BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

ANZ
Summary
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ④ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
① + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⑤ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) � + 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣� = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
② 𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛 + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
1−𝑛𝑛 −𝑛𝑛 ⑥ [𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣] = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
③ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑦𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (1 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
③ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ② 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ⑦� [𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑣𝑣] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⑧ 𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦

Examples Explanations
Example 1:
Solve
𝑦𝑦′ = 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 .

Solution:
𝑦𝑦′ = 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
− 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 The equation given was rearranged
𝑦𝑦 −3 − 𝑦𝑦 −2 = −𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 into 𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥). Then,
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑦𝑦 −2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −2𝑦𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 v and dv was substituted into the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 rearranged equation and the
� � − 𝑣𝑣 = −𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 integrating factor was found and
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 multiplied to the equation. It was then
+ 2𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 integrated and changed in terms of x
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 and y.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 � + 2𝑣𝑣� = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 = � 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐
(𝑦𝑦 −2 )𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 −2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐
Example 2:
Solve
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑦𝑦 −1 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑦𝑦 −1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑦𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
(−𝑥𝑥) − 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 The equation given was rearranged
− 𝑣𝑣 = −𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
into 𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥). Then,
1 1
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫�−𝑥𝑥� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 − ln 𝑥𝑥 = v and dv was substituted into the
𝑥𝑥
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 rearranged equation and the
� − 𝑣𝑣� = (−𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥) integrating factor was found and
𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 multiplied to the equation. It was then
𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣
� � = − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 integrated by using integration by
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 parts and changed in terms of
𝑣𝑣 x and y.
= � − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − � 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
1
� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑥𝑥 � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥

𝑣𝑣
= −(𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 −1
= −(𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥
1
= −𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Example 3:
Solve
cos 𝑦𝑦 (2 sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (cos2 𝑦𝑦 − cos 2 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.

Solution:
cos 𝑦𝑦 (2 sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (cos2 𝑦𝑦 − cos2 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥
2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 − = − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣
− − = − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 The equation given was rearranged
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 to get 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. Then, v and dv was
+ = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 substituted into the rearranged
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
1 1+𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 equation and the integrating factor
∫𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙� �
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 was found and multiplied to the
∫
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 equation. It was then integrated and
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = changed in terms of x and y.
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦
� + �= (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦
�𝑣𝑣 � = 1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦
𝑣𝑣 = �(1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦
(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 (1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 (𝑦𝑦 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐)