MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (A) Attempt ant THREE of the following (12)
(a) Explain the process of hydration of cement.
Ans. Hydration of cement:
i. It is exothermic chemical reaction takes place when water is
added to cement, which gives rise cement paste and large heat
evolved about 120 cal/gm. is called as hydration of cement.
ii. For complete hydration of cement, 38% water by weight of
cement is required. It is the reaction (series of chemical
reactions) of cement with water to form the binding material.
In other words, in the presence of water, the silicates (C3S and
C2S) and aluminates (C3A and C4AF) form products of
hydration which in time produce a firm and hard mass - the
4 4
hydrated cement paste.
iii. There are two ways in which compounds of the type present in
cement can react with water. In the first, a direct addition of
some molecules of water takes place, this being a true reaction
of hydration.
iv. The second type of reaction with water is hydrolysis, in which
its nature can be illustrated using the C3S hydration equation:
3CaO.SiO2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + xCaO.ySiO2. (calcium
silicate hydrate)

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (b) Draw labelled diagram of vicat apparatus with plunger, initial &
final setting needle.
Ans.

4 4

Fig. Vicat’s Apparatus with Plunger and Needle

(c) State any four types of cement with their special uses.
Ans.
Types of cement and their uses:
1. Ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
i. Ordinary PCC and RCC construction work
ii.Plastering and water proofing works
iii.Drainage works
2. Rapid Hardening cement (RHC)
i. Road construction where delay in traffic is not required
ii.Tremie method of concreting in underwater construction
works. 1 4
iii.Manufacturing of concrete products like fencing pole, electric each
pole, doors and windows frames (any
iv.Cold weather concreting four)
3. Low heat cement (LHC)
i. Mass concreting works like construction of abutment,
retaining wall bridge, dam etc.
ii. Construction of chimney of factory
iii.Construction of machine foundations
4. Portland pozzalana cement (PPC)
i. All construction works where OPC is used i.e. PCC and RCC
ii.Construction of hydraulic structure

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 iii. Mass concreting work
5. Sulphate resisting cement
i. Construction of foundation on soil and water containing high
% of SO4.
ii. Marine and seashore construction
iii.Underground laying of RCC pipes in acidic soils.
6. Blast furnace slag cement (BFSC)
i. All construction works where OPC is used.
ii.Mass concreting
iii.Marine works
7. White cement (WC)
i. Decoration Works i.e. False ceiling
ii.Finishing works i.e. internal plastering
iii.Waterproofing works
(Note: Any other type of cement should be considered.)
(d) As a site engineer write steps you will take to store cement on site.
Ans. Steps to take while storing cement on site:
i. Ensure the separate industrial shade to store the cement at site.
ii. Building should be with 150 mm concrete floor and 230mm
brick walls.
iii. There should be D.P.C. (1:4:8) to avoid dampness. 4 4
iv. Actual stacking should be on wooden planks 300 mm above
ground floor.
v. Bags should not be stacked more than 8 to 10 bags vertically.
vi. Stacking should be lengthwise and widthwise alternatively.
vii. Stacking should be 300 mm away from walls with 1 m gap
between two rows for easy handling.
viii. One should ensure that there should be exhaust fans and
windows for ventilation.
(B) Attempt any ONE of the following: (6)
(a) Define fineness modulus and write procedure to determine FM of
fine aggregate in Lab.
Ans.
Fineness Modulus: It is defined as the ratio of sum of cumulative
percentage of weight retained on various IS sieves taken up to 150 µ 1
sieve divided by empirical constant 100.
Procedure to determine FM of fine aggregate in Lab :
To determine fineness modulus, sieve analysis of fine aggregate
sample is done as per following procedure.
i. Arrange the set of IS. Sieves i.e. 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm,
600µ, 300µ, 150µ, 75µ, in descending order with coarser
sieve at top and finer sieve at bottom.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 ii. Take the oven dried fine aggregate (sand) sample about 500gm
and put it on topmost sieve. Place lid and pan at top and
bottom of sieve set respectively.
iii. Keep this assembly on mechanical sieve shaker and shake it
3 6
for 15-20 minutes, so that the sand will be completely sieved.
iv. Take the weight of sand fraction retained on each sieve
separately and calculate the % finer using following tabular
format.
Sieve size Weight % Weight Cumulative %
(mm) retained (gm) retained weight retained
1
∑=

v. Calculate fineness modulus of given aggregate sample as

1
FM = (∑ Cumulative % weight retained up to 150µ) / 100.

(b) Write any three properties of coarse aggregate and their effects on
behaviour of concrete.
Ans. i. Size: If coarse aggregate is of larger size used in concrete, it
gives less workability and concrete becomes porous in nature.
ii. Shape: If the shape of coarse aggregate particles is flaky or
elongated will result in difficulty in mixing. Even rounded
coarse aggregate will give weak interlocking of particles but
void ratio is less. Angular shape coarse aggregate gives
required bonding and strength.
2
iii. Surface texture: Smooth texture of coarse aggregate mixed each 6
with sand will result in low workability in the form of (any
segregation. Rough textured aggregate will give strength to three)
concrete.
iv. Water absorption: If coarse aggregate has more water
absorption capacity then concrete will become harsh indicating
reduced workability and honeycombed finishing.
v. Specific gravity: The more specific gravity of coarse
aggregate will increase dead load of concrete structure. The
lesser specific gravity gives light weight concreting.
vi. Bulk density: If the bulk density of coarse aggregate is more,
then lesser voids in concrete gives dense and compacted mass.
But less bulk density of coarse aggregate requires more cement
slurry and may result in porous concrete and uneconomical.
vii. Fineness Modulus: If FM of coarse aggregate is not in
between 2.9 to 3.2, then such aggregate will not be well
graded, hence it will not satisfy strength requirement.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
viii. Impact or crushing strength: The impact or crushing
strength of coarse aggregate should be less than 45%; otherwise
load carrying capacity of concrete will reduce.
ix. Alkali aggregate reaction: This is undesirable reaction takes
place due to chemical reactive aggregate, which gives rise to
various cracks on concrete surface.
(Note: Any other property should be considered.)

Q.2 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16)

(a) State any four grades of concrete as per IS 456 – 2000 with their
proportion.
Ans. There are four categories of concrete grades as follows depending
upon compressive strength of cube obtained after 28 days curing in
N/mm2.
i.M10 = 1:3:6 1 4
ii.M15 = 1:2:4 each
iii.M20 = 1:1.5:3
iv.M25 = 1:1:2
(b) Write importance of w/c ratio in concrete technology.
Ans. i. The W/C ratio plays very vital role in concrete mixture. The
improper or random selection of W/C ratio leads in various
defects in both fresh and hardened concrete.
ii. If W/C ratio is less (e.g. w/c= 1/4 = 0.25), then concrete will
become harsh and results in honeycombing or porous nature 4 4
due to poor workability.
iii. If w/c ratio is more (e.g. w/c= 3/4= 0.75), then concrete
undergoes segregation and bleeding. Thus finally concrete
shows defects in it.
iv. The w/c ratio should be optimum, which depends on grade of
concrete and exposure conditions hence w/c ratio should be
selected from IS: 456-2000.
v. If w/c ratio is opted out properly as mentioned above, then
concrete possess good workability, compressive strength and
durability.
vi. If w/c ratio is not proper, then the mixture is non- homogenous
due to improper mixing, then concrete results in segregation.
vii. If higher w/c ratio is adopted, then more chances of bleeding
takes place. The excessive vibration results in bleeding in
concrete. To avoid bleeding, proper w/c ratio should be
adopted as IS: 456-2000.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (c) State four factors affecting workability property of concrete.
Factors affecting workability of concrete:
i. Water content (W/C ratio)
ii. Mix proportions of concrete
iii. Size of aggregate 1 4
iv. Shape of aggregate each
v. Surface texture of aggregate (any
vi. Grading of aggregate four)
vii. Use of admixtures
viii. Water absorption of aggregate
ix. Temperature

(d) Explain the procedure of determining compressive strength of

Ans. concrete.
i. Take three cube moulds of 15 cm side and apply oil to its inner
surface.
ii. Prepare the concrete mixture of required grade and fill it in
each mould in three layers. Compact each layer evenly spaced
25 times strokes with 16 mm. diameter standard tamping rod.
Compaction of concrete is done by using table vibrator to
remove air completely from concrete.
iii. Keep all the moulds at room temperature for 24 hrs for initial
hardening and at relative humidity 90%.
iv. Remove cube moulds and keep concrete cubes under fresh 4 4
water for curing for 7, 14, 21, 28 days.
v. Remove cube from water after curing period and keep it under
compression testing machine (CTM) for testing.
vi. Apply compressive load at a rate of 4 tones / min for 10
minutes or till failure of cube. Note down the failure load in
kN shown by red pointer of dial gauge.
vii. Calculate compressive strength of each cube. Take failure load
in N and cross sectional area of cube in mm2.
viii. Calculate average compressive strength of three test cubes in
N/mm2.

(e) State any four objectives of concrete mix design.

Ans. Objectives of mix design :

i. To achieve a specified compressive strength of concrete.

ii. To reduce wastage of concrete by correct proportioning.
iii. To achieve economy by selecting appropriate concrete 1 4
ingredients. each
iv. To maintain workability of concrete mix throughout work. (any
v. To avoid chances of harshness, segregation and bleeding in four)
fresh concrete.
vi. To obtain maximum possible yield per bag of cement.
vii. To get homogeneous mixture of concrete.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (f) Write any four types of NDT of concrete and state importance of
NDT in present construction practices.
Ans. Types of NDT:
i. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test
ii. Rebound Hammer test
iii. Radioactive method
½
iv. Nuclear method each
v. Electrical method (any
vi. Magnetic method four)
vii. Surface Hardness method
viii. Penetration and Pull out techniques

Importance of NDT : 4
i. NDT is important to know the present condition of existing
structures.
ii. It is also important to get the strength of concrete without
breaking the concrete mass.
iii. It is significant to test the homogeneity of concrete by finding
internal flaws, cavities. 2
iv. It is also essential to get the idea of overall quality of concrete
within short period.
v. NDT test simple to conduct and the test results of are also easy
to interpret.
vi. These tests can be conducted at various difficult site
conditions, indicating wide applicability.
Q.3 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16)
(a) Write classification of aggregates according to source and size.
Ans. Classification of aggregate according to source:
i. Natural aggregate: The aggregates are found in the natural
sources like river basin, sea bed, slope deposits. e.g. pit run
gravel, sand.
ii. Crushed rock aggregate: These aggregate is formed by
crushing the various rocks obtained from quarries. e.g. stone
2
aggregates
iii. Artificial aggregate: The aggregate are made up of various
waste materials. e.g. burnt clays, artificial cinders, steel rivet,
iron ore etc.
iv. Recycled aggregate: These aggregate is manufactured by
crushing inert construction and demolition waste.
4

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 Classification of aggregate according to Size:

i. Fine aggregate: The aggregates having size of particles less

than 4.75m, are called as fine aggregate 2
ii. Coarse aggregate: The aggregates having size of particles more
than 4.75mm are called as coarse aggregate
iii. All in one aggregate: The aggregate containing both fine and
coarse aggregates is called as all in one aggregate.

(b) Write procedure to determine silt content of sand in Lab.

Fig. Silt Content

i. Prepare 1% salt solution by adding 10 gm. common salt in
1000 ml water.
ii. Fill this salt solution upto 50 ml. mark in measuring cylinder.
Now add sand sample in it to reach the mixture upto 100 ml.
mark. Finally add more salt solution to reach total volume upto
150 ml.
iii. Shake the mixture vigoursly using both palms. Now keep it at 3 4
room temperature for 3 hours to separate silt layer above sand
sample as shown in figure above.
iv. Measure the separated volumes of sand and silt as V1 and V2
respectively.
v. Calculate the silt content of given sand sample in percentage as
(V2/V1) x 100.
vi. Repeat all above steps by taking sand sample at different
locations to get accurate and average silt content in sand.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3
(c) Determine FM of fine aggregate from following data.
Initial weight = 500gm
Sieve size (mm) 4.75 2.36 1.18 600μ 300μ 150μ Pan
Weight Retained
10 50 50 90 180 100 30
(gm)

Ans. Sieve Wt. Cumulative %Cumulative

size Retained wt. retained wt. retained
(gm) (gm)
4.75mm 10 10 2
2.36mm 50 60 12 3 4
1.18mm 50 110 22
600μ 90 200 40
300μ 180 380 76
150μ 100 480 96
Pan 30 510 -
Total 510 - 248

Fineness Modulus of sand = (Sum of % cumulative wt. retained upto

150μ I.S. Sieve) / 100 1
F. M. = 248/100
F. M. = 2.48
(Note: If total weight of sample taken 510gm. and attempted should be considered.)

Write Lab procedure to determine Impact Value of coarse

(d) aggregate.
i. Take oven dried aggregate sample passing through 12.5 mm IS
Ans. sieve and retained on 10 mm IS sieve.
ii. Fill this aggregate in impact mould within 3 layers. Compact
each layer evenly spaced 25 times stroke by using standard
tamping rod.
iii. Calculate the weight of aggregate filled by subtracting empty
weight of mould as W1 gm.
iv. Put the mould under aggregate impact testing machine and
give 15 successive blows per sec. by lifting weight so that
aggregate will get crushed. 4 4
v. Take out sample from mould and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS
sieve. Take weight of aggregate fraction passing through 2.36
mm IS sieve as W2 gm.
vi. Calculate % aggregate impact value of given coarse aggregate
as (W2/W1) X 100.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 (e) State procedure to determine quality of concrete by ultrasonic
pulse velocity test.
Ans. Procedure to determine quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse
velocity test.
i. Initially attach the transmitter and receiver end to the target
concrete surface by one of the method i.e. direct, indirect or
surface transmission.
ii. Generate the ultrasonic pulse or waves from pulse generator,
so that these waves transmit through transmitter end into the
concrete mass and receive at receiver end. 3
iii. Note down the time required to pass the waves through
concrete mass on digital display.
iv. Calculate the ultrasonic pulse velocity in Km/sec. of the waves
as path or wavelength divided by time of travel.
v. The average pulse velocity of wave propagation is calculated
by testing concrete at two more locations. 4
vi. Depending on pulse velocity, quality of concrete is decided as
follows:

Sr. Velocity Quality of Comp. Strength

No. (Km/sec.) concrete (N/mm2)
1 4.0 and above Very good 30-35

2 3.5 to 4.0 Good 25-30 ½

3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium 20-25

4 3.0 and below Poor 15-20

Fig. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 (A) Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
(a) Write various concreting operations in proper sequence.
Ans. i. Batching of materials required for concrete mixture.
ii. Mixing of materials.
iii. Transportation of concrete mixture from mixing plant to site.
iv. Placing of concrete into erected formwork. 4 4
v. Compaction of placed concrete.
vi. Curing of casted concrete elements.
vii. Finishing of cured concrete surface.

(b) Write any four types of formwork and gives four requirements of
good formwork.
Ans. Types of formwork:
i. Wooden or timber and plywood formwork
ii. Steel formwork
iii. Aluminum formwork 2
iv. Fibre and plastic formwork
Requirements of good formwork:
i. It should be strong enough to carry the weight of concrete
without bulging.
ii. It should be easy to erect and dismantle on site. 4
iii. It should be reusable for number of times to achieve economy.
iv. It should be easily available to avoid delay in construction
work.
v. It should give uniform and smooth finishing to the concrete
surface after its removal. 2
vi. It should be leak-proof with perfect joints.
vii. It should be durable with lesser wear and tear.

(c) Define curing and list any three methods of curing.

Ans. Curing: It is the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content
or warm of freshly placed concrete to ensure continue hydration of 1
cement.
Method of Curing:
i. Water curing:
a. Immersion
b. Ponding
c. Spraying or fogging 4
d. Wet covering
ii. Membrane curing:
a. Bituminous compound 1
b. Rubber compound each
c. Polyester film (any
iii. Application of heat: three)
a. Steam curing
b. Curing by infra-red radiation
c. Electrical curing
iv. Miscellaneous method
a. Calcium chloride as a surface coating

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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No. Que. Marks
Q.4 (d) Explain two different methods of waterproofing.

Ans. i. Waterproofing by use of pore fillers: In this method, pore

filler materials like silicate of soda, aluminum and zinc
sulphates and aluminum and calcium chloride are used. These
chemically active pore fillers accelerate setting time which
results impermeability in concrete at early stage. 2
Some chemically inactive pore filler materials like chalk,
fuller’s earth, talc reduces water without disturbing workability
to give imperviousness in concrete. 4
ii. Waterproofing by use of water repellents: In this method
water repellent materials like soda, potash soaps, resins,
vegetable oils, fats and coal tar residues are used. Some water
proofing admixture, inorganic salts of fatty acids, calcium or 2
ammonium stearate repels water from concrete. Lime can be
added in concrete for waterproofing. Calcium chloride
accelerates strength and helps in curing for making impervious
concrete.
(Note: Any other method should be considered.)

(B) Attempt any ONE of the following: (6)

(a) Write any three methods of transportation of concrete and three

precautions of transportation.
Ans. Methods of transportation of concrete:
I)Manual method:
i. Mortar pan 3
ii.Wheel barrow
II)Semi manual method:
i. Belt conveyor
ii. Skip and hoist
iii. Chutes
iv.Ropeway
III)Mechanical method:
i.Truck or dumper
ii. RMC vehicle (Transit mixer)
iii. Helicopter 6
Precautions of transportation:
i. Establish mixing plant nearest possible to the construction site
to reduce time of transportation.
ii. Adopt higher w/c ratio, if distance between mixing plant and
working site is more. 1
iii. Maintain cold or humid condition around the concrete mixture each
during transportation. (any
iv. Use retarding admixture, to avoid early setting and hardening three)
of concrete.
v. Cover the concrete mixture, if it is transported in open trucks
to avoid direct sunlight.
vi. Due care should be taken to avoid leakage and wastage of
concrete mix during transportation
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Que. Sub. Total

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No. Que. Marks
Q.4 (b) State importance and need for waterproofing and name two
materials used for waterproofing.
Ans. Importance and need of waterproofing: Waterproofing is important
because due to leakages life of structure decreases, maintenance cost
increases and it also creates unhygienic conditions.
i. Waterproofing is necessary to make the water retaining structures
more water tight in nature.
ii. It is also essential to avoid leakage of water through the terrace 4
slabs.
iii. Waterproofing is important to prevent seepage in basement of 6
buildings.
iv. To avoid dampness and unhygienic conditions in usable area
waterproofing is necessary for concrete.
Materials used for water proofing:
i. Felt paper ii. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
2
iii. Tar paper iv. Polythene sheets
v. EPPM rubber vi. High density Polyethylene (HDPE)
vii. Hypalon viii. Polymer based materials
(Note: Any other relevant material should be considered.)

Q.5 Attempt any FOUR of the following : (16)

(a) Define chemical admixture. Write any three types of admixture.
Ans. Chemical admixture: It is additive materials which are added
1
purposefully in concrete to improve overall engineering properties to
suit the site requirements, called as admixture.
Admixtures used in concrete:
i. Accelerating admixture ii. Retarding admixture
iii. Water reducing admixture iv. Air- entraining admixture 1 4
v. Plasticizers vi. Super-plasticizers each
vii. Pozzolanic admixture viii. Damp proofing admixture (any
ix.Grouting admixtures x. Viscosity Modifying Agents three)
xi.Cementious admixture xii.Pigments admixture

(b) Write any two advantages and two disadvantages of RMC.

Ans. Advantages of Ready Mix Concrete (RMC):
i. Bulk amount of concrete can be produced at a time to avoid
delay in construction.
ii. Wastage of materials can be avoided due to mechanized 1
operations at plants. each
iii. RMC give higher quality mix than ordinary concrete due to (any
computerized working of plant. two)
iv. It can be easily transported longer distance without hardening,
hence suitable even in congested urban area.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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No. Que. Marks
Q.5 Disadvantages of Ready Mix Concrete (RMC):
i. RMC is expensive than ordinary concrete, hence suitable for
large projects only.
ii. Continuous and bulk supply of materials is necessary for smooth
working of RMC plant. 1 4
iii. It may get affected on its quality due to improper functioning of each
plant elements. (any
iv. It requires skilled labour for operation and it has low profit two)
margin.

(c) Write four effects of cold weather on concrete.

Ans. Effects of cold weather on concrete:
i. Due to cold weather, the rate of setting of concrete decreases
and hence formwork cannot be removed earlier. Hence delay in
construction work takes place.
ii. Due to formation of ice, concrete undergoes segregation,
showing decreased workability. 1 4
iii. Mixing of concrete becomes difficult due to excessive and each
accidental addition of snowfall in it. (any
iv. Ordinary curing becomes time consuming in such decreased four)
temperature conditions.
v. Due to freezing and thawing effect, concrete may result in
contraction cracks.
vi. During transportation, concrete becomes lumpy due to
formation of ice crystals.

(d) Write significance of admixtures in concrete.

Ans. Significance of admixture:
i. To improve overall engineering performance.
ii. To increase the rate of setting of the concrete and for early
removal of formwork in cold climate.
iii. To reduce the rate of hardening of the concrete in hot weather.
iv. To maintain appropriate water in concrete for deep beams, thin
walls and tremie concrete. 4 4
v. To modify the properties of concrete in plastic stage like
workability, segregation and of hardened concrete like
impermeability and resistance to frost action.
vi. To reduce water up to 30 % without reducing workability.
vii. To reduce heat of hydration and alkali-aggregate reaction.
viii. To increase pump-ability and rate of setting of grouting
cement.
ix. To join old and new concrete at construction joints.

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Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 (e) Write four uses of super plasticizers in concrete.
Ans. Uses of super plasticizers in concrete:
i. Super plasticizer is useful to reduce water content from concrete
mass without reducing its workability.
ii. It is also useful to produce self leveling, self compacting and high 1 4
performance concrete with high flowability. each
iii. It is used as dispersing agents to make the homogeneous concrete. (any
iv. It is also useful to reduce cement content four)
v. It gives better early strength to the concrete.
vi. It is applicable to make cement grout for repairing concrete.

(f) State any four points of difference between FRC and RMC.
Ans.
Sr. Fibre Reinforced Ready Mix Concrete
No. Concrete (FRC) (RMC)
1 In this fibres are used as In this fly ash and other
additive materials. cemetitious materials are
used as additives.
2 FRC shows less RMC is more
homogeneity. homogeneous mixture.
3 The workability of The enhanced
concrete may reduce due workability can be
to addition of fibers. maintained due to proper
admixtures. 1 4
4 Finishing of FRC is not RMC gives more each
proper due to presence of finished surface due to (any
fibres. proper proportion. four)
5 Self weight or dead load RMC has more dead
of FRC is less. load as compared to
FRC.
6 FRC possess more fire RMC possess less fire
resistance. resistance.
7 FRC is cheaper or less RMC is more expensive
costlier than RMC as compared to FRC
8 FRC is useful in machine RMC is useful in all
foundations, canal lining ordinary and mass
etc. concrete works.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16)

(a) Differentiate volume batching and weight batching method.

(any four points)
Ans. Sr. Volume Batching Weight Batching
No.
1 In this, measurement of In this, measurement of
materials is done by taking materials is done by taking
volume. weight.
2 Gauge boxes are used. Weigh machine is used.
3 It is less accurate. It is more accurate. 1 4
4 It is useful for less It is useful for more each
important works where important works where (any
ordinary mix is used. mix-design is adopted. four)
5 Volume batching is done Weigh batching is done for
for aggregates and water. cement.
6 It requires unskilled It requires skilled labours
labours.
7 It requires less time. It requires more time.

(b) Draw a neat sketch of expansion joint.

4 4

Fig. Expansion Joint

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 (c) Differentiate between Retarders and Accelerators. (any four
points)
Ans.
Sr. No. Retarders Accelerators
1 These types of admixtures These types of admixtures
are useful to reduce the rate are useful to increase the
of setting or hardening of rate of setting or hardening
concrete. of concrete. 1
2 It increases setting time of It reduces setting time of each 4
concrete. concrete. (any
3 It is applicable in Hot It is applicable in Cold four)
weather concreting. weather concreting.
4 Useful in ready mix Useful in under water
concrete. concreting.
5 It delays the time for It permits early removal of
removal of formwork. formwork.
6 Example: Mc-schnell OC, Example: plasticizers ,super
Mc-schnell SIDS plasticizers

Write two uses of light weight concrete and two uses of high
(d)
performance concrete.
Ans.
Uses of light weight concrete:
i. LWC is useful to cast pre-stressed concrete beams and deck
slabs for long span bridges.
ii. LWC is useful in structures exposed to excessive heat i.e.
1
construction of chimney, nuclear power plants, etc. as it has
each
more thermal and fire resistance.
(any
iii. LWC is useful to cast various elements like frames, fencing
two)
poles, sleepers etc.
iv. Due to less dead load, it is used with less formwork and
optimum propping.
v. It is also useful in high rise and mega sky scrapers due to easy
handling.
4
Uses of High performance concrete:
i. HPC is useful in all mass concrete works, where high strength
is required.
ii. It is also useful in multistoried buildings and high rise
structures where high workability and pumpabilty is essential.
1
iii. HPC is useful to cast water retaining structures as it gives
each
more impermeability.
(any
iv. It is also suitable in seashore or marine constructions and
two)
construction in acidic soils to reduce chemical attack.
v. HPC has more dimensional stability and hence does not
undergo creep.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Concrete Technology. Sub. Code: 17504
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 (e) Write factors affecting of hardened concrete properties.
(any four)
Ans. Factors affecting of hardened concrete properties: The hardened
concrete properties like strength, durability, impermeability, fire
resistance, creep, shrinkage etc. gets affected by following factors.

i. Quality of materials: The strength and durability of concrete

depends on better quality of cement, sand aggregate used in concrete.
Non-reactive type aggregate give fire resistivity.
ii. Mix proportion of concrete: The proportion of concrete
ingredients plays vital role in developing strength. Also concrete
becomes impermeable with less creep and shrinkage if w/c ratio,
FA/CA, cement content requires ensuring strength and durability for
concrete works.
iii. Methods of concreting operation: If various concreting 1
operations like mixing, placing and compaction are done manually, each 4
then one cannot ensure sufficient strength and durability. The concrete (any
may become permeable, and liable to creep and shrinkage as well. four)
iv. Workmanship: If the workmanship i.e. tendency of working by
engineers and labors is not good, then various defects may occur on
concrete, which may reduce strength showing porous nature.
v.Environmental factors: The hardened properties gets affected
drastically due to adverse effect of environmental factors i.e. rain,
smog, fog, heat, snowfall etc.
(Note: Any other factor should be considered.)

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