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BPSK Modulation and Demodulation: All All

1. QAM modulation is performed on random input bits using a 16-QAM modem object in MATLAB. The modulated symbols are transmitted over an AWGN channel for various SNR values. 2. At the receiver, QAM demodulation is performed to recover the transmitted bits. The bit error rate is calculated and plotted against theoretical BER curves for 16-QAM. 3. The plot shows the simulated BER values match well with the theoretical curves, validating the QAM modulation and demodulation process over an AWGN channel.

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Ilakiya Arulmozhi
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167 views

BPSK Modulation and Demodulation: All All

1. QAM modulation is performed on random input bits using a 16-QAM modem object in MATLAB. The modulated symbols are transmitted over an AWGN channel for various SNR values. 2. At the receiver, QAM demodulation is performed to recover the transmitted bits. The bit error rate is calculated and plotted against theoretical BER curves for 16-QAM. 3. The plot shows the simulated BER values match well with the theoretical curves, validating the QAM modulation and demodulation process over an AWGN channel.

Uploaded by

Ilakiya Arulmozhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BPSK modulation and demodulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=[1 0 0 1 1 0 1];
bp=0.000001;
disp('binary information at the transmitter:');
disp(x);
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x);
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'linewidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude (volt)');
xlabel('time (sec)');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');
A=5;
br=1/bp;
f=br*2;
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if(x(i)==1)
y=A*cos(2*pi*f*t2);
else
y=A*cos(2*pi*f*t2+pi);
end
m=[m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('waveform for binary PSK modulation');
mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y=cos(2*pi*f*t);
mm=y.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z=trapz(t4,mm)
zz=round((2*z/bp))
if(zz>0)
a=1;
else
a=0;
end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp('binary information at receiver');
disp(mn);
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t4,bit,'linewidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude (volt)');
xlabel('time (sec)');
title('received information as digital signal after binary PSK
demodulation');

transmitting information as digital signal


1.5

1
amplitude (volt)

0.5

-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time (sec) -6
x 10
waveform for binary PSK modulation
5
amplitude(volt)

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(sec) -6
x 10
received information as digital signal after binary PSK demodulation
1.5

1
amplitude (volt)

0.5

-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time (sec) -6
x 10
binary information at the transmitter:

1 0 0 1 1 0 1

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

z =-2.4499e-06

zz =-5

z =-2.4499e-06

zz =-5

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

z =-2.4499e-06

zz =-5

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

binary information at receiver

1 0 0 1 1 0 1
QPSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
clc;
clear all;
close all;
data=[0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1];
%number_of-bit=1024;
%data=randint(number_of_bit,1);
figure(1)
stem(data,'linewidth',3);grid on;
title('information before transmitting');
axis([0 11 0 1.5]);
data_NZR=2*data-1;
%data represented in QPSK modulation
s_p_data=reshape(data_NZR,2,length(data)/2);%S/P converted to data
br=10.^6;%let the transmission bit rATE 1000000
f=br;%minimum carrier frequency
T=1/br;
t=T/99:T/99:T;
y=[];
y_in=[];
y_qd=[];
for(i=1:length(data)/2)
y1=s_p_data(1,i)*cos(2*pi*f*t);
y2=s_p_data(2,i)*sin(2*pi*f*t);
y_in=[y_in y1];
y_qd=[y_qd y2];
y=[y y1+y2];
end
Tx_sig=y;
tt=T/99:T/99:(T*length(data))/2;
figure(2);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(tt,y_in,'linewidth',3),grid on;
title('waveform for inphase component in QPSK modulation');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(tt,y_qd,'linewidth',3),grid on;
title('waveform for quadrature component in QPSK modulation');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(tt,Tx_sig,'r','linewidth',3),grid on;
title(' QPSK modulated signal(sum of inphase and quadrature phase
signal)');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
Rx_data=[];
Rx_sig=Tx_sig;
for(i=1:1:length(data)/2)
Z_in=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*cos(2*pi*f*t);
Z_in_intg=(trapz(t,Z_in))*(2/T);
if(Z_in_intg>0)
Rx_in_data=1;
else
Rx_in_data=0;
end
Z_qd=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*sin(2*pi*f*t);
Z_qd_intg=(trapz(t,Z_in))*(2/T);
if(Z_qd_intg>0)
Rx_qd_data=1;
else
Rx_qd_data=0;
end
Rx_data=[Rx_data Rx_in_data Rx_qd_data];
end
figure(3)
stem(Rx_data,'linewidth',3)
title('information after receving:');
axis([0 11 0 1.5]),grid on;

FIGURE 1:Input

information before transmitting


1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
FIGURE 2:Modulated Waveforms
waveform for inphase component in QPSK modulation
1

0.5
amplitude(volt)

-0.5

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time(sec) -6
x 10
waveform for quadrature component in QPSK modulation
1

0.5
amplitude(volt)

-0.5

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time(sec) -6
x 10
QPSK modulated signal(sum of inphase and quadrature phase signal)
2

1
amplitude(volt)

-1

-2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time(sec) -6
x 10

FIGURE 3:Output

information after receving:


1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
QAM

M=16;
k=log2(M);
n=3e4;
nSyms=n/k;
hMod=modem.qammod(M);
hMod.InputType='Bit';
hMod.SymbolOrder='Gray';
hDemod=modem.qamdemod(hMod);
x=randi([0 1],n,1);
tx=modulate(hMod,x);
EbNo=0:10;
SNR=EbNo+10*log10(k);
rx=zeros(nSyms,length(SNR));
bit_error_rate=zeros(length(SNR),1);
for i=1:length(SNR)
rx(:,1)=awgn(tx,SNR(i),'measured');
end
rx_demod=demodulate(hDemod,rx);
for i=1:length(SNR)
[~,bit_error_rate(i)]=biterr(x,rx_demod(:,i));
end
theoryBer=3/(2*k)*erfc(sqrt(0.1*k*(10.^(EbNo/10))));
figure;
semilogy(EbNo,theoryBer,'-',EbNo,bit_error_rate,'^-');
grid on;
legend('theory','simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No,dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('Bit error probability curve for 16-QAM MODULATION');

OUTPUT:
Bit error probability curve for 16-QAM MODULATION
0
10
theory
simulation

-1
10
Bit Error Rate

-2
10

-3
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eb/No,dB
FSK modulation and demodulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=[1 0 0 1 1 0 1];
bp=.000001;
disp('binary information at the transmitter:');
disp(x);
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x)
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'linewidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel('time(sec)');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');
A=5;
br=1/bp;
f1=br*8;
f2=br*2;
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if(x(i)==1)
y=A*cos(2*pi*f1*t2);
else
y=A*cos(2*pi*f2*t2);
end
m= [m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('waveform for binary FSK modulaion corresponding binary information');
mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y1=cos(2*pi*f1*t);
y2=cos(2*pi*f2*t);
mm=y1.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
mmm=y2.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z1=trapz(t4,mm)
z2=trapz(t4,mmm)
zz1=round(2*z1/bp)
zz2=round(2*z2/bp)
if(zz1>A/2)
a=1;
else(zz2>A/2)
a=0;
end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp('binary information at the receiver');
disp(mn);
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if mn(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else mn(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t4,bit,'linewidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel('time(sec)');
title('received information as digital signal after binary fsk
demodulation');
transmitting information as digital signal
1.5

1
amplitude(volt)

0.5

-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(sec) -6
x 10
waveform for binary FSK modulaion corresponding binary information
5
amplitude(volt)

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(sec) -6
x 10
received information as digital signal after binary fsk demodulation
1.5

1
amplitude(volt)

0.5

-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(sec) -6
x 10
binary information at the transmitter:
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
z1 =2.4555e-06
z2 =-4.7142e-08
zz1 =5
zz2 =0
z1 =-4.7142e-08
z2 =2.4499e-06
zz1 =0
zz2 =5
ans =1
z1 =-4.7142e-08
z2 =2.4499e-06
zz1 =0
zz2 =5
ans =1
z1 =2.4555e-06
z2 =-4.7142e-08
zz1 =5
zz2 =0
z1 =2.4555e-06
z2 =-4.7142e-08
zz1 =5
zz2 =0
z1 =-4.7142e-08
z2 =2.4499e-06
zz1 =0
zz2=5
ans =1
z1 =2.4555e-06
z2 =-4.7142e-08
zz1 =5
zz2 =0

binary information at the receiver


1 0 0 1 1 0 1
PSK modulation and demodulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=[1 0 0 1 1 0 1];
bp=0.000001;
disp('binary information at the transmitter:');
disp(x);
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x);
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'linewidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude (volt)');
xlabel('time (sec)');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');
A=5;
br=1/bp;
f=br*2;
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if(x(i)==1)
y=A*cos(2*pi*f*t2);
else
y=A*cos(2*pi*f*t2+pi);
end
m=[m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('waveform for binary PSK modulation');
mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y=cos(2*pi*f*t);
mm=y.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z=trapz(t4,mm)
zz=round((2*z/bp))
if(zz>0)
a=1;
else
a=0;
end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp('binary information at receiver');
disp(mn);
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t4,bit,'linewidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude (volt)');
xlabel('time (sec)');
title('received information as digital signal after binary PSK
demodulation');

transmitting information as digital signal


1.5

1
amplitude (volt)

0.5

-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time (sec) -6
x 10
waveform for binary PSK modulation
5
amplitude(volt)

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(sec) -6
x 10
received information as digital signal after binary PSK demodulation
1.5

1
amplitude (volt)

0.5

-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time (sec) -6
x 10
binary information at the transmitter:

1 0 0 1 1 0 1

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

z =-2.4499e-06

zz =-5

z =-2.4499e-06

zz =-5

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

z =-2.4499e-06

zz =-5

z =2.4499e-06

zz =5

binary information at receiver

1 0 0 1 1 0 1
DPSK

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
M=4;
x=randi([0 M-1],1000,1);
y=dpskmod(x,M,pi/8,'bin');
z=dpskdemod(y,M);
s1=symerr(x,z)
s2=symerr(x(2:end),z(2:end))
y=dpskmod(x,M)
y=dpskmod(x,M,pi/8)
y=dpskmod(x,M,pi/8,'bin')
s=RandStream.create('mt19937ar','seed',131);
prevStream=RandStream.setDefaultStream(s);
M=4;
x=randi([0 M-1],500,1);
y=dpskmod(x,M,pi/8);
plot(y);

OUTPUT:
LINEAR BLOCK CODES

%AIM:Implementation of linear block code


clc;
clear all;
%Input generator matrix
g=input('enter the generator matrix')
disp('G=')
disp('the order of the linear block for the given generator matrix:')
[n,k]=size(transpose(g))
for i=1:2^k
for j=k:-1:1
if rem(i-1,2^(-j+k+1))>=2^(-j+k)
u(i,j)=1;
else u(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
u;
disp('the possible codewords are:');
c=rem(u*g,2)
disp('the minimum hamming distance dmin for given block code:')
d_min=min(sum((c(2:2^k,:))'))
%code word
r=input('enter the received codeword:')
p=[g(:,n-k+2:n)];
h=[transpose(p),eye(n-k)];
disp('Hamming code')
ht=transpose(h)
disp('syndrome of given codeword is:')
s=rem(r*ht,2)
for i=1:1:size(ht)
if(ht(i,1:3)==s)
r(i)=1-r(i);
break;
end
end
disp('the error is in bit:');
i
disp('the corrected codeword is:')
r

OUTPUT:
enter the generator matrix[1 0 0 0 1 0 1;0 1 0 0 1 1 1;0 0 1 0 1 1 0; 0 0 0 1
0 1 1]

g =
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 1

G=the order of the linear block for the given generator matrix:
n =7
k =4
the possible codewords are:
c =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the minimum hamming distance dmin for given block code:


d_min =3
enter the received codeword:[1 0 0 0 1 0 0]

r =
1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Hamming code

ht =
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

syndrome of given codeword is:


s =0 0 1

the error is in bit:


i =7

the corrected codeword is:


r =1 0 0 0 1 0 1
COMMUNICATION LINK (SIMULATION)

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
CNup=30:1:60;
ln=length(CNup);
k=-228.6;
T1=500;
Ts1=10*log10(T1);
B1=10*log10(43.2*10^6);
N1=k+Ts1+B1;
Pr1=N1+CNup;
R=4*10^7;
D=5;
Ae=0.68;
lmb=0.0212;
Gt1=10*log10(Ae*(pi*D/lmb)^2);
Lp1=10*log10((4*pi*R/lmb)^2);
Gr1=31;
Lp1=-Lp1;
Lant=-2;
Pt1=Pr1-(Gt1+Gr1+Lp1+Lant);
for i=1:ln
Ptw(i)=10^(Pt1(i)/10);
end
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(CNup,Ptw,'linewidth',1.5);
xlabel('C/N ratio in db');
ylabel('Transmitted power Pt in Watts');
title('C/N vs. Pt');
grid on;

CNdwn=17.2:1:50;
ln=length(CNdwn);
k=-228.6;
T2=30;
Ts2=10*log10(T2);
B2=10*log10(43.2*10^6);
N2=k+Ts2+B2;
Pr2=N2+CNdwn;
Lp2=207.2-20*log10(14.15/11.45);
Pt2=10*log10(80)-1;
Gt2=31;
Lp2=-Lp2;
La=-3;
Gr2=Pr2-(Pt2+Gt2+Lp2+La);
for i=1:ln
Grw(i)=10^(Gr2(i)/10);
end
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(CNdwn,Grw,'linewidth',1.5);
xlabel('C/N ratio in db');
ylabel('Receiving Antenna gain Gr in watts');
title('C/N vs. Gr');
grid on;

OUTPUT:
Zero forcing algorithm:

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
T=1;
No=1;
Fs=2/T;
Ts=1/Fs;
t=-10*T:T/2:10*T;
x=1./(1+((0.5/T)*t).^2);
stem(t,x);
X=[];
for m=-2:1:2
for n=-2:1:2
X(m+3,n+3)=1./(1+((0.5/T)*(m*T-n*T/2)).^2);
end
end
k=inv(X);
copt=K*[0 0 1 00]';
equalizedoutput= filter(copt,1,[X 00]);
figure;
stem(x);
figure;
stem(equalizeoutput);

Output:
LMS PROGRAM:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
N=input('length of sequence N=');
t=[0:N-1];
w0=0.001; phi=0.1;
d=sin(2*pi*[1:N]*w0+phi);
x=d+randn(1,N)*0.5;
w=zeros(1,N);
mu=input('mu=');
for i=1:N
e(i)=d(i)-w(i)'*x(i);
w(i+1)=w(i)+mu*e(i)*x(i);
end
for i=1:N
yd(i)=sum(w(i)'*x(i));
end
subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,d),ylabel('desired signal'),
subplot(2,2,2),plot(t,x),ylabel('input signal + noise'),
subplot(2,2,3),plot(t,e),ylabel('error'),
subplot(2,2,4),plot(t,yd),ylabel('adaptive desired output');

OUTPUT:

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