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(TOC) Finite Element Analysis of Composite Materials Using Abaqus PDF

This document appears to be the table of contents for a textbook on finite element analysis of composite materials. It lists the chapter titles and section headings. The main topics covered include mechanics of orthotropic materials, introduction to finite element analysis procedures and methods, elasticity and strength analysis of laminates using different shell element types, and modeling of failure and damage in composites.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
403 views5 pages

(TOC) Finite Element Analysis of Composite Materials Using Abaqus PDF

This document appears to be the table of contents for a textbook on finite element analysis of composite materials. It lists the chapter titles and section headings. The main topics covered include mechanics of orthotropic materials, introduction to finite element analysis procedures and methods, elasticity and strength analysis of laminates using different shell element types, and modeling of failure and damage in composites.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

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Contents

Series Preface xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xix

List of Symbols xxi

List of Examples xxix

1 Mechanics of Orthotropic Materials 1


1.1 Lamina Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Contracted Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.1 Alternate Contracted Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Equilibrium and Virtual Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.7.1 Traction Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.7.2 Free Surface Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8 Continuity Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8.1 Traction Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8.2 Displacement Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9 Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10 Coordinate Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.10.1 Stress Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.10.2 Strain Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.11 Transformation of Constitutive Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.12 3D Constitutive Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.12.1 Anisotropic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.12.2 Monoclinic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.12.3 Orthotropic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.12.4 Transversely Isotropic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.12.5 Isotropic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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viii Finite Element Analysis of Composite Materials

1.13 Engineering Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24


1.13.1 Restrictions on Engineering Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.14 From 3D to Plane Stress Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.15 Apparent Laminate Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis 35


2.1 Basic FEM Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.1 Discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.1.2 Element Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.1.3 Approximation over an Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1.4 Interpolation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.1.5 Element Equations for a Specific Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.1.6 Assembly of Element Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1.7 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.8 Solution of the Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.9 Solution Inside the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.10 Derived Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2 General Finite Element Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3 Solid Modeling, Analysis, and Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.1 Model Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3.2 Material and Section Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3.3 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.3.4 Solution Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3.5 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3.6 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.7 Meshing and Element Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.8 Solution Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3.9 Post-processing and Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

3 Elasticity and Strength of Laminates 91


3.1 Kinematic of Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.1.1 First-Order Shear Deformation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1.2 Kirchhoff Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1.3 Simply Supported Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.2 Finite Element Analysis of Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.2.1 Element Types and Naming Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.2.2 Thin (Kirchhoff) Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.2.3 Thick Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.2.4 General-purpose (FSDT) Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.2.5 Continuum Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2.6 Sandwich Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.2.7 Nodes and Curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.2.8 Drilling Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

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3.2.9 A, B, D, H Input Data for Laminate FEA . . . . . . . . . . . 107


3.2.10 Equivalent Orthotropic Input for Laminate FEA . . . . . . . 113
3.2.11 LSS for Multidirectional Laminate FEA . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.2.12 FEA of Ply Drop-Off Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.13 FEA of Sandwich Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.2.14 Element Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.2.15 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.3 Failure Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.3.1 2D Failure Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.3.2 3D Failure Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.4 Predefined Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

4 Buckling 177
4.1 Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.1.1 Imperfection Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.1.2 Asymmetric Bifurcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.1.3 Post-critical Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.2 Continuation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

5 Free Edge Stresses 195


5.1 Poisson’s Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.1.1 Interlaminar Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.1.2 Interlaminar Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.2 Coefficient of Mutual Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.2.1 Interlaminar Stress due to Mutual Influence . . . . . . . . . . 207
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

6 Computational Micromechanics 215


6.1 Analytical Homogenization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.1.1 Reuss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.1.2 Voigt Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.1.3 Periodic Microstructure Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.1.4 Transversely Isotropic Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.2 Numerical Homogenization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.3 Local-Global Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6.4 Laminated RVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

7 Viscoelasticity 249
7.1 Viscoelastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.1.1 Maxwell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.1.2 Kelvin Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
7.1.3 Standard Linear Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

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x Finite Element Analysis of Composite Materials

7.1.4 Maxwell-Kelvin Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253


7.1.5 Power Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.1.6 Prony Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.1.7 Standard Nonlinear Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.1.8 Nonlinear Power Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.2 Boltzmann Superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.2.1 Linear Viscoelastic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.2.2 Unaging Viscoelastic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.3 Correspondence Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.4 Frequency Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.5 Spectrum Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.6 Micromechanics of Viscoelastic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.6.1 One-Dimensional Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.6.2 Three-Dimensional Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.7 Macromechanics of Viscoelastic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.7.1 Balanced Symmetric Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.7.2 General Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.8 FEA of Viscoelastic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

8 Continuum Damage Mechanics 283


8.1 One-Dimensional Damage Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.1.1 Damage Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.1.2 Damage Threshold and Activation Function . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.1.3 Kinetic Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.1.4 Statistical Interpretation of the Kinetic Equation . . . . . . . 288
8.1.5 One-Dimensional Random-Strength Model . . . . . . . . . . 289
8.1.6 Fiber-Direction, Tension Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.1.7 Fiber-Direction, Compression Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.2 Multidimensional Damage and Effective Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.3 Thermodynamics Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
8.3.1 First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
8.3.2 Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
8.4 Kinetic Law in Three-Dimensional Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
8.4.1 Return-Mapping Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
8.5 Damage and Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

9 Discrete Damage Mechanics 327


9.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
9.2 Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
9.3 Lamina Constitutive Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
9.4 Displacement Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.4.1 Boundary Conditions for ∆T = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
9.4.2 Boundary Conditions for ∆T 6= 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

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9.5 Degraded Laminate Stiffness and CTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337


9.6 Degraded Lamina Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
9.7 Fracture Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
9.8 Solution Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
9.8.1 Lamina Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
9.8.2 Laminate Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

10 Delaminations 353
10.1 Cohesive Zone Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
10.1.1 Single Mode Cohesive Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
10.1.2 Mixed Mode Cohesive Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
10.2 Virtual Crack Closure Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Suggested Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

A Tensor Algebra 377


A.1 Principal Directions of Stress and Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
A.2 Tensor Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
A.3 Matrix Representation of a Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
A.4 Double Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
A.5 Tensor Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
A.6 Tensor Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
A.6.1 Derivative of a Tensor with Respect to Itself . . . . . . . . . 380
A.6.2 Derivative of the Inverse of a Tensor with Respect to the Ten-
sor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

B Second-Order Diagonal Damage Models 383


B.1 Effective and Damaged Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
B.2 Thermodynamic Force Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
B.3 Damage Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
B.4 Unrecoverable-Strain Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

C Software Used 389


C.1 Abaqus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
C.1.1 Abaqus Programmable Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
C.2 BMI3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

References 395

Index 407

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