Central Processing

Facility (CPF)
Khazzan Project
Security Classification:
Project Internal Contract No. CO-BPXO-12-0376

CALCULATION – EARTHING SYSTEM

B02 12/01/2016 Issued for Design

STJ PMG/AHV TAM/IDD
B01 02/02/2015 Issued for Design STJ/PMG PMGMRS/AHV TAM/IDD
A01 29/10/2014 Issued for Company Review STJ/PMG MRS/AHV TAM/IDD
Rev Date Reason for Issue Author Checked Approved

Rev
KZ01-EL-CAL-53-0002 B021
Khazzan Project CALCULATION – EARTHING SYSTEM

Revision History
Amendment Revision Amender Amendment
Date Number Initials

29/10/2014 A01 STJ

02/02/2015 B01 STJ Cl 2.2,4,5.4.6 and Annexure-B

12/01/2015 B02 STJ Annexure-B

Related documents
Document number Document name Description of Content
Section 1.2

Holds
Section Number Short Description of Hold

Definitions and Abbreviations

Term Comment
Section 1.3

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 PURPOSE............................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 REFERENCE PROJECT DOCUMENTS................................................................................................ 4
1.3 ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINATION..................................................................................................... 4
2 EARTHING SYSTEM DESIGN............................................................................................................ 5
2.1 DESIGN BASIS....................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 MAXIMUM RESISTANCE OF THE EARTHING SYSTEM......................................................................5
2.3 INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM.............................................................................................................. 5
3 BASIC DESIGN DATA......................................................................................................................... 6
4 CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE AND NUMBER OF EARTH ELECTRODES AND DEEP WELL
ELECTRODE.......................................................................................................................................... 6
5 EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZING......................................................................................................7
5.1 SUBSTATION EARTHING SYSTEM....................................................................................................... 7
5.2 EARTH BUSES....................................................................................................................................... 7
5.3 INTERCONNECTING CONDUCTOR..................................................................................................... 8
5.3.1 MAIN EARTH GRID AROUND SUBSTATION......................................................................................8
5.3.2 PLANT EARTHING GRID CONDUCTOR............................................................................................ 9
5.4 BRANCH EARTH CONDUCTOR.......................................................................................................... 10
5.4.1 GTG NEUTRAL EARTHING.............................................................................................................. 10
5.4.2 GENRATOR TRANSFORMER 11/34.65 kV NEUTRAL GROUNDING CABLE..................................11
5.4.3 HV SWITCHGEAR............................................................................................................................. 11
5.4.4 33/3.46 kV TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL EARTHING GROUNDING.................................................12
5.4.5 3.46 kV SDG NEUTRAL EARTHING GROUNDING..........................................................................12
5.4.6 TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL GROUNDING AND BODY EARTHING................................................12
5.4.7 LV SWITCHBOARD........................................................................................................................... 14
5.4.8 0.415 kV SDG NEUTRAL CONNECTION AND BODY EARTHING CONNECTION..........................14
6 INSTRUMENTATION AND TELECOM EARTHING SYSTEM...........................................................15
7 TOUCH POTENTIAL AND STEP POTENTIAL..................................................................................15
ANNEXURE – A: SOIL RESISTIVITY TEST CONDUCTED BY PETROFAC.......................................18
ANNEXURE – B: EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZES............................................................................19

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE

The purpose of this document is to finalize the design of earthing system and carry out the earthing grid study
for the Central Processing Facility (CPF) - Khazzan Gas Project located at Block 61 in Oman, approximately
350 km SW of Muscat.

1.2 REFERENCE PROJECT DOCUMENTS

KZ01-EL-PHI-53-0001 : ELECTRICAL DESIGN CRITERIA

KZ01-EL-SLD-53-0001 : OVERALL KEY SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

GUIDENCE ON PRACTICE FOR

GP 12-25 :
EARTHING/GROUNDING

KZ01-EL-BLD-53-0002 : EARTHING SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

GUIDENCE FOR SAFETY IN AC SUBSTATION

IEEE 80 :
GROUNDING

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR GROUNDING

IEEE 142 : OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER
SYSTEM

1.3 ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINATION

Earth : Conductive mass of earth whose electric potential

at any point is conventionally taken as zero.
Earth Electrode : Conductor or group of conductors in intimate
contact with and providing electrical connection to
earth.
Earth Electrode Resistance : Resistance of earth electrode to earth
Earth Fault Current : Fault current which flows to earth
Earthing Grid : A system of horizontal earth electrodes that
consists of a number of interconnected, insulated
conductors buried in the earth, providing a
common earth for electrical devices or metallic
structures, usually in one specific location
Earthing Conductor : Protective conductor connecting the main earthing
terminal of an installation to an earth electrode or
to other means of earthing.

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2 EARTHING SYSTEM DESIGN

2.1 DESIGN BASIS

Earthing and bonding shall be provided to minimise electric shock hazards to personnel and damage to
equipment during earth faults and static charges.

To achieve the above, an earthing system of type ‘TN-S’ will be provided where the connection to earth
through earth electrodes will be achieved only at the source i.e. at the neutral point of the transformer and
generator. The earthing system will be provided to meet the following requirement:

 Electrical System Neutral earthing

 Electrical Equipment Protective earthing

 Instrument Earthing (Clean Earth)

 Static Discharge Earthing/Bonding

Complete earthing grid will be formed by stranded copper 450/750 V earthing cable with green/yellow PVC
sheathing. Hence, the return path for earth leakage current shall be through copper conductor PVC sheathed
cable.

The earth fault current entering the grid at any point of the earth grid divides itself into minimum two current
paths at the point of entry. This current division is not really equal at the point of entry, as the grid comprises
interconnected network. Therefore, a current division factor of 0.7 is considered for sizing the earth
conductor as per the prevalent general engineering practices.

So the earth grid around the substation shall be sized for the maximum earth fault current of 45.5 kA (i.e. LV
system fault current-65 kA x 0.7) for duration of 1 second. Whereas the earth grid around the plant shall be
sized to withstand the fault current and the time (based on let-through energy of the highest rated MCCB
provided on outgoing feeders in LV switchboards)

33kV & 3.3 kV systems shall be earthed by using a neutral earthing resistor. Neutral earthing resistor shall
be sized to limit the earth fault current to a maximum value of 200A. Tripping of the respective circuit
breakers / contactors will be carried out on sensing the earth fault. Three phase 415V systems shall have
their neutrals solidly connected to the plant earthing system.

415/240V AC UPS neutral shall be solidly earthed through the earth bus within the UPS cabinet.

110V DC UPS systems shall have positive and negative poles unearthed (floating)

2.2 MAXIMUM RESISTANCE OF THE EARTHING SYSTEM

The earthing systems for substation, plant, non-current carrying equipment and static electricity shall be
interconnected with each other and shall be designed such that the overall earth grid resistance is restricted
to less than 1.

The maximum specified value 1 of overall earth grid resistance is achieved with the help of 6 meter copper
earth electrodes and 20 meter deep well electrode.

2.3 INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM

Earthing system of different areas like substation building, plant and that of non-current carrying equipment
will be interconnected with each other at minimum 2 points.

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3 BASIC DESIGN DATA

The earthing calculations in this document have been carried out based on the following design data and
criteria.

Type of earthing cable laid below and : 450/750V grade, yellow-green colour PVC
above ground insulated, high conductivity stranded annealed
copper conductor
Soil Resistivity : 85.14 -m (Refer Annexure- A)

Earth fault current considered for

33kV system : 1000A

3.3 kV system : 200A

LV system around substation building : 65 kA x 0.7 = 45.5 kA (Refer clause 2.1 above)

LV system in plant : 65 kA, cut-off current of highest rated power

MCCB (630 A) on loading feeders in LV
switchboard. (Refer Attachements-1)
Fault current duration for sizing the main : 1sec
earthing grid around the substation

Fault current duration for sizing the : 0.02 sec (Refer clause 5.3.2)
earthing grid around the plant

Overall earthing resistance : Less than 1.

Earth Electrode details : 15mm diameter, 6 m long copper electrode

4 CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE AND NUMBER OF EARTH ELECTRODES AND

DEEP WELL ELECTRODE
On the basis of equation (59) of IEEE 80, the effective grid resistance to earth with one electrode is,

R = (/2L) [loge {8L/d} - 1]

Where,

R – Effective grid resistance to earth of single electrode in Ω

L – Length of earth rod in meters = 6 m

d – Diameter of earth rod in meters = 0.015m i.e. 15mm

 – Average soil resistivity in Ω-m = 85.14 Ω-m (Refer soil resistivity test results enclosed as Annexure –
A).

Hence,

R = (85.14/ (2 x  x 6)) [loge {8 x 6/0.015} -1] =15.96Ω

In order to achieve overall earth grid resistance as 1Ω (as specified in KZ01-EL-PHI-53-0001), electrodes will
be connected in parallel.

N =R x F/R (gmax)

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Where,

R – Effective grid resistance to earth of single electrode in Ω

N – Minimum number of electrodes required in parallel

R (gmax) – Max. Allowed earth grid resistance in Ω = 1 Ω

F – Multiplying factor for multiple rods = 1.36 for 6 rods, (Table 14, IEEE standard 142)

N = 15.96 x 1.92 / 1

= 30.66

= Say 31 Nos.

So 31 number of electrode will give overall grid resistance approximately 1 ohm .In order to get GPR value
within 300 V, grid resistance further reduced at 0.243 Ω. This value achieved through increasing the 115 nos.
of parallel rods and 4 number of deep well electrodes (Refer Attachment-2). Hence we have considered 6
meter long, 15 mm dia.115 number of electrodes and 20 meter long, 150 mm dia. 4 numbers of deep well
electrodes in all over the plant.

5 EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZING

5.1 SUBSTATION EARTHING SYSTEM

Main earthing system at the substation will consist of adequate number of main earth buses of hard-drawn
copper (mounted on the wall with spacers). Main earth grid shall comprise stranded copper earthing cables
with green/yellow stripped PVC sheathing and required number of earth electrodes. Metal enclosures of
electrical equipment will be connected to these main earth buses by means of suitably sized copper
conductor PVC insulated earthing cable. These earth busses shall be in turn be connected to main earthing
ring around substation.

The earth buses in the substation shall be sized to withstand maximum earth fault current of 65 kA for 1 sec.
Main earth grid conductor around substation shall however be sized to withstand 45.5 kA for 1 sec
(Considering 70% and 30% distribution of earth fault current in main grid.)

5.2 EARTH BUSES

As per Equation (37) of IEEE-80, the minimum cross sectional area of the earth buses in mm 2 is:

Where,

S is the minimum cross section area

Ik is the fault current in kA = 65kA

t is the fault current withstand duration in second = 1 sec.

Tm is the maximum allowable temperature in °C

= 1084°C as per Table – 2 of IEEE 80

Ta is the ambient temperature in °C = 50°C (worst case)

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r is the thermal coefficient of resistivity at reference temperature T r (20°C) in 1/°C

= 0.00381 as per Table – 1 of IEEE 80

r is the resistivity of the ground conductor at reference temperature T r in µΩ-cm

= 1.78 as per Table – 1 of IEEE 80

TCAP is the thermal capacity per unit volume in J/ (cm 3·°C)

= 3.42 as per Table – 1 of IEEE 80

Ko = (1/ αr) – Tr in °C = [(1/0.00381) – 20]

= 242.5°C

As per the above calculation, minimum cross sectional area of the substation earth bus required to
withstand the maximum expected fault current is

Earth bus with standard cross-sectional area of 300mm2 (50mmx6mm) shall be used for earthing in the
substation.

5.3 INTERCONNECTING CONDUCTOR

Interconnecting conductors will be made of copper conductor PVC insulated yellow green stripped cables,
which will be used to:

 Interconnect the main earth buses in the substation

 From the main earthing grid in the plant and connect various groups of earth electrodes to it.

5.3.1 MAIN EARTH GRID AROUND SUBSTATION

The main earth grid will be of copper conductor, PVC insulated cable. The minimum cross sectional area of
the main earth grid conductor in mm2 as per equation (37) of IEEE 80 shall be:

Where,

S is the minimum cross section area

Ik is the earth fault current in kA = 45.5 kA (Refer clause 2.1)

t is the fault current withstand duration in second = 1 sec.

Tm is the maximum allowable temperature in °C = 160°C for PVC insulated cable

Ta is the ambient temperature in °C = 40°C (Ground temperature as the conductor will be buried
underground)

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r is the thermal coefficient of resistivity at reference temperature T r (20°C) in 1/°C

= 0.00393 as per Table – 1 of IEEE 80

r is the resistivity of the ground conductor at reference temperature T r in µΩ-cm

= 1.72 as per Table – 1 of IEEE 80

TCAP is the thermal capacity per unit volume in J / (cm3·°C)

= 3.42 as per Table – 1 of IEEE 80

KO = (1/ αr) – Tr in °C = [(1/0.00393) – 20] = 234.4°C

Based on above the minimum cross sectional area of the substation earth bus required to withstand the
maximum expected fault current is

= 335.8 mm2 i.e. approximately 400 mm2.

Hence 1 run of 1C 400 mm 2 copper conductor, PVC insulated cable shall be used to form the main earth
grid around the substation.

5.3.2 PLANT EARTHING GRID CONDUCTOR

As per Electrical design criteria (Doc.No.KZ01-EL-PHI-53-0001), the Earthing grid conductor for plant
area shall be PVC Insulated copper cable of 70 mm 2.

We have verified the main grid conductor size with following assumptions;
Maximum rating in the outgoing of LV switchboard is 630 A. Maximum let-through energy (I 2t) of 630 A
MCCB is 3.2 x 106 A2s (Refer Attachment-1). Hence, for fault current of 65kA (Considered max. fault level
of all Substations) the withstand time required is:

A2s = I2t i.e. 3.2 x 106 = (65 kA)2 x t

Hence, the withstand time required is 0.000757 sec.

However, we have considered withstand time of 1 cycle i.e. 0.02 sec (worst condition) instead of
0.000757 sec.

The minimum cross sectional area for the plant earthing grid conductor in mm 2 is,

S = I √tc
K

Where,

I is the earth fault current in kA = 40 kA

tc is the fault current withstand duration in second = 0.02 sec.

K is the factor for copper conductor PVC insulated earthing cable = 0.133

S is the minimum cross section area

S = 40 x √0.02
0.115

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= 49.19 mm2

Hence the grid in the plant area shall be insulated copper conductor of size 70 mm 2 as stipulated in KZ01-
EL-PHI-53-0001.

5.4 BRANCH EARTH CONDUCTOR

Branch earth conductors will connect individual electrical equipment to the main earth grid and earth bus.
The branch conductors will be copper conductor PVC insulated cables.

They will be sized to carry the calculated earth fault current for the duration of the fault.

Earth conductor size for each of the main equipment in the sub-station is calculated as below. However final
selection of earthing cable will be standardized to suit the higher size cable.

5.4.1 GTG NEUTRAL EARTHING

GTG shall be grounded through Neutral Earth Resistor (NER). The NER shall be sized to limit the earth
fault current to a maximum of 10A. Hence, the minimum cross sectional area of the cable between GTG
and earthing transformer is,

S = I √tc
K

Where,

S is the minimum cross section area

I is the r.m.s. single phase to earth fault current = 10A

tc is the duration of current in second = 10 sec.

K is the factor for copper conductor PVC insulated earthing cable

Where,
K = 0.143 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor XLPE insulated cable

S = 0.01x √10
0.143

= 0.221 mm2.
Hence standard cable size 70mm2 (12/20kV grade cable) shall be used for earthing the GTG neutral to
NER.
Minimum cross sectional area of the cable between NER to earth is,

= 0.01 x √10
0.115
= 0.274 mm2
Where,
k = 0.115 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor PVC insulated cable
Hence standard earthing cable size 70mm2 shall be used for earthing for NER to earth

5.4.2 GENRATOR TRANSFORMER 11/34.65 kV NEUTRAL GROUNDING CABLE

11/34.65 kV transformer shall be grounded through Neutral Earth Resistor (NER) at secondary side. The
NER shall be sized to limit the earth fault current to a maximum of 200A. Hence, the minimum cross
sectional area of the cable between Generator neutral and NER is,

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= 0.2 x √10
0.143
Where,
k = 0.143 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor XLPE insulated cable
= 4.42 mm2
Hence standard cable size 70mm2 (18/30kV grade cable) shall be used for earthing the transformer neutral
and NER.
Minimum cross sectional area of the cable between NER to earth is,

= 0.2 x √10
0.115
= 9.52 mm2
Where,
K = 0.115 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor PVC insulated cable
Hence standard earthing cable size 70mm2 shall be used for earthing the NER to earth.

5.4.3 HV SWITCHGEAR
 33 kV GIS SWITCHGEAR
33 kV distribution systems shall be grounded through Neutral Earth Resistor (NER) at secondary side of
11/34.65kV transformer. Maximum ground fault current is 1000Amps (All Five Source in parallel, with
each source is grounded with 200 A NER).

Hence, the minimum cross sectional area of the cable for 33kV switchgear is,

= 1 x √3
0.115
= 15.06 mm2
Where k = 0.115 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor PVC insulated cable
Hence standard earthing cable size 70mm2 shall be used for earthing the 33kV Switchgear body to main
earth grid.

 3.3 kV HV SWITCHGEAR
3.3 kV distribution systems shall be grounded through Neutral Earth Resistor (NER) at secondary side of
33/3.46 kV transformer. Maximum ground fault current is 200Amps

Hence, the minimum cross sectional area of the cable for 3.3kV switchgear is,

= 0.200 x √3
0.115
= 3.012 mm2
Where,
k = 0.115 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor PVC insulated cable
Hence standard earthing cable size 70mm2 shall be used for earthing the 3.3kV Switchgear body to main
earth grid.

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5.4.4 33/3.46 kV TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL EARTHING GROUNDING

DG & 33/3.46 kV transformer shall be grounded through Neutral Earth Resistor (NER). The NER shall be
sized to limit the earth fault current to a maximum of 200A. Hence, the minimum cross sectional area of
the cable between DG & 33/3.46kV Transformer neutral to NER is,

= 0.2 x √10
0.143
Where k = 0.143 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor XLPE insulated cable
=4.422mm2
Hence standard cable size 70mm2 (1.8/3kV grade cable) shall be used for earthing the DG & 33/6.9kV
transformer neutral to NER.
Minimum cross sectional area of the cable between NER to earth is,

= 0.2 x √10
0.115
= 5.49 mm2
Where k = 0.115 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor PVC insulated cable
Hence standard earthing cable size 70 mm2 shall be used for earthing the NER to earth.

5.4.5 3.46 kV SDG NEUTRAL EARTHING GROUNDING

DG & 33/3.46kV transformer shall be grounded through Neutral Earth Resistor (NER). The NER shall be
sized to limit the earth fault current to a maximum of 200A. Hence, the minimum cross sectional area of
the cable between DG & 33/3.46kV Transformer neutral to NER is,

= 0.2 x √10
0.143
Where k = 0.143 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor XLPE insulated cable
=4.422mm2
Hence standard cable size 70mm2 (1.8/3kV grade cable) shall be used for earthing the DG & 33/6.9kV
transformer neutral to NER.
Minimum cross sectional area of the cable between NER to earth is,

= 0.2 x √10
0.115
= 5.49 mm2
Where k = 0.115 as per IEC 60364-5-54 for copper conductor PVC insulated cable
Hence standard earthing cable size 70mm2 shall be used for earthing the NER to earth.

5.4.6 TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL GROUNDING AND BODY EARTHING

The short circuit fault current rating at LV side is 65 kA, which will occur only when both the transformers
are operating in parallel with bus coupler in closed position.
Since there are two distribution transformers, the earth fault current will divide itself into two current paths
through the individual neutral of each transformer. Hence the maximum short circuit current only due to one
transformer has been considered for sizing the neutral earthing conductor of the transformer.

The calculation are performed for highest rating transformer which is 3.3/0.435 kV, 2.5 MVA Transformer

The neutral of 3.3/0.435 kV transformer is solidly grounded. % impedance of 2.5 MVA transformers is 6%

The maximum earth fault current of the transformer is given by

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If = 3 Ep
(X1 + X2 + X0+ 3Zn)

Where,
Ep is the p.u per phase voltage
X1 p.u positive sequence impedance
X2 p.u negative sequence impedance
X0 p.u zero sequence impedance
Zn impedance of return path, i.e. 0, as the fault is considered at the transformer terminals
For transformers, X1 = X2 = X0 = XT = 6 %, As per Key SLD, KZ01-EL-SLD-53-0001

Hence the p.u maximum earth fault current,

= (3 x 1)
(0.06+0.06+0.06)
= 16.66 p.u
Base current = Base kVA
√3 x Base kV

= 2500 / (1.732 x 0.435)

= 3333.43 A
Actual earth fault current = p.u maximum earth fault current x Base current
= 16.66 x 3333.43
= 55.66 kA.

Cross sectional area of earth conductor cable

= 342.29 mm2, i.e. 400 mm2

Hence cable of 400 mm2 is considered for transformer body earthing as well as neutral earthing.

Similarly other 1.6 MVA, 0.63 MVA and 1 MVA transformer earthing cable requirements can be calculated.
Table shown below earthing cable size

Earthing Cable Size

Equipment Number of Connections
(mm2)
3.3/0.435 kV, 2.5 MVA, 6 % imp.
400 1
Transformer neutral
3.3/0.435 kV, 2.5 MVA, 6 % imp.
400 2
Transformer Body
3.3/0.435 kV,2 MVA, 6 % imp
400 1
Transformer neutral
3.3/0.435 kV,2 MVA, 6 % imp
400 2
Transformer Body
3.3/0.435 kV,0.8 MVA,5 % imp
400 1
Transformer neutral
3.3/0.435 kV,0.8 MVA, 5 % imp
400 2
Transformer Body
3.3/0.435 kV,0.5 MVA,4 % imp 400 1

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Transformer neutral
3.3/0.435 kV,0.5 MVA, 4 % imp
400 2
Transformer Body
3.3/0.435 kV,1.6 MVA,6 % imp
400 1
Transformer neutral
3.3/0.435 kV,1.6 MVA, 6 % imp
400 2
Transformer Body

5.4.7 LV SWITCHBOARD
The conductor for earthing the LV switchboard body shall be sized to withstand a fault current of 65 kA for
1 second.

Minimum cross sectional area of PVC insulated earth conductor cable:

S = Ik √t
K

Where,

S is the minimum cross section area

Ik is the fault current = 65 kA

t is the fault current withstand duration in second = 1 sec.

K is the factor for copper conductor PVC insulated earthing cable = 0.115

S = 65 x √1
0.115

= 565.21 mm2

Since the calculated conductor size is very large, we will use 2 runs of PVC insulated cable for earthing
LV switchboard enclosure:

Therefore the earth fault current shall divide itself into two current paths, through the 2 parallel runs. So
each run of the earthing conductor is required to carry only 50% of the fault current. So the minimum size
of each run of the earthing conductor is,

S = 65 x √1
2 x 0.115
= 282.60 mm2. i.e. 300 mm2

To standardize cable size we have considered higher size of 2 run of PVC insulated cable of 400mm 2 is
considered for LV switchboard enclosure earthing.

5.4.8 0.415 kV SDG NEUTRAL CONNECTION AND BODY EARTHING CONNECTION

The Generator Neutral shall be earth through conductor which has sized as per earth fault current of the
SDG.
The diesel generator earth fault current is computed below:
If = 3 Ep
(X1 + X2 + X0+ 3Zn)
Where,

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Ep is the p.u per phase voltage

X1 p.u positive sequence impedance = 11.6 %
X2 p.u negative sequence impedance= 10.2 % as per data from ETAP study
X0 p.u zero sequence impedance = 3.3 %
Zn impedance of return path, i.e. 0, as the fault is considered at the EDG terminals

Hence the maximum earth fault current,

= (3 x 1)
(0.116+0.102+0.033)
= 11.9 p.u

Base current = Base kVA

√3 x Base kV
= 1750 / (1.732 x 0.415) = 2434.6A
Actual earth fault current = p.u maximum earth fault current x Base current
=2434.6 x 11.95
= 29.09kA.
Cross sectional area of earth conductor cable

S = 29.09 x √0.5
0.115
= 178.8 mm2
Hence cable of 400 mm2 considered for SDG body earthing as well as neutral earthing.
For all the other equipment supplied from the outgoing feeders of the main switchboards, the protective
devices will operate much faster to clear the earth fault. Hence, the actual required earth cable sizes are
lower than what have been stipulated in Clause 5.0 The minimum size of earthing conductors for all the
electrical equipment are calculated and summarized in a table given in Annexure-B.

6 INSTRUMENTATION AND TELECOM EARTHING SYSTEM

 The ‘safety’ earthing or ‘dirty’ earthing will be common for Electrical, Instrumentation and Telecom
equipment and will be achieved through provision of earth buses and connectors.

 For instrumentation earthing in LER’s, 3 earth busses each of 50 x 6 mm (minimum) tinned copper shall
be provided for the following:

a) Intrinsic Safe Instrument Earth system (ISE)

b) Instrument Protective Earth system (IPE)

c) Protective Earth System (PE)

 The safety earth buses shall be connected to the earth grid by single core PVC insulated copper cable at
two points using 70 mm 2 single core PVC insulated copper cable. The other busses shall be insulated
from all other earth potential points.

7 TOUCH POTENTIAL AND STEP POTENTIAL

As per section 8.3 of IEEE 80:2000, the safety of a person depends on preventing the critical amount of
shock energy from being absorbed before the fault is cleared and the system de-energized. The maximum
driving voltage of any accidental circuit should not exceed the Tolerable Touch and Step voltage.
The permissible value of Touch potential as per equation no. 17 of IEEE 80:2000 is calculated as:

Etouch = (1000+1.5Css) * 0.116 ………….Eq (1)

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√ts
Where,
Etouch is the permissible touch potential in Volts
Cs is surface layer resistivity derating factor
ts is duration of shock for determining allowable body current in second = 1
s is surface layer resistivity in ohm-m = 3000
 is soil resistivity in ohm-m = 85.14
As per IEEE 80, Eq. 27,

..…….Eq (2)
Where,
hs is surface layer thickness = 0.015 m
Hence, from Eq (2)
Cs = 0.775 .…..…….Eq (3)
From Eq (1) & Eq (2),
Etouch = (1000+1.5*0.773*3000) * 0.116
√3
= 300.7 V

Hence, the actual value of Touch potential shall be less than 300 V..............Eq (4)

The permissible value of Step potential as per equation no. 18 of IEEE 80:2000 is calculated as:
Estep = (1000+6Css) * 0.116 ………….Eq (5)
√ts
Where,
Estep is the permissible step potential in Volts
From Eq (3) & Eq (5)
Estep = (1000+6*0.773*3000)*0.116
√3
= 1002.18 V
Hence, the actual value of Step potential shall be less than 1000 V……........Eq (6)

 Verification of Touch Potential & Step Potential

As per B.12 step 7 of IEEE 80:2000, the Ground Potential Rise (GPR) in given by,
GPR = IG x Rg
Where,
IG - Fault current
Rg - Grid Resistance
Hence,

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A. For Substation SS-100

GPR = 1000 X 0.278.…. (refer Clause no 4)
= 278 V
Since, the GPR calculated above does not exceed either of the touch and step voltage limits (Refer Eq. 4
and Eq. 6),& for substation SS101, SS102, SS103, SS104, SS105 fault current restricted to 200 A so no
mesh arrangements required.

ANNEXURE – A: SOIL RESISTIVITY TEST CONDUCTED BY PETROFAC

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Soil Resistivity is as per “Attachment-2 - Interim 2” of KZ01-CV-REP-53-0005, GEOTECHNICAL FACTUAL

REPORT. The ERT locations are as per KZ01-CV-LAY-53-0001.

Electrode spacing (m) Apparent resistivity (-m)

ES-WN NE-SW
0.6 3536.18 863.31
1.5 784.14 350.60
SS-100 ERT-05 3 65.97 77.28
6 79.17 45.28
15 56.55 47.12
E-W N-S
0.6 897.24 908.55
1.5 341.18 312.90
SS-101 ERT-04 3 103.67 99.9
6 120.64 56.55
15 197.92 47.12
E-W W-S
0.6 3392.92 3581.42
1.5 213 476.89
SS-102 ERT-03 3 135.72 79.17
6 278.97 124.41
15 480.66 197.92
NW-ES NE-SW
0.6 1964.12 2096.07
1.5 237.5 204.52
SS-103 ERT-08 3 67.86 60.32
6 86.71 49.01
15 75.4 65.95
N-S E-W
0.6 535.33 1319.47
1.5 115.92 137.60
SS-104 ERT-02 3 58.34 145.14
6 41.47 45.24
15 37.70 56.55
N-S E-W
0.6 2736.96 2801.04
SS-105 ERT-06 1.5 5477.68 474.07
3 103.67 101.79
6 33.93 60.32
15 18.85 37.70

Spacing between the two centre electrodes is a direct measure of the effective depth desired for the
resistivity. So average soil resistivity considered as 85.14 (-m), approximately 85 (-m)

ANNEXURE – B: EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZES

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The table below indicates the minimum size of the earthing conductors to be used for various applications,
taking into consideration the worst condition from the calculations carried out .

Number of
Equipment Earthing Cable Size (mm2)
Connections
Plant Earth Grid 70 -
Main Earth Grid around Substation/Control
400 -
Room

11/34.65kV Generator Transformer Neutral 70 21

11/34.65kV Generator Transformer Body 70 2

GTG Neutral Earthing 70 21

33 kV HV Switchgear 70 2

3.3 kV HV Switchgear 70 2

33/3.46 kV,16 MVA Transformer neutral 70 1

33/3.46 kV,16 MVA Transformer Body 70 2

33/3.46 kV,10 MVA Transformer neutral 70 1

33/3.46 kV,10 MVA Transformer Body 70 2

33/3.46 kV,5 MVA Transformer neutral 70 1

33/3.46 kV,5 MVA Transformer Body 70 2

33/3.46 kV,2.5 MVA Transformer neutral 70 1

33/3.46 kV,2.5MVA Transformer Body 70 2

3.3/0.435 kV,2.5 MVA Transformer neutral 400 1

3.3/0.435 kV,2.5 MVA Transformer Body 400 2

3.3/0.435 kV,2 MVA Transformer neutral 400 1

3.3/0.435 kV,2 MVA Transformer Body 400 2

3.3/0.435 kV,1.6 MVA Transformer Body 400 2

3.3/0.435 kV,1.6 MVA Transformer NeutralBody 400 21

3.3/0.435 kV,0.8 MVA Transformer neutral 400 1

3.3/0.435 kV,0.8 MVA Transformer Body 400 2

3.3/0.435 kV,0.5 MVA Transformer neutral 400 1

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Number of
Equipment Earthing Cable Size (mm2)
Connections
3.3/0.435 kV,0.5 MVA Transformer Body 400 2

Transformer LV Box 70 1

Transformer HV Box 70 1

Transformer Marshalling Box 35 1

LV Switchgear 400 2

3.3 kV 4 MW SDG Neutral 70 1

3.3 kV 4 MW SDG Body 70 2

0.415kV 1.75 MW SDG Neutral 400 1

0.415kV 1.75 MW SDG Body 400 2

Lighting/Small Power/HVAC/MOV/ Heat Tracing

70 2
Distribution Board

Sub Lighting / Small Power DB inside substation 70 1

Pipe rack structure 35 @ 30

Metallic enclosure of LV electrical equipment

35 21
with supply cable size up to 10 mm2

Metallic enclosure of LV electrical equipment

35 2
with supply cable size 16mm2 to 70 mm2

Metallic enclosure of LV electrical equipment

70 2
with supply cable size above & equal to 70 mm2

Local Control Station / TNC Switch/Isolator 356 1

Welding Socket Outlet 35 1

Welding Socket Outlet, CCTV Poles, Control

356 21
Panels, Convenience Socket,
Lighting/ Small Power / Heat Tracing Junction
356 21
Box

Area, Street, Fence Lighting Poles 35 1

Substation Door, Hand Rail 35 1

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Number of
Equipment Earthing Cable Size (mm2)
Connections
Battery Rack 35 2

UPS Panel 35 2

Other non-electrical equipment 35 1

Instrument Field Elements/ Instrumentation JB 6 1

@30 m & End

Electrical Cable Ladder/ Trays 35
Points

Vessels,Tanks,Separators 35 2

Perimeters Fence 35 @ 50 m

Electrical Motor/VFD with supply cable size up

35 2
to 10 mm2
Electrical Motor/VFD with supply cable size
35 2
16mm2 to 70 mm2
Electrical Motor/VFD with supply cable size
70 2
above & equal to 70 mm2

Dry- Type transformers 70 2

Bus Duct 70 1

Note: Single earthing connection will be provide to the motors having single earthing stud as per
manufacture’s standard.

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