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CNC Machining Control Systems

The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) systems and their evolution. It describes how early CNC systems allowed storage of multiple part programs and various program input methods. It then explains how direct numerical control (DNC) systems in the 1960s used mainframe computers to control multiple machine tools through direct connections in real time. More modern distributed numerical control systems involve a central computer networked to CNC machine tool controllers. Adaptive control systems are also covered, allowing automatic adjustment of controller settings to compensate for process changes.

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319 views14 pages

CNC Machining Control Systems

The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) systems and their evolution. It describes how early CNC systems allowed storage of multiple part programs and various program input methods. It then explains how direct numerical control (DNC) systems in the 1960s used mainframe computers to control multiple machine tools through direct connections in real time. More modern distributed numerical control systems involve a central computer networked to CNC machine tool controllers. Adaptive control systems are also covered, allowing automatic adjustment of controller settings to compensate for process changes.

Uploaded by

ravi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

 Storage of more than one part program


 Various forms of program input
 Program editing at the machine tool
 Fixed cycles and programming subroutines
 Interpolation
 Acceleration and deceleration computations
 Communications interface
 Diagnostics
Machine Control Unit
DNC

 Direct numerical control (DNC) – control of multiple


machine tools by a single (mainframe) computer
through direct connection and in real time
 1960s technology
 Two way communication
 Distributed numerical control (DNC) – network
consisting of central computer connected to machine
tool MCUs, which are CNC
 Present technology
 Two way communication
Direct Numerical Control

Components of a DNC system A DNC system consists of


four basic components:
1. Central computer
2. Bulk memory, which stores the NC part programs
3. Telecommunication lines
4. Machine tools
Distributed Numerical Control
Direct Numerical Control
Advantages:
> Library of programs
> Instant modifications
> Links with CAD
> Increase Information Response
> Instant Reports
Adaptive control machining systems
Adaptive Control

 Automatic adjustment of controller settings to compensate


for unanticipated changes in the process or the
environment (“self-tuning” controller)
--- uncertainties
---nonlinearities
--- time-varying parameters
Offers significant benefits for difficult control problems

8
 Commercial Adaptive Controllers

(1) Toshiba

(2) ASEA (self-tuning regulator or min variance)

(3) Foxboro(expert system)

(4) SATT/Fisher Controls(autotuner)

9
Scheduled Adaptive Control

A scheduled adaptive control method is one in which, as a result of a


priori knowledge and easy quantification of what is responsible for the
changes in the process charactersitics, the commensurate changes
required in the controller parameters are programmed (or scheduled)
ahead of time. This type of adaptive controller, sometimes referred to as
gain scheduling, is illustrated by the block diagram in the following figure.
Parameter Adjustment

Figure. Scheduled adaptive controller.


Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC)

The key component of the MRAC scheme is the reference model that consists of a reasonable closed-loop
model of how the process should respond to a set-point change. This could be as simple as a reference
trajectory, or it could be more detailed closed-loop model. The reference model output is compared with the
actual process output and the observed error ᵋm is used to drive some adoptation scheme to cause the
controller parameters to be adjusted so as to reduce ᵋm to zero. The adoptaion scheme could be some control
parameter optimization algorithm that reduces the integral squared value of ᵋm or some other procedure. This
is an adaptive control technique where the performance specifications are given in terms of a model. The
model represents the ideal response of the process to a command signal. The controller has two loops:

The inner loop, which is an ordinary feedback loop consisting of the process and the controller.

The outer loop, which adjust the controller parameters in such a way that the error e = y- y m is small (not
trivial)
Tracking error: e  y  ym

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