Study on roof top grid connected PV system

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION TO ROOF TOP SOLAR SYSTEM
1.1 SOLAR ENERGY
Every day, the sun radiates an enormous amount of energy called solar energy. It radiates
more energy in one day than the world uses in one year. This energy comes from within the
sun itself.
Like most stars, the sun is a big gas ball made up mostly of hydrogen and helium gas.
The sun makes energy in its inner core in a process called nuclear fusion.
It takes the sun’s energy just a little over eight minutes to travel the 93 million miles
to Earth. Solar energy travels at the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second, or 3.0 x 108
meters per second.
Only a small part of the visible radiant energy (light) that the sun emits into space
ever reaches the Earth, but that is more than enough to supply all our energy needs. Every
hour enough solar energy reaches the Earth to supply our nation’s energy needs for a year.
Solar energy is considered a renewable energy source due to this fact.
Today, people use solar energy to heat buildings, water to generate electricity. They
capture and utilize radiation from the sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical
reactions or producing electricity.
1.1.1 Types of Solar Energy

Fig 1.1 TYPES OF SOLAR POWER

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 1

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

1.2 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in physics. This effect is based on the idea that
electromagnetic radiation is made of a series of particles called photons. When a photon hits
an electron on a metal surface, the electron can be emitted. The emitted electrons are called
photoelectrons.

Fig 1.2 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

1.2.1 Applications of Photo Electric Effect

Photoelectric cells were originally used to detect light, using a vacuum tube containing a
cathode, to emit electrons, and an anode, to gather the resulting current. Today, these
"phototubes" have advanced to semiconductor-based photodiodes that are used in
applications such as solar cells and fiber optics telecommunications.
Photomultiplier tubes are a variation of the phototube, but they have several metal
plates called dynodes. Electrons are released after light strikes the cathodes. The electrons
then fall onto the first dynode, which releases more electrons that fall on the second dynode,
then on to the third, fourth, and so forth. Each dynode amplifies the current after about 10
dynodes, the current is strong enough for the photomultipliers to detect even single photons.
Examples of this are used in spectroscopy (which breaks apart light into different
wavelengths to learn more about the chemical compositions of star, for example), and
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans that examine the body.
Other applications of photodiodes and photomultipliers include:

• imaging technology, including (older) television camera tubes or image intensifiers.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 2

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

• studying nuclear processes.

• chemically analyzing materials based on their emitted electrons.
• giving theoretical information about how electrons in atoms transition between different
energy states.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 3

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

CHAPTER - 2
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS
The Solar electricity is produced when the Photons from the sun rays hit the electrons in the
Solar PV panels, this will generate Direct Current (DC). The DC electricity from the panels
passes through DC distribution network to a grid-tie inverter, which converts the DC
electricity into 430V/230V AC for operation by using state of the art technology.
2.1 SOLAR PV MODULES
PV Module can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. The PV modules convert the
sunlight falling on them into corresponding DC electrical power output. The PV module
frame is made out of anodized aluminium. Each PV module consists of 60 Nos. of silicon
solar cells connected in series with redundant interconnects.

Fig 2.1 SOLAR PV MODULES

2.1.1 Types of PV technologies

There are three general families of photovoltaic (PV) modules in the market today.
1.Mono-crystal silicon
2. Polycrystalline silicon
3.Thin film

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 4

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Fig 2.2 TYPES OF PV TECHNOLOGIES

2.1.2 Solar Cell

A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of
light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. By wiring solar cells in series, the
voltage can be increased or in parallel, the current. Solar cells are wired together to form a
solar panel.

Fig 2.3 SOLAR CELL

2.1.3 Open circuit voltage (Voc)
The voltage between the terminals when no current is drawn (i.e Voltage across an unloaded
(open) PV module, PV string, PV array, or on the d.c. side of the PV inverter )
2.1.4 Short circuit current (Isc)
The short-circuit current is the current through the solar cell when the voltage across the solar
cell is zero (i.e., when the solar cell is short circuited).

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 5

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

2.1.5 Blocking Diodes

These diodes are connected in series with string of PV modules and its functions are as
follows:
a) Prevent circulating current between PV module strings.
b) Prevent reverse flow of current from battery through PV array during night and or
periods of low insolation.
2.1.6 Bypass Diodes
These diodes are connected in reverse direction (anode to negative of PV module and cathode
to positive of PV module) across each PV module of the string. They have the same current
rating as that of blocking diodes and their operation is as follows:
a) Under normal operating conditions, the bypass diodes are reverse biased and play
no part
b) When any module in a series string is shadowed, the current through the module is
reduced. Under these circumstances, the PV module gets reverse biased leading to power
dissipation across the module and reduction in output power of which is undesirable.
Presence of bypass diode provides an alternate path to flow of current in the string (as the
diode becomes forward biased when PV module gets reverse biased) and also limits
dissipation by limiting the voltage across PV module to typically 0.7V.

Fig 2.4 BLOCKING AND BYPASS DIODE

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 6

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

2.1.7 Fill Factor (FF)

The Fill Factor(FF) is defined as the ratio of the maximum power(P max) from the solar cell to
the product of Voc and Isc.
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓(𝑭𝑭) = 𝑽
𝑶𝑪 ∗𝑰𝑺𝑪

(or)
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∗𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑽𝑶𝑪 ∗𝑰𝑺𝑪

Pmax - Maximum power(power rating or Vmax Imax)

Vmax - Maximum Voltage
Imax - Maximum current
Voc - Open circuit voltage
Isc - Short circuit current.
Typical commercial solar cells have a fill factor > 0.70.
Grade B cells have a fill factor usually between 0.4 to 0.7
2.1.8 PV STRING AND PV ARRAY
(i) PV String
One or more PV modules connected in series.

Fig 2.5 PV STRING

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 7

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

(ii) PV Array
A photovoltaic array is a linked collection of solar panels. i.e. one or more PV strings, and
other necessary components, connected to a form the PV installation.

Fig 2.6 PV ARRAY

2.2 POWER CONDITIONING UNIT (PCU)

PCU is the heart of the Solar PV system. The function of the PCU is to convert the direct
current (DC) generated by the PV arrays to Alternating Current (AC).
2.2.1 MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)
A component of the DC input side of an inverter designed to maximize the input from the
array by tracking voltage and current.
The power at the MPP (Pmpp) is the product of the MPP voltage (Vmpp) and MPP
current (Impp). As the amount of sunlight varies, the load characteristic that gives the highest
power transfer efficiency changes, so that the efficiency of the system is optimized when the
load characteristic changes to keep the power transfer at highest efficiency. This load
characteristic is called the maximum power point (MPP).

Fig 2.7 MPPT

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 8

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

2.2.2 PV array charge controller

This provides the regulator/dump interface between the PV array and the battery so as to
prevent overcharging of the battery. The unit may also provide other functions such As
maximum power point tracking, voltage transformation, load control and metering.

Fig 2.8 PV ARRAY CHARGE CONTROLLER

2.3 ARRAY JUNCTION BOX

Array Junction Box is meant for combining all the incoming lines from the solar panel
strings/arrays and deriving one common array output for the multiple array inputs.
➢ Main Functional Features of The Array Junction Box:
➢ Array Junction Box has mainly 2 duties to be performed,
1) To Block the reverse flow of current from the battery to solar panels during nights or low
radiation levels.
2) To obstruct the sudden surges due to lightening strokes during cloudy and rainy conditions
and ground the surges immediately.
2.3.1 Miniature circuit breaker
A miniature circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is
To detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.
Miniature circuit breaker can be treated as an automatic switch which will
automatically operate under fault conditions.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 9

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

2.3.2 Fuse
Fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide over current
protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip
that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected.
Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure are the prime reasons for
excessive current.
2.4 CABLES AND CONNECTORS
2.4.1 PV String Cable
Cable connecting PV modules to form a PV string.

Fig 2.9 PV STRING CABLE

2.4.2 PV DC Main Cable
Cable connecting the PV array junction box to the d.c. input of the inverter.
2.4.3 Terminal Connectors
Connector is a device for joining electrical circuits together. Mostly in PV systems, MC4
connectors are used. MC4 connectors are single contact connectors commonly used for
connecting photovoltaic panels.

Fig 2.10 TERMINAL CONNECTOR

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 10

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

CHAPTER 3
ROOFTOP SOLAR PV INSTALLATIONS
A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV system, is a photovoltaic system that has
its electricity-generating solar panels mounted on the rooftop of a residential or commercial
building or structure.

Fig 3.1 ROOFTOP SOLAR PV INSTALLATIONS

3.1 TYPES OF ROOFTOP SOLAR PV SYSTEMS

1. Grid Connected PV system
1.1. Without Storage System
1.2. With Storage System (Smart Grid Concept)
2. Stand alone/ Off-Grid PV System
2.1. Without Battery (Solar Power Pump)
2.2. With Battery (For resdential)
3. Hybrid PV System
3.1. Wind PV Hybrid System
3.2. PV-Diesel Hybrid System
4. PV Based Utilities (Solar Lamp, Mobile charger)
3.2 GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM
Electricity generating solar PV power system that is connected to the utility grid. A grid-
connected PV power system is an system consists of solar panels, one or several inverters, a
power conditioning unit and grid connection equipment.
In a grid connected PV system, also known as a “grid-tied”, or “on-grid” solar system,
the PV solar panels or array are electrically connected or “tied” to the local mains electricity
grid which feeds electrical energy back into the grid.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 11

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Fig 3.2 GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

The main advantage of a grid connected PV system is its simplicity, relatively low operating
and maintenance costs as well as reduced electricity bills. The disadvantage however is that a
sufficient number of solar panels need to be installed to generate the required amount of
excess power.
Since grid tied systems feed their solar energy directly back into the grid, expensive
back-up batteries are not necessary and can be omitted from most grid connected designs.
Also, as this type of PV system is permanently connected to the grid, solar energy
consumption and solar panel sizing calculations are not required, giving a large range of
options allowing for a system as small as 1.0kWh on the roof to help reduce your electricity
bills, or a much larger floor mounted array that is large enough to virtually eliminate your
electricity bills completely.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 12

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

3.2.1 Benefits
❖ Solar energy is free energy.
❖ Solar panels provide clean – green energy.
❖ PV operates even in cloudy weather conditions.
❖ Modular custom-made energy that can be sized for any application. Contact the team
to find out more about our domestic solar kits and commercial solar PV kits.
❖ Operating and maintenance costs for Photovoltaic panels are considered to be low,
almost negligible, compared to costs of other renewable energy systems.
❖ Solar photovoltaic panels are one of major renewable energy systems that are
promoted through government subsidy funding such as FITs. These financial
incentives, make solar cell panels an attractive investment alternative for many
customers.
❖ Minimal maintenance requirements – Plugin solar and start saving.
❖ Photovoltaic cells are totally silent and have no mechanically moving parts – they are
a perfect solution for residential areas.
❖ Solar PV is environmentally friendly, as when solar panels generate electricity there
are no emissions emitted.
❖ Solar panels are a highly promising future both for economic viability and
environmental sustainability.
❖ Solar energy can be made available almost anywhere there is sunlight.
3.2.2 Limitations
❖ Intermittency and unpredictability of solar energy due to weather makes solar panels a
less.
❖ Solar energy panels require additional equipment, such as inverters to convert direct
electricity (DC) to alternating electricity (AC) for it to be passed onto and used by the
national grid.
❖ Photovoltaic panels require not only inverters but also storage batteries, increasing the
investment cost for PV panels considerably.
❖ Large areas are required for large-scale photovoltaic solar projects or commercial
ground mounted PV systems.
❖ Solar panels efficiency levels vary but are relatively low, between 14%-25%
compared to the efficiency levels of other renewable energy systems, such as LED
Lighting.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 13

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

3.3 COMPONENTS OF GRID CONNETED PV SYSTEMS

Grid connected PV systems always have a connection to the public electricity grid via a
suitable inverter because a photovoltaic panel or array (multiple PV panels) only deliver DC
power. As well as the solar panels, the additional components that make up a grid connected
PV system compared to a stand alone PV system are:
3.3.1 Solar module/panels
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells
or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top
layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The
cells must be connected electrically in series, one to another.

Fig 3.3 SOLAR PV MODULE/PANEL

3.3.2 Internal Structure

Fig 3.4 INTERNAL STRUCTURE

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 14

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

3.3.3 Solar Cell (Basic Building Block of Solar Module)

Fig 3.5 SOLAR CELL

3.3.4 Encapsulant ( EVA - Ethylene vinyl acetate)

EVA is the abbreviation for ethylene vinyl acetate. EVA films are a key material used for
traditional solar panel lamination. The ethylene vinyl acetate sheets play an important role in
preventing humidity and dirt penetrating the solar panels.

Fig 3.6 ENCAPSULANT

Also with the help of the EVA, the solar cells ‘are floating’ between the glass and
backsheet, helping to soften shocks and vibrations and therefore protecting the solar cells and
its circuits.
3.3.5 Back sheet
The solar backsheet plays a significant role in a solar PV panel. A poor quality solar
backsheet can cause system degradation, unwanted maintenance, and replacements related to
additional costs.
A quality solar backsheet must protect against:

• Ultra-violet radiation, which is harsh on most polymer materials

• Humidity and vapor penetration

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 15

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

3.3.6 Glass
Glass is a durable, highly transparent material making it an obvious choice for solar energy
applications. Our extra clear solar glass offers superior solar energy transmittance and is
stable under solar radiation. It also survives harsh environmental conditions and protects the
sensitive components of solar modules from water and humidity ingress.
Available with added functionalities, such as transparent conductive coatings or anti-
reflective coatings, our solar glass products not only offer durable transparent protection to
solar panels, but also become a functional component of solar modules.

Fig 3.8 GLASS( at top and bottom)

3.3.7 Junction Box
The solar panel junction box is the output interface of the solar module. It wires the
four solar connectors together. Each solar junction box has two wires. One wire is the DC
positive (+), and the other is the DC negative (-). These can be connected to the solar PV
panels either serially (series connection is when solar PV panels are wired together by
connecting the positive lead on one PV panel to the negative lead on another PV panel to
increase the voltage of the string
A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface.
Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power interface can be used. A
junction box has bypass diodes that keep power flowing in one direction and prevent it from
feeding back to the panels. “Every string is protected by a diode [in the junction box],” he
said. “The diode is the gateway that allows an endless stream of power.” It makes a
connection between the panels.
3.3.8 Frame (Ionized Aluminum)
The majority of solar PV panels are fitted with aluminum frames, which hugs the glass
covering the top and the solar backsheet at the bottom.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 16

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

The solar panel frame plays a fundamental role. On the one hand, it protects the internal
components from thermal and mechanical tensions while on the contrary, it provides
mounting attachment points.
Besides, framed solar PV panels are better protected during transport than frameless
solar panels. Anodized aluminum is the most superior material from which solar panel frames
can be constructed. Coated solar panel frames are much more likely to sustain scratches or
damage but are more expensive too.
3.3.9 Inverter
The inverter is the most important part of any grid connected system. The inverter extracts as
much DC (direct current) electricity as possible from the PV array and converts it into clean
mains AC (alternating current) electricity at the right voltage and frequency for feeding into
the grid or for supplying domestic loads want to choose the best quality inverter

Fig 3.9 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INVERTER

possible for the budget allowed as the main considerations in grid connected inverter choice
are: Power – Maximum high and low voltage power the inverter can handle and Efficiency –
How efficiently does the inverter convert solar power to AC power.

Fig 3.10 REAL TIME VIEW OF INVERTER

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 17

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

3.3.10 Electricity Meter

The electricity meter also called a Kilowatt hour (kWh) meter is used to record the flow of
electricity to and from the grid. Twin kWh meters can be used, one to indicate the electrical
energy being consumed and the other to record the solar electricity being sent to the grid. A
single bidirectional kWh meter can also be used to indicate the net amount of electricity taken
from the grid. A grid connected PV system will slow down or halt the aluminium disc in the
electric meter and may cause it to spin backwards. This is generally referred to as net
metering.
3.3.11 Net Metering
A Net-Meter is a device that records the units of electricity drawn and sent to the utility grid.

Fig 3.11 NETMETER

3.3.12 AC Breaker Panel and Fuses:
The breaker panel or fuse box is the normal type of fuse box provided with a domestic
electricity supply and installation with the exception of additional breakers for inverter and/or
filter connections.
3.3.13 Solar Cables
Two types of Solar Cables are used in Solar PV Plants
(A) DC (Direct Current) Cables
Cables which are used in DC side(Modules, String, Array) of a solar power plant to flow DC
current till Inverter are called as DC Cables.
(B) AC (Alternating Current) Cables
Cables which are used in AC side(Inverter to Evacuation Point) of a solar power plant to flow
AC current till Evacuation Point are called as AC Cables.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 18

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

3.3.14 Solar Module Orientation and Tilt

The Tilt Angle of the photovoltaic (PV) array is the key to an optimum energy yield. Solar
panels or PV arrays are most efficient, when they are perpendicular to the sun's rays.The
default value is a Tilt Angle equal to the station’s Latitude. The direction in which solar
panels are to be fixed is South Facing (for northern hemisphere), north(for southern
hemisphere regions).

Fig 3.12 SOLAR ORIENTATION AND TILT

3.3.15 Types of Solar System Based on Tilt

1. FIXED TILT
2. SEASONAL TILT
3. SOLAR TRACKING

Fig 3.13 TYPES OF TILT

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 19

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

3.3.16 Tilt Angle Based on Season

Fig 3.14 TILT ANGLE BASED ON SEASON

3.3.17 Net metering technologies

Net metering is a concept that allows you to put excess energy back into the power grid. This
is excess energy that is generated from your home's solar power system that is in excess of
what your homes electrical appliances were using at the time this solar energy was generated.

Fig 3.15 NETMETERING TECHNOLOGY

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 20

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Customers are then given a credit for the power that you contribute to the system.
This credit is then used to offset the cost of any power that you need to draw from the power
grid. The difference between what you contribute and what you consume is the net
difference. Home's solar energy system will generate the most power during the day. This is
also when your home typically uses the least amount of power. The excess created during the
day is then transferred back to the power grid so it can be shared by other consumers.
Customers receive a credit for the power that you share. In fact, your power meter will go in
reverse to reflect your contribution.
During the evening, your solar system creates no power and you typically consume a
significant amount of power. At this time you will need to draw energy from the power grid.
power meter moves forward again. At the end of the month, you will receive a credit if you
contribute more to the grid than you use. This is more likely to be the case in warmer months
when longer days and higher solar insolation levels mean your solar power system is
producing more power. For those months that you use more than you contribute, you will
only pay the net difference between what you contribute and what you use.
3.4 GUIDELINES FOR INSTALLATION
I Introduction:
These guidelines are issued as per Regulation for connectivity with the Grid and sale of
electricity from the Roof- top Solar Photovoltaic System, viz.,Telangana State Electricity
Regulatory Commission (Net Metering Rooftop Solar PV Grid Interactive Systems)
Regulation, 2016 [Regulation No.6] which came into force from the date of its notification in
the Telangana Official Gazette on 23.11.2016 and these guidelines are also effective from
23.11.2016.
II Eligibility of consumer and project capacity:
a) Eligible Consumer is a consumer of electricity in the area of supply of the DISCOM, who
uses or proposes to use a Rooftop Solar PV System, which can be self-owned or a third party
owned to offset a part or all of the consumer's own electrical requirement including a
consumer catering to a common load such as common services in a Housing Society.
b) The land will be Own or be in legal possession of the premises including the rooftop or
terrace or elevated areas on land, building or infrastructure or part or combination thereof on
which the Rooftop Solar PV System is proposed to be installed.
c) An Eligible Consumer shall be in three phase service, a single phase consumer is also
eligible for net metering upto 5 KW.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 21

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Eligible Consumer’s premises shall be as under:

Table 3.1 ELIGIBLE CONSUMER’S PREMISES

Sl No. Type of Consumer Maximum allowable Rooftop Solar PV

System capacity to be installed
1
Residential-and 100 % of the consumer’s sanctioned load
Government
2
Industrial, Commercial 80 % of the consumer’s sanctioned load
and Other Consumers

(Note: Rooftop Solar PV System installed capacity shall not be less than 1 kWp and shall not
exceed 1 MWp)
e) Consume the entire electricity generated from the Rooftop Solar PV System at the same
premises wherein it is installed and generating the solar power.
f) An Eligible Consumer may install or enhance the capacity of, or upgrade the Rooftop Solar
PV Systems at different locations within the same premises that the total capacity of such
Systems within the same premises shall not exceed the individual capacity limits mentioned
at Para II.(d) above.
g) An Eligible Consumer intending to install a Rooftop Solar PV System having capacity in
excess of 75 kW and up to 1 MW can connect to 11 kV or 33 kV feeder from which the
feeder of an Eligible Consumer is availing of supply of power.
III Procedure for Application, Registration and approval:
An Eligible Consumer who proposes to install a Rooftop Solar PV System has to follow the
below procedure either in offline mode or in online mode:
A) Offline Mode:
a) Solar Net Metering Rooftop Application form (Annexure I) is available in the Discom
website www.tssouthernpower.com/ www.tsnpdcl.in, the same to be downloaded and filled
application to be submitted at the concerned Consumer Service Center (CSC)/Integrated
5Consumer Service Center (ICSC).
b) The necessary documents to be enclosed along with application form are as given below:
i) Copy of latest Electricity Bill.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 22

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

ii) Demand Draft drawn with applicable fee in favour of “Discom (TSSPDCL or
TSNPDCL)”.
iii) 2 No’s Self-addressed Rs.5/- Stamped envelopes.
c) Applicable fee:
System size Applicable fee per connection
For all LT consumers Rs.2,500/-
For all HT consumers Rs.15,000/-
d) The CSC/ICSC shall register the application and acknowledge the receipt of the
application with a unique registration number for further reference.
B) Further process after successful submission of application:
a) The nodal point of contact for the Solar Net Metering programme shall be the local
Divisional Engineer (Operations).
b) The Submitted Solar Net Metering Rooftop Application by consumer at
CSC/ICSC/Online mode will be forwarded to Assistant Divisional Engineer
(ADE)/(Operation) if the consumer is under LT Category, Or to Divisional Engineer
(DE)/(Operation) if the consumer is under HT Category.
c) The concerned ADE (Operation) Or DE (Operation) shall provide a written notice that they
have received all the documents required for the interconnection point or furnish the
deficiencies in the application within seven (7) working days
d) The concerned ADE (Operation) Or DE (Operation) shall assess (refer point number IV
for capacity limits of DTR, 11 kV and 33 kV feeder in this guidelines) the feasibility of
interconnection point and the relevant distribution transformer capacity and/or relevant 11
kV/33 kV feeder capacity (in case of HT consumer) and communicate the
feasibility(Annexure-II(a) for HT and II(b) for LT) to the Eligible Consumer within Twenty
One (21) working days from the receipt of proper application. Any application not acted up
within Twenty One (21) working days from the date of receipt shall be deemed to have been
approved.
e) The feasibility so communicated shall be valid for a period of four (4) months, unless
extended by the concerned ADE (Operation) Or DE (Operation) for a reasonable cause. The
extended validity period of feasibility shall not exceed a period of Ten (10) months including
the extended time from the date of first feasibility communication.
f) While communicating any deficiencies in the feasibility for the connection of Rooftop
Solar PV System, the concerned ADE (Operation) Or DE (Operation) shall communicate the
Eligible Consumer (Annexure– II(c) for HT and II(d) for LT):
VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 23
 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

i) Particulars of deficiencies with reference to interconnection of the proposed Rooftop Solar

PV System with the Distribution System
ii) Cost estimate for removal of such deficiencies including augmentation of the
transformer/distribution system, if required.
g) The Eligible Consumer shall pay the estimated amount within Fifteen (15) days of receipt
of such communication. If the estimated amount not paid by the Eligible Consumer within
Fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt of such communication to the Eligible Consumer,
the application shall stand cancelled and the application fee shall be forfeited.
h) If approval cannot be granted due to inadequate Distribution Transformer capacity or
11 kV/33 kV Feeder capacity (in case of HT consumer), the application may be considered,
in chronological order of seniority and if the consumer so opts, after such capacity becomes
available.
i) On receipt of the estimate amount, the concerned ADE (Operation) Or DE (Operation),
shall promptly remove the deficiencies in the distribution system including augmentation of
the transformer/distribution network within Fifteen (15) days. Provided the augmentation of
the system shall be in accordance with the time period specified in the Standards of
Performance (SoP) notified by the Commission from time to time, if the period exceeds
Fifteen (15) days as provided above.
j) On removal of such deficiencies including augmentation of distribution
transformer/distribution network, the concerned ADE (Operation) Or DE (Operation) shall
immediately convey the approval for interconnection of the proposed Rooftop Solar PV
System to the Eligible Consumer. A copy of such approval shall also be forwarded to the
State Nodal Agency (TNREDCL) and the Chief Electrical Inspector for necessary action at
their end.
k) The Net metering connection agreement (Annexure-III) as devised shall be executed by
the Eligible Consumer with the DISCOM within Fifteen (15) days of receipt of the technical
feasibility approval.
l) Feasibility study and inspection shall be the responsibility of ADE (Operation) in case of
LT services and DE (Operation) in case of HT services.
IV Capacity limits of Distribution Transformer, 11 kV and 33 kV Feeder level:
i) The concerned ADE (Operation) Or DE (Operation) shall ensure the following capacity
limits before issue of technical feasibility for Net metering arrangement to an Eligible
Consumer.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 24

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Table 3.2 CAPACITY LIMITS OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Sl No Consumer DTR/ Maximum Maximum allowable

Voltage level 11 kV or allowable cumulative capacity
33 kV feeder cumulative in kW/MW
capacity of all
the-Rooftop
Solar-PV
Systems
permitted of its
rated
capacity/max
load
1 Low Tension (LT) DTR 50 % 50% of existing DTR
capacity x 0.9 pf

2 High Tension (11 11 kV or 33 kV 50 % 1.125 MW (11 kV)

kV / 33 kV) feeder

4.5 MW (33 kV)

ii) The Net Metering connectivity exceeding 50% of such rated capacity may allow upon
consideration of a detailed load study carried out duly taking prior approval from Chief
General Manager/Commercial.
iii) The capacity available on each Distribution Transformer and 11 kV feeder of a substation
and 33 kV feeder for connecting the Rooftop Solar PV Systems under the Net Metering
arrangements has to be uploaded in Discom website for ready reference to the interested
consumer. Hence, it is requested to provide the information required to the Chief General
Manager/Commercial.
iv) Thereafter, update the Distribution Transformer-wise, 11 kV feeder-wise and 33 kV
feeder-wise capacity available and the cumulative capacity of the Rooftop Solar PV Systems
installed under the Net Metering arrangements quarterly and provide the information to the
Chief General Manager to place in Discom website in the month following the close of the
relevant quarter.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 25

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

V Synchronization with the Distribution Network/Grid: Standards and Safety:

a) The Eligible Consumer shall submit work completion report as mentioned in Annexure–
IV and shall make a request for inspection. The concerned ADE (Operation) for LT services
or concerned DE (Operation) for HT services shall inspect the system within 10 working days
and provide approval. In absence of the response within the stipulated time, it shall be
considered as deemed inspection approval.
b) The ADE (Operation) & ADE (Meters & Protection) for LT services Or DE (Operation) &
DE (Meters & Protection ) for HT services shall ensure while the inspection that the inter-
connection of the Rooftop Solar PV System with its Network conforms to the specifications,
standards and other provisions specified by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) in
(Technical Standard for Connectivity of the Distributed Generation Resources) Regulations,
2013, the CEA (Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply), Regulations, 2010 and the
State Grid Code, Provided that a variation in the rated capacity of the system within a range
of five percent (5%) shall be allowed.
c) A Solar Rooftop PV system should qualify the technical requirements for the grid
interconnection with the network of the DISCOM and it shall be separately grounded /
earthed.
d) Provided that an Eligible Consumer may use his Rooftop Solar PV System in Island mode
for his own consumption only.

Table 3.3 ELGIBILITY OF CONNECTED LOAD

Sl. No. Connected-load-of-Eligible Connectivity level

Consumer

1 Upto 5 Kw 240 V - Single phase

2 Above 5 kW and upto 75 kW 415 V - Three phase
3 Above 75 kW / kVA High Tension (HT)

VI Net Metering arrangement

a) A single bi-directional meter shall be installed for recording of export and import energy.
This bi-directional meter should have the following characteristics:
i) The rated capacity of Bi-Directional meter should be according to the sanctioned load /
contracted demand of the consumer with the DISCOM.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 26

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

ii) Separate registers for export and import with the Meter Reading Instrument (MRI)
downloading facility.
iii) kVAr, kWh, kVA , kVAh measuring registers for capacity above 10 kW.
iv) Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) facility with RS232 (or higher) communication
port.
v) Class 1 accuracy meters for Rooftop Solar PV Systems up to 10 kW, 0.5 accuracy class
meters for Rooftop Solar PV Systems above 10 kW and 0.2 class accuracy meters for High
Tension (HT) systems (56 kW and above).
vi) Meters should be certified by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
vii) Current Transformer (CT) functionality meters for the Rooftop Solar PV Systems above
56 kW.
b) Providing of Net Meter in the premises of the Eligible Consumer is the responsibility of
DISCOM.
c) Provided that where the Eligible Consumer is within the ambit of Time-of-Day (ToD)
Tariff, the Net Meter installed shall be capable of recording ToD consumption and
generation.
d) Provided further that an Eligible Consumer may opt to procure, at his cost, after testing the
Net Meter is to be installed.
e) The Net Meter and the Solar Generation Meter shall be installed at such locations in the
premises of the Eligible Consumer as would enable easy access to the departmental personnel
for meter reading.
VII Applicability of other charges and incentives:
a) The Rooftop Solar PV System under the net metering arrangement, whether self-owned or
third party owned installed on the Eligible Consumer’s premises, shall be exempted from
Transmission Charge Transmission Loss, Wheeling Charge, Wheeling Loss, Cross Subsidy
Surcharge and Additional Surcharge.
b) All incentives or subsidy provided by the Government of India through the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) under the National Solar Mission or other schemes and
any incentive or subsidy provided by the Government of Telangana state from time to time
shall belong to the Eligible Consumer or on authorization of the Eligible Consumer to the
vendor of the Rooftop Solar PV system and can be claimed after installation of the Rooftop
Solar PV power net metering arrangement from the State Nodal Agency.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 27

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

c) An Eligible Consumer or a vendor of the Rooftop Solar PV system on authorization from

an Eligible Consumer shall produce the latest net metering bills for two months raised by a
DISCOM for the release of the subsidy or incentive. These bills shall be counter signed by
the concerned Divisional Engineer (Operation) and the District Manager of the State Nodal
Agency (TNREDCL). The Nodal Agency shall make the payment of subsidy or incentive
within thirty (30) working days of the receipt of claim of subsidy/incentive.
VIII Inspection by DISCOM Officials:
a) The Discom Officials on inspection at the time of according permission to install the net
metering arrangement or at any time thereafter, finds that, the Eligible Consumer has
installed equipment not confirming to the standards published by the International Electro-
Technical Commission (IEC) or Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as a part of the net
metering arrangement in the consumer’s premises, the vendor of the equipment shall be
blacklisted and the same shall be notified to the MNRE and the State Nodal Agency. Further,
the Discom Officials reserves the right to withdraw the permission to the net metering
arrangement and cancel the net metering agreement with the Eligible Consumer after giving
an opportunity in writing.
b) The Eligible Consumer shall install any additional equipment or additional the DISCOM,
failing which, the Discom Officials may cancel the Net Metering Agreement after giving an
opportunity in writing.
IX Sharing of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) benefits
The Eligible Consumer shall retain the entire proceeds of CDM benefits in the first year after
the date of commercial operation of the generating station. In the second year, the share of the
Distribution Licensees shall be 10% which shall be progressively increased by 10% every
year till it reaches 50%, where after, the proceeds shall be shared in equal proportion by the
Eligible Consumer and the DISCOM.
X Restriction and Control (R&C) Measures
In the event of the DISCOM being directed to impose Restriction and Control (R&C)
measures under section 23 of the Act, the Discom Officials shall not refuse injecting of solar
power generated from a Rooftop Solar PV System installed by the residential and the
government consumers.
XI Energy Accounting during Meter defects
In case of failure of the meter recording export of energy, the meter shall be replaced within
fifteen (15) days of the notice of the failure. The number of units to be billed during the
period in which the meter ceased to function or became defective, shall be determined by
VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 28
 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

taking the average of the electricity exported during the preceding three (3) billing cycles to
the billing cycle in which the said meter ceased to function or became defective provided that
the condition with regard to export of electricity during the said three (3) billing cycles was
not different from that which prevailed during the period in which the Meter ceased to
function or became defective.
XII Compensation
In case of failure of the net metering arrangement, compensation shall be payable as per the
provisions of the Telangana State Electricity Regulatory Commission (Licenses Standards of
Performance) Regulation, 2016 as amended from time to time.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 29

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

CHAPTER - 4
NET METERING
4.1 BRIEF ABOUT NET METERING
For electric customers who generate their own electricity, net metering allows for the flow of
electricity both to and from the customer – typically through a single, bi-directional meter.
When a customer’s generation exceeds the customer’s use, electricity from the customer
flows back to the grid, offsetting electricity consumed by the customer at a different time
during the same billing cycle. In effect, the customer uses excess generation to offset
electricity that the customer otherwise would have to purchase at the utility’s full retail rate.

Fig 4.1 NETMETERING TECHNOLOGY

The electricity meter also called a Kilowatt hour (kWh) meter is used to record the
flow of electricity to and from the grid. Twin kWh meters can be used, one to indicate the
electrical energy being consumed and the other to record the solar electricity being sent to the
grid. A single bidirectional kWh meter can also be used to indicate the net amount of
electricity taken from the grid. A grid connected PV system will slow down or halt the
aluminium disc in the electric meter and may cause it to spin backwards. This is generally
referred to as net metering.
A Net-Meter is a device that records the units of electricity drawn and sent to the
utility grid. This device or meter also measures the reading in Kilo watt hour itself. But the
Net meter has more typical advantages over energy meter in grid connected system where
there is a provision of generating electricity.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 30

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Fig 4.2 LT NET METERING

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 31

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Fig 4.3 HT NET METERING

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 32

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

4.2 ACCOUNTING AND SETTLING OF CHARGES USING

NETMETERING
For electric customers who generate their own electricity, net metering allows for the flow of
electricity both to and from the customer – typically through a single, bi-directional meter.
When a customer’s generation exceeds the customer’s use, electricity from the customer
flows back to the grid, offsetting electricity consumed by the customer at a different time
during the same billing cycle. In effect, the customer uses excess generation to offset
electricity that the customer otherwise would have to purchase at the utility’s full retail rate.
Net meter records the units of electricity drawn and sent to the utility grid. This device
or meter also measures the reading in Kilo watt hour itself. But the Net meter has more
typical advantages over energy meter in grid connected system where there is a provision of
generating electricity.
The electricity meter also called a Kilowatt hour (kWh) meter is used to record the
flow of electricity to and from the grid. Twin kWh meters can be used, one to indicate the
electrical energy being consumed and the other to record the solar electricity being sent to the
grid. A single bidirectional kWh meter can also be used to indicate the net amount of
electricity taken from the grid. A grid connected PV system will slow down or halt the
aluminium disc in the electric meter and may cause it to spin backwards. This is generally
referred to as net metering.
A Net-Meter is a device that records the units of electricity drawn and sent to the
utility grid. This device or meter also measures the reading in Kilo watt hour itself. But the
Net meter has more typical advantages over energy meter in grid connected system where
there is a provision of generating electricity.
Example for Solar Rooftop PV system Net metering Energy Accounting and
Settlement
Note:- a) The sum arrived during settlement after June and December months shall be either
adjusted in the next month electricity bill or deposited in the bank account of the Eligible
Consumer furnished at the time of filing of the application.
b) An Eligible Consumer is within the ambit of Time of Day (ToD) tariff, the electricity
consumption in any time block, i.e. peak hours, off-peak hours, etc., shall be first
compensated with the quantum of electricity injected in the same time block. Any excess
injection over and above the consumption in any other time block in a Billing Cycle shall be
accounted as if the excess injection had occurred during off-peak hours.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 33

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

4.2.1 LT BILLING SLAB BY TSSPDCL

Table 4.1 LT BILLING SLAB
Fixed/Demand Charge Energy Charge
(Rs./Mo
nth)
Category
(Rs./kWh or
Unit Rate
Rs./kVAh)
Low Tension
LT I: Domestic
LT I (A): Upto 100 Units/Month
0-50 1.45
51-100 2.60

LT I (B)(i):Above 100 Units/Month & up to 200 Units/Month

0-100 3.30
101-200 4.30
LT I (B)(ii): Above 200 Units/Month
0-200 5.00
201-300 7.20
301-400 8.50
401-800 9.00
Above 800 units 9.50
LT II: Non-Domestic/Commercial
LT II (A): Upto 50 Units/Month
0-50 kW 50 6.00
LT II (B): Above 50 Units/Month
0-100 kW 60 7.50
101-300 kW 60 8.90
301-500 kW 60 9.40
Above 500 kW 60 10.00
LT II (C): Advertisement Hoardings kW 60 12.00

LT II (D): Haircutting salons consuming upto 200 units/month

0-50 kW 60 5.30
51-100 kW 60 6.60
101-200 kW 60 7.50
LT III: Industry
Industries kW 60 6.70

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 34

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

4.2.2 HT BILLING SLAB BY TSSPDCL

Table 4.2 HT BILLING SLAB
Fixed/Demand
Energy
Charge
Categoy Charge
(Rs./Month)
(Rs./kWh
Unit Rate
or
Rs./kVA
h)
High Tension
HT I(A): Industry General
11 kV kVA 390 6.65
33 kV kVA 390 6.15
132 kV and above kVA 390 5.65
HT I(A):Lights and Fans
11 kV 6.65
33 kV 6.15
132 kV and above 5.65
HT I(A):Poultry Farms
11 kV kVA 390 6.65
33 kV kVA 390 6.15
HT I(A):Industrial Colonies
11 kV 6.30
33 kV 6.30
132 kV and above 6.30
HT I(A):Seasonal Industries
11 kV kVA 390 7.60
33 kV kVA 390 6.90
132 kV and above kVA 390 6.70
HT I(A):Optional Category with Load Up to 150
kVA
11 kV kVA 80 7.00
HT I: Time of Day Tariffs (6 AM to 10 AM)
11 kV 7.65
33 kV 7.15
132 kV and above 6.65
HT I: Time of Day Tariffs (6 PM to 10 PM)
11 kV 7.65
33 kV 7.15
132 kV and above 6.65
HT I: Time of Day Tariffs (10 PM to 6 AM)
11 kV 5.65
33 kV 5.15
132 kV and above 4.65
HT I (A): Poultry Farms - Time of Day Tariffs (6 AM to 10 AM)
11 kV 7.65
33 kV 7.15
HT I (A): Poultry Farms - Time of Day Tariffs (6 PM to 10 PM)
11 kV 7.65
33 kV 7.15
HT I (A): Poultry Farms - Time of Day Tariffs (10 PM to 6 AM)
11 kV 5.65
33 kV 5.15

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 35

 STUDY ON ROOF TOP GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

Fixed/Demand Charge
Energy
(Rs./Month)
Category Charge
(Rs./k
Unit Rate
Wh
or
Rs./k
VAh)
HT II OTHERS
11 kV kVA 390 7.80
33 kV kVA 390 7.00
132 kV and above kVA 390 6.80
HT II: Time of Day Tariffs (6 AM to 10 AM)
11 kV 8.80
33 kV 8.00
132 kV and above 7.80
HT II: Time of Day Tariffs (6 PM to 10 PM)
11 kV 8.80
33 kV 8.00
132 kV and above 7.80
HT II: Time of Day Tariffs (10 PM to 6 AM)
11 kV 6.80
33 kV 6.00
132 kV and above 5.80

VBIT[EEE] Page 36
 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

CHAPTER - 5
RESULTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In our project we are analysed a 160KWp, Grid connected solar photovoltaic grid
connected system roofs of VBIT institute and to determine its Technical and
Financial performances using PV syst. and PV Sol Softwares.
The following analysis is done
➢ Annual energy generation
➢ Energy savings per year
➢ Carbon emission reduction
➢ Monthly energy production
➢ Monthly energy and load
➢ Monthly data

5.2 RESULTS OBTAINED FROM PV SOL

Fig 5.1 ANNUAL PV ENERGY

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 37

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Fig 5.2 PV ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EXPORT

Fig 5.3 PV ENERGY DETAILS

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 38

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

5.3 RESULTS OBTAINED FROM PV SYS. SOFTWARE

Fig 5.4 IRRADIATION WITH AND WITHOUT TILT

Fig 5.5 SYSTEM OUTPUT ENERGY

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 39

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Fig 5.6 MONTHLY WISE OUTPUT IN KWh

Fig 5.7 ECONOMIC GROSS EVALUATION

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 40

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

5.4 DETAILED STUDY OF HT USER BILL

Consumer contracted load = 250kVA

Number of units consumed = 40397

Number of Recorded units in Netmeter = 1242

Total number of units excluding Netmeter reading = 39155

Amount charged for consumption of 1 unit = Rs 7.80

Amount charged for consumed units = 39155*7.80

=Rs 305409

Number of KVA units = 208.88

Amount charged as Demand Charges =208.88*390

=Rs 81463.20

TOD charges = Rs 11892

Electricity Charges =2349.3

As a total of Rs.392749 including Customer charges and excluding incentive TOD’s.

We observed from the calculations that the total amount charged for the
consumed units is reduced.

As the number of units consumed decreased the billing slab rate at which the
units are charged will decrease, which decreases the total amount charged for the units
consumed.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 41

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

5.5 COMPARISONS
5.5.1 COMPARISON OF BILL WITH AND WITHOUT SOLAR
Table 5.1 COMPARISION OF BILL WITH AND WITHOUT SOLAR PLANT

BILL
BILL WITH
WITHOUT TOTAL SAVING=
SOLAR
MONTH SOLAR 2016-2018 {(2016-2018)-
IN
IN SOLAR SAVING}
2018
2016

JAN 2,34,041 1,94,657 39,384 39,384

FEB 2,96,255 1,99,520.1 96,734.9 1,36,118.9

MAR 3,09,431 1,68,503.4 140,927.6 2,77,046.5

APR 3,10,184 2,11,327.2 98,856.8 3,75,903.3

4,31,241.7
MAY 2,37,862 1,82,523.3 55,338.4
5,01,342.9
JUN 2,48,600 1,78,498.8 70,101.2
6,74,696.1
JUL 3,19,254 1,45,900.8 1,73,353.2
8,62,453.8
AUG 3,335,46 1,45,788.3 1,87,757.7

SEPT 3,45,136 2,05,003 1,40,133 10,02,586.8

OCT 2,61,471 2,00,695 60,776 10,63,362.8

NOV 2,82,970 1,71,909 1,11,061 11,74,423.8

DEC 2,52,787 1,63,400 89,387 12,63,810.8

5.5.2 COMPARISON OF PRACTICAL AND SIMUATION DATA

Table 5.2 COMPARISION OF PRACTICAL AND SIMULATED ENERGY

MONTH PRACTICAL SIMULATION

JAN 21628.5 23610
FEB 22168.9 22763
MAR 18722.6 23174
APR 23480.8 20349
MAY 20280.4 18260
JUN 19833.2 14314
JUL 16211.2 13099
AUG 16198.7 14391
SEP 20500.3 17858
OCT 20069.5 21073
NOV 17190.9 21420
DEC 16340 23804

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 42

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

5.5.3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

KWH OBTAINED FROM SIMULATION

KWH OBTAINED FROM PRACTICAL

Fig 5.8 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRACTICAL AND SIMULATION VALUES

5.6 MONTHLY GENERATED OUTPUT IN KWh

Table 5.3 MONTHLY GENERATED OUTPUT IN KWh

MONTH Units Units Total no Total no Total no of units Percenta
generated generated of of units consumed by ge of
by solar by solar Units consumed VBIT(solar+grid) power
plant plant Generated form grid consume
used by exported by solar by VBIT d from
VBIT in to grid in in kwh in kwh solar
kwh kwh plant
MAY 18889.9 1242 20131.9 33862 52715.9 93.8%
2019

We observed that the Solar power plant of 160 kW is minimizing a cost of

1.5Lakh(INR) per month.
1.5L*12=18Lakhs/annum
The initial cost required for installing a pv power plant is around 1Cr(INR) and
provides a subscidy of 30Lakh(INR).
Then the Net value of then plant is 70Lakh(INR)

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 43

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

Therefore, for the investment of 70Lakhs can be recovered in a span of 4 years 10

month.
As the life span of a PV panel is around 25 years, remaining 20 years of Energy
generated by panels can be treated as profit which takes major part in reducing
carbon print and saving non-renewable energy resources.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 44

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

CHAPTER - 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 CONCLUSION
The performance analysis of a 160kwp grid connected photovoltaic system in VBIT
has been investigated.
The following conclusions can be drawn:
➢ Average 10 months PV plant energy output in 2017-2018 is 182928.5kwh
➢ Average 10 months performance ratio of the plant is 86.04%
➢ The average 10-month capacity factor is 12.41%
➢ Energy savings per 10 months is 136633.9kwh
➢ Payback period is 4years 10 months
➢ Cost reduction per 10 months is 16,46,537.4 INR

Total CO2 reductions per months is 125252 Kg/Year.

CO2 shows the solar PV system installed in VBIT campus is eco-friendly and good
for environment.
In the 10 months duration from the establishment of rooftop 160KWp solar plant,
VBIT could save 59.21% of power required.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE
Generation of solar energy has tremendous scope in India.As per the geographical
location of the country, India stands to its benefit and has tremendous scope of
generating solar energy. Solar Power Generation alone can cater more than 60-65% of
our entire need of power. Thus, we must focus on following future plans of installing
large projects. Apart from above, we also have to focus on Roof Top solar Energy
Generation that may cut down our need to more than 50% need of every house hold.
In future we can generate more solar energy even for various temperature
conditions and by changing the tilt angles of solar panels. With the change in tilt
different angle of solar panels, the generated voltage will also varies.
About 66 MW will be installed for various applications in the rural area,
amounting to be used in solar lanterns, street lighting systems and solar water pumps,
etc.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 45

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

REFERENCES
[1] G,D.Rai, Non-Conventional Energy Resources,Khanna Publishers. [textbook]
[2] D. P. Kothari, Singal, Rakesh and Ranjan, Renewable Energy sources and
Emerging Technologies. [textbook]
[3] “Ministry of New and Renewable Energy”,” Government of India”
https://mnre.gov.in/
[4] “Telangana State Southern Power Distribution Company Limited”
https://www.tssouthernpower.com/
[5] “PV SOL”, a simulation software for PV Module
http://pvsol-online.valentin-software.com/#/
[6] A special report on direct solar energy. Available Web-link:
http://srren.ipccwg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Ch03.
[7] Mani, A., Handbook of Solar Radiation Datafor India,Allied Publishers. 15
Heredia Marg,Ballard Estate, Bombay. [textbook]
[8] B S Magal, Solar Power Engineering,Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
[textbook]
[9] The history of Solar Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,ǁ U.S.
Department of Energy.
[10] P. Kumar and Rajesh Dubey,"Efficiency Improvement of Photovoltaic Panels by
Design Improvement of Cooling System using Back WaterCooling
Tubes,"International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN:
2278-0181., Vol. 7 Issue 01, January 2018.
[11] F. Grubišić-Čabo, SandroNižetić and Tina Giuseppe Marco, "Photovoltaic
panels: A review of the cooling Techniques," Transaction of Famena xl- special issue
1 ISSN 1333-1124, 2016,
[12] A. Hasan, Hamza Alnoman and Ali Hasan Shah," Energy Efficiency
Enhancement of Photovoltaics by Phase Change Materials through Thermal Energy
Recovery," College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Energies, 9,
782; doi:10.3390/en9100782, 2016.
[13] R. Nazar,"Improvement of efficiency of solar panel using different methods,"
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IJEEE, Volume 07,
Issue 01, Jan- June, ISSN- 2321-2055 (E) ,2015.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 46

 Study on roof top grid connected PV system

[14] M. Mohamed Musthafa, M. H. Yasen, "Enhancing Photoelectric Conversion

Efficiency of Solar Panel by Water Cooling," Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable
Energy and Applications,Musthafa, J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl, 5:4 DOI:
10.4172/2090- 4541.1000166, 2015.
[15] S. Mehrotra1, PratishRawat Mary Debbarma and K. Sudhakar, "Performance of
a solar panel with water immersion cooling technique," International Journal of
Science, Environment ISSN 2278- 3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 3, No 3, 1161 –
1172, 2014,
[16] R. Arshad, Salman Tariq, Muhammad Umair Niaz and Mohsin Jamil,"
Improvement in Solar Panel Efficiency Using Solar Concentration by Simple Mirrors
and by Cooling," International Conference on Robotics and Emerging Allied
Technologies in Engineering (ICREATE) Islamabad, Pakistan, April 22-24, 2014.

VBIT Dept. of EEE Page 47