Scholar? Military Hero? Builder?": Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917

Who was the author?
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a
Filipino politician and kleptocrat who was the tenth President of the Philippines from 1965 to
1986. A leading member of the far-right New Society Movement, he ruled as a dictator under
martial law from 1972 until 1981.
 Known For: Philippines dictator

 Also Known As: Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr.
 Born: September 11, 1917 in Sarrat, Philippines
 Parents: Mariano Marcos, Josefa Edralin
 Died: September 28, 1989 in Honolulu, Hawaii
 Education: University of the Philippines, College of Law
 Awards and Honors: Distinguished Service Cross, Medal of Honor
 Spouse: Imelda Marcos (m. 1954–1989)
 Children: Imee, Bongbong, Irene, Aimee (adopted)
 Notable Quote: "I often wonder what I will be remembered in history for.
Scholar? Military hero? Builder?"
1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite. The Philippine constitutional plebiscite

of 1973 ratified the 1973 Constitution of the Philippines. In 1970, delegates were elected to
a constitutional convention which began to meet in 1971. ... The court upheld the results and
the ratification of the 1973 Constitution.
erdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was
a Filipino politician and kleptocrat[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] who was the tenth President of the Philippines from 1965
to 1986.[9] A leading member of the far-rightNew Society Movement, he ruled as
a dictator[3][10][11][12] under martial law from 1972 until 1981.[13] His regime was infamous for its
corruption,[14][15][16][17] extravagance,[18][19][20] and brutality.[21][22][23]
Marcos claimed an active part in World War II, including fighting alongside the Americans in
the Bataan Death March and being the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines".[24] A number of
his claims were found to be false[25][26][27][28][29] and the United States Army documents described
Marcos's wartime claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd".[30]
Marcos started as an attorney, then served in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to
1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965. He was elected President in 1965, and presided
over a growing economy during the beginning and intermediate portion of his 20-year rule,[31] but
ended in loss of livelihood, extreme poverty, and a crushing debt crisis.[32][33][34]Marcos placed the
Philippines under martial law on September 23, 1972,[35][36][37] during which he revamped the
constitution, silenced the media,[38] and used violence and oppression[23] against the political
opposition,[39] Muslims, communists,[40] and ordinary citizens.[41] Martial law was ratified by 90.77% of
the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum, 1973 though the referendum was marred
with controversy.[42][43]
Public outrage over the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. and economic collapse in 1983, coupled
with the opposition securing a better than expected victory in the 1984 Philippine parliamentary
election led to the snap elections of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil, and human
rights abuses led to the People Power Revolution in February 1986, which removed him from
power.[44] To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-
Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US President Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to
"cut and cut cleanly",[45] after which Marcos fled to Hawaii.[46] Marcos was succeeded by Corazon
"Cory" Aquino, widow of the assassinated opposition leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. who
had flown back to the Philippines to face Marcos.[44][47][48][49]
According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good
Government (PCGG),[50][51][52] the Marcos family stole US$5–10 billion.[53] The PCGG also maintained
that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, taking away billions of dollars[50][52] from the
Philippines[54][55] between 1965 and 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, whose excesses during the
couple's conjugal dictatorship[56][57][58] made her infamous in her own right, spawned the term
"Imeldific".[21][59][60][61] Two of their children, Imee Marcos and Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., are
still active in Philippine politics.

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 Known For: Philippines dictator

1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite. The Philippine constitutional plebiscite

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