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Differential Equation - Examples of Determination of Integrating Factors

1. The document discusses the process of determining integrating factors to solve differential equations. 2. It involves identifying the coefficients M(x,y) and N(x,y), taking partial derivatives, finding the integrating factor, and using it to rewrite the differential equation. 3. The integrating factor is then used to obtain an expression for F(x,y), which is differentiated and equated to expressions involving M(x,y) and N(x,y) to solve for arbitrary functions that provide the general solution.

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Aimi Najwa Zailan
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933 views2 pages

Differential Equation - Examples of Determination of Integrating Factors

1. The document discusses the process of determining integrating factors to solve differential equations. 2. It involves identifying the coefficients M(x,y) and N(x,y), taking partial derivatives, finding the integrating factor, and using it to rewrite the differential equation. 3. The integrating factor is then used to obtain an expression for F(x,y), which is differentiated and equated to expressions involving M(x,y) and N(x,y) to solve for arbitrary functions that provide the general solution.

Uploaded by

Aimi Najwa Zailan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DETERMINATION OF INTEGRATING FACTORS

ANZ
Summary
① 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 ⑥ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)

② 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 ⑦ � 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹


1 1
③ �𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 �𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � ⑧ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦)
𝑀𝑀 𝑁𝑁
④ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ ③ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⑨ � 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)
⑤ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
⑩ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹

Examples Explanations
Example 1:
Solve the equation
(4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0. Firstly, the 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were
identified before M was partially
differentiated with respect to y while x
Solution:
was partially differentiated with
(4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 respect to x. 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 was then subtracted
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑦, 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 with 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 before the being divided with
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). The integrating factor was
1 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 2(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) 2 then found and multiplied to the
�𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � = = = original equation.
𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) 𝑥𝑥
2
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 After that, 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 was equated with the new
𝑥𝑥 2 (4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥 2 [𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 was equated with the
(4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 new 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑥3 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥4 + 2𝑥𝑥3 The 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 that was equated with the new
�(4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was integrated to obtain
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝑥𝑥 4
= 𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 2 − + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐹𝐹 After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
4
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 with respect to y and equated with
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 0 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
� 0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 answer obtained was substituted into
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
4 3 2
𝑥𝑥 4
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − = 𝑐𝑐
4
Example 2:
Solve the equation
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.
Firstly, the 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were
identified before M was partially
Solution:
differentiated with respect to y while x
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 was partially differentiated with
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2 respect to x. 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 was then subtracted
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = −𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 + 2 = −(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2) with 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 before the being divided with
1 −(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2) 1 N(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). The integrating factor was
�𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � = =− then found and multiplied to the
𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2) 𝑥𝑥
1 1 original equation.
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 − ln 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 After that, 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 was equated with the new
1 1
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + [𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 was equated with the
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 new 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
1
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑥 The 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 that was equated with the new
1 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was integrated to obtain
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
1 1
� � (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � �𝑦𝑦 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1 with respect to y and equated with
� � (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + ln|𝑥𝑥| + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐹𝐹 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
answer obtained was substituted into
𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 4𝑦𝑦 − 2 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
�(4𝑦𝑦 − 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + ln|𝑥𝑥| + 2𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐

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