Introduction to Glass Technology

Overview of Glass Properties

Glass Engineering
150:312

Professor Richard Lehman

Department of Ceramics and Materials Engineering
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

Overview of Physical Properties of Glass

• Optical Properties
• Overview of Other
Properties
• Strength Introduction
• Elastic Modulus • Separate Lectures
• Thermal Expansion Æ Viscosity
• Surface Tension Æ Mechanical Behavior

• Thermal Conductivity
• Stress-Optical Coefficient
• Heat Capacity (Specific
Heat)
• Knoop Hardness
• Electrical Resistivity
• Chemical Durability

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Introduction to Glass Technology

From Theoretical Strength to Design Strength -

- A Wide Range!

Universal Fatigue Curve

• Strength of glass
after loading for
time t.
• To make ALL S/SN2
data fit this line:
normalize
strength with
liquid nitrogen
strength, and time
with time to reach
50%

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Elastic Modulus of A Range of Glass

Compositions as a Function of Temperature

• Elastic modulus is the

stiffness of the glass, an
important engineering
property.
• Generally, the stiffness
decreases with temperature.
• Silicate glasses are an
exception

Elastic Constants for Glasses and Glass Ceramics

Code Type E G
GPa GPa

9606 Glass Ceramic 17.2 6.9

1723 Aluminosilicate 12.5 5.1

9608 Glass Ceramic 12.5 5.0

7940 Fused Silica 10.4 4.5

0080 Soda Lime Silicate 10.2 4.2

7900 96% Silica 10 4.2

7740 Borosilicate, Low Expansion 9.1 3.8

7070 Borosilicate, Low Loss 7.4 3

• E = Young's Modulus
• G = Shear Modulus (modulus of rigidity)

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Thermal Expansion of Glass

• Instantaneous
Expansion of
Borosilicate Crown
Glass

Thermal Expansion of Commercial Glass

• Units are 10-7/o C

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Thermal Expansion of Glass

Oxide Factor
• Linear factors for calculation of SiO2 0.05
glass expansion from oxide B2O3 -0.66*
weight percent Na2O 4.32
• Sodium in highest contributor K2O 3.90
Al2O3 0.14
• Boric oxide is lowest [applies
only from 0 - 12% B2O3] CaO 1.63
MgO 0.45
• From English and Turner
ZnO 0.70
• Valid from 25o to 90o C BaO 1.40
PbO 1.06
ZrO2 0.23

Factors for Calculating Surface Tension

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Thermal Conductivity of Glass

Thermal Conductivity of Glass

• Major contributor to
conductivity at high
temperature is radiation
• Colored glasses absorb
radiation.

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Stress-Optical Coefficient for Glasses

• Stress generates
birefringence in glass
• The larger the
photoelastic constant,
C, the more
birefringence is
generated by a given
stress.

∂ nm
StressMPa =
t mm C Brewster

Specific Heat of Vitreous Silica

as a Function of Temperature

• Most glasses and

ceramics follow,
approximately, the rule:
• Cp = 3R per mole atom
• = 6 kcal/mole atom
• SiO2 contains 3 atoms per
mole, so:
• Cp(SiO2) = 18 kcal/mole
= 0.3 kcal/g

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Knoop Hardness of Commercial Glasses

Relationship Between
MOH Hardness and Knoop Values

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Electrical Resistivity of Silicate Glasses

• Conductivity in silicate
glass is by charged ions.
• Monovalent ions, such as
sodium, move easily in
silicate glasses and
promote conductivity
• Resistive glasses usually
contain little or no
monovalent content

Chemical Durability Summary

1 mg/cm2 = 10 µm

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Introduction to Glass Technology

Chemical Durability Summary

1 mg/cm2 = 10 µm

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