regards to both, the semantic meaning and its practical
properties.
All definitions of IoT are trying to address central issues as interoperability of interconnected
devices, higher degree of smartness of devices enabling their adaption and autonomous
behavior, and at the same time guaranteeing trust, privacy, and security [4].
IoT has been defined in various ways. Most of the definitions proposed by various institutions,
researchers tried to cover all aspects of “Internet” and “Things” as desired in “Internet of
Things” paradigm and its expansion into Internet of Everything (IoE), leading to Internet of
Anything (IoA or Io>*<).
Lack of common or unified definition of IoT can be observed. The technology itself is on a
maturing stage or it is interpreted according to specific needs, interests, or technical bias. The
meaning of the term continuously evolves because technology and the ideas behind it change
themselves over time [11].
Today, technology is progressing at exponential rate. This trend may remain same in future
also. We are witnessing the evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) from merely connecting RFID
tags in the field of supply chain management with Internet, to a more comprehensive
9
paradigm where various technologies are conversing for extending the reach of Internet
encompassing every object across the globe. IoT has made it possible to provide services as
commodity. 3. Conclusion
Involvement of “Things” from very diverse areas, smart objects, devices, product, processes,
and living beings etc. are getting involved in IoT and making it possible to provide more and
more services in diverse domains. Sometimes services are provided by a single domain, or a
set of domains or across various domains.
We conclude that, presently varied definitions of IoT proposed by various groups, describes
IoT rather than defining. At the same time enabling technologies of IoT are constantly under
development. These rapid changes are churning the complete scenario making IoT more
dynamic. This dynamic nature of IoT is creating fuzziness. Moreover, IoT also is being defined
and used according to the phrase - beauty lies in the eyes of beholder - everybody has a
different view and opinion about IoT. These factors keep IoT evolving and are compelling the
reformation of IoT definition.
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Hit and source - focused comparison, Side by Side:
Left side: As student entered the text in the submitted document.

Right side: As the text appears in the source.
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IEEE_IoT_Towards_Definition_Internet_of_Things_Issue1_14MAY1
could be defined as a real / physical or digital / virtual entity that 5.pdf 93%
exist and move in space and time and is capable of being
could be defined as a real/physical or digital/virtual entity that
exists and move in space and time and is capable of being
Uniform Code Council, EAN International, Procter & Gamble and 5.pdf 100%
Gillette put up funding to establish the Auto-ID Center at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Uniform Code Council, EAN International, Procter & Gamble and
Gillette put up funding to establish the Auto-ID Center at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
5.pdf 100%
13
had been researching the possibility of putting low-cost RFID had been researching the possibility of putting low-cost RFID
tags on all products to track them through the supply chain. tags on all products to track them through the supply chain.
Their idea was to put only a serial number on the tag to keep the Their idea was to put only a serial number on the tag to keep the
price down. price down,
Data associated with the serial number on the tag would be 5.pdf 100%
stored in a database that would be accessible over the Internet.
Sarma and Brock essentially changed the way people thought Data associated with the serial number on the tag would be
about RFID in the supply chain [6]. stored in a database that would be accessible over the Internet.
Sarma and Brock essentially changed the way people thought
about RFID in the supply chain.

states that 5.pdf 95%
IoT states that IoT is (IERC, “Internet of Things,” 2014): "A dynamic
global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities
is
based on standard and interoperable communication protocols
a “dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical
capabilities based on standard and interoperable attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces,
communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” and are seamlessly integrated into the information network."
have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities
and
14
use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the

information network” [3].

Coordination and Support Action for Global RFID-related 5.pdf 100%
Activities and Standardization, (
Coordination and support action for global RFID-related
activities and standardization,”

A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual 5.pdf 99%
objects through the exploitation of data capture and
communication capabilities. This infrastructure includes existing A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual
and evolving Internet and network developments. It will offer objects through the exploitation of data capture and
specific object identification, sensor, connection capability as the communication capabilities. This infrastructure includes existing
basis for the development of independent cooperative services and evolving Internet and network developments. It will offer
and applications. These will be characterized by a high degree of specific object-identification, sensor and connection capability as
autonomous data capture, event transfer, network connectivity the basis for the development of independent cooperative
and interoperability” [10]. services and
23 applications. These will be characterized by a high degree of

autonomous data capture, event transfer, network connectivity
and interoperability.”
15

to give 5.pdf 100%
an all-inclusive to give an all-inclusive definition of IoT that ranges from small

localized systems to a large global system that is distributed and
definition of IoT that ranges from small localized systems to a
made of complex systems.
large global system that is distributed and made of complex
systems.

as, “ 5.pdf 89%
An IoT is as follows: “An IoT is a network that connects uniquely

identifiable “Things” to the Internet. The “Things” have sensing/
a network that connect uniquely identifiable “Thing” to the
actuation and potential programmability capabilities. Through
Internet. The “things” have sensing / actuation and potential
the exploitation of
programmabilities. Through the exploitation of unique
74 unique identification and sensing, information about the
identification and sensing,
“Thing” can be collected and the state of the ‘Thing’ can be
information about the “thing” can be collected and the state of changed from anywhere, anytime, by anything.“
the “thing” can be changed from anywhere, anytime, by
anything” [8].
16

large number of things gets interconnected to deliver complex 5.pdf 78%
service and support an execution of complex process. In such
large environment, large amount of “Things” can be interconnected to deliver a
complex service and support an execution of a complex process.
In such large environments,

definition of IoT states 5.pdf 97%
that, “Internet of Things envisions definition of IoT: “Internet of Things envisions a self-configuring,
adaptive, complex network that interconnects ’things’ to the
a self-configuring, adaptive, complex network that interconnects
Internet through the use of standard communication protocols.
’things’ to the Internet
The interconnected things have physical or virtual
through the use of representation in the digital world, sensing/actuation capability,
a programmability feature and are uniquely identifiable. The
standard communication representation contains information including the thing’s
identity, status, location or any other business, social or privately
protocols. The interconnected things have physical or virtual relevant information. The things offer services, with or without
representation in the digital world, sensing/actuation capability, human intervention, through the exploitation of unique
a programmability feature and are uniquely identifiable. The identification, data capture and communication, and actuation
representation contains information including the thing’s capability. The service is exploited through the use of intelligent
identity, status, location or any other business, social or privately interfaces and is made available anywhere, anytime, and for
relevant information. The things offer services, with or without anything taking security into consideration.” Figure 25. Features
human intervention, through the exploitation of unique and scope of an IoT system
17
identification, data capture and communication, and actuation

capability. The service is exploited
through the use of
intelligent interfaces and is made available anywhere, anytime,

and for anything taking security into consideration.”
Figure 1. Features and scope of an IoT system [8]

network of items, each embedded with sensors, are connected 5.pdf 90%
to Internet,
network of items—each embedded with sensors—which are
connected to the Internet.”

Towards a definition of the Internet of Things (IoT), Issue 1, 5.pdf 100%
Published
Towards a definition of the Internet of Things (IoT) Issue 1 –
Published 13

5.pdf 96%
18
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19
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24 97% 24: https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%89%A9%E8%81%94%E7%

BD%91 97%
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Jayavardhana Gubbi; Rajkumar Buyya; Slaven Marusic;
Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu Marimuthu Palaniswami. Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision,
Architectural Elements, and Future Directions (PDF). Future
Palaniswami, “
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Generation
Computer Systems,
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23 78% 23: http://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/

bwmeta1.element.psjd-86f8be9b-ee85-43ea-9a09-71f79f74684b
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22
Instances from: http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IoT_Clusterbook_March_2010.pdf
3 84% 3: http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/
IoT_Clusterbook_March_2010.pdf 84%
Internet of Things, is a dynamic network of billions or trillions of
wireless identifiable things, communicating with one another Internet of Things will create a dynamic network of billions or
and fusing the trillions of wireless identifiable “things” communicating with one
another and integrating the
Things” can be perceived in a different way and depending on
the domain in which it is used. Things” can be perceived in a different way and depending on
the domain in which it is used.
any broad class of identification technologies used in industry to
automate, reduce errors, and increase efficiency. These any broad class of identification technologies used in industry
technologies include bar codes, smart cards, sensors, voice to automate, reduce errors, and increase efficiency. These
recognition, and biometrics. technologies include bar codes, smart cards, sensors, voice
recognition, and biometrics.

23
connect the world’s objects, in both – sensory and intelligent connect the world's objects in both a sensory and intelligent
manner, manner

item identification (“tagging things”), sensors and wireless
sensor networks (“feeling things”), embedded systems (“thinking item identification ("tagging things"), sensors and wireless
things”), and nanotechnology (“shrinking things”) [9]. sensor networks ("feeling things"), embedded systems ("thinking
things") and nanotechnology ("shrinking things").

of companies met to create IPSO Alliance, to promote the use of
Internet protocol (IP) of companies launched the IPSO Alliance to promote the use of
Internet Protocol (IP)

people and
people and
things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and
Anyone, ideally using Any path / network and Any service things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and
Anyone, ideally using Any path/network and Any service.
implying addressing elements as Convergence, Content,
Collections (Repositories), This implies addressing elements such as Convergence, Content,
Collections (Repositories),
24
Instances from: https://icc2016.ieee-icc.org/content/keynotes
1 100% 1: https://icc2016.ieee-icc.org/content/keynotes 100%
Abstract Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is often seen as
The Internet of Things (IoT) is often seen as
25
Instances from: http://studenttheses.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10417/5706/katrina_lynn_fugl.pdf?sequence=1
2 100% 2: http://studenttheses.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10417/5706/
katrina_lynn_fugl.pdf?sequence=1 100%
The goal of IoT is to enable
the goal of IoT “is to enable
things to be connected
things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and
anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any anyone ideally using any path/network and any service” (
path / network and any service [3].

Mazhelis O., Luoma E., Warma H., “Defining an Internet-of-
Things Ecosystem”, Editors Andreev S., Balandin S., Koucheryavy Mazhelis, O., Luoma, E., & Warma, H. 2012. Defining an Internet-
of-Things Ecosystem. In S. Andreev, S. Balandin, & Y.
Koucheryavy (

Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation
Networking, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Net-
working – Lecture Notes in Computer Science,
26
Instances from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/879d/c38c66b46f67609adae92b5f66cacbb3a932.pdf
29 68% 29: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/879d/

c38c66b46f67609adae92b5f66cacbb3a932.pdf 68%
Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda (SRA),
Internet of Things (CERP-IoT), CERP-IoT Research Roadmap,
Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things ( 2009. 28. Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet
of Things (CERP-IoT),
CERP-
IoT), 2009.
[13]
27

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URKUND

Urkund Analysis Result

Sources included in the report:

Instances where selected sources appear:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is often seen as

The goal of IoT is to enable

2. IoT Evolution and Definition

Internet of Things, is a dynamic network of billions or trillions of wireless identifiable things,

The second term “Things”

indentified. Definition of “Things” keeps on evolving [4]. “

The aim was to find

David Brock and Sanjay Sarma, professors at Auto-ID Center,

connect the world’s objects, in both – sensory and intelligent manner,

using technologies like

and to activate IoT concept.

CASAGRAS) an 18-month E.U.-funded project was carried out by an international group of

Advancement in sensor technologies and improvement in device capabilities made it possible

implying addressing elements as Convergence, Content, Collections (Repositories),

programmabilities. Through the exploitation of unique identification and sensing,

In large environment scenario,

where complexity of IoT system grows because of

definition of IoT states

that, “Internet of Things envisions

a self-configuring, adaptive, complex network that interconnects ’things’ to the Internet

through the use of

through the use of

Figure 1. Features and scope of an IoT system [8]

ii) IoT as an extension of Internet: IoT is understood as an evolution of a Web, where

network of items, each embedded with sensors, are connected to Internet,

[1] Kevin Ashton, That ’Internet of Things’ Thing, RFiD Journal,

Vol 22, (2009),

Volume 54, Issue 15, (2010), pp 2787-2805.

[3] O. Vermesan and P.

Internet of Things – From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment,

Aalborg, Denmark, (2014),

Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu

Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions”,

Volume 29, Issue 7, 2013, pp 1645-1660.

Y, ruSMART 2012, NEW2AN 2012:

vol 7469, (2012), pp 1-14, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2012).

Towards a definition of the Internet of Things (IoT), Issue 1, Published

by IEEE IoT Initiative Web Portal, (2015).

[10] EU FP7 Project CASAGRAS, “

Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda (SRA),

Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things (

Hit and source - focused comparison, Side by Side:

Left side: As student entered the text in the submitted document.

Instances from: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/IEEE_IoT_Towards_Definition_Internet_of_Things_Issue1_14MAY15.pdf

13 95% 13: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/

use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the

14 100% 14: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/

15 99% 15: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/

23 applications. These will be characterized by a high degree of

17 100% 17: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/

an all-inclusive to give an all-inclusive definition of IoT that ranges from small

18 89% 18: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/

An IoT is as follows: “An IoT is a network that connects uniquely

19 78% 19: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/

20 97% 20: https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/