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RGPV SOLUTION BE-3001 (CE-TX) MATHEMATICS-3 JUN 2018

1. a) Obtain the Fourier series for the function: f ( x)  x in the interval   ,  .

Solution : Given: f ( x)  x,   x   …(1)

Here, 2L      i.e.2L  2  L  

Suppose the Fourier series of f (x) with period 2 L is,

a0   n x    n x 
f ( x)    an cos    bn sin  
2 n1  L  n1  L 

a0  
 f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx [Since L   ] …(2)
2 n1 n 1

1  1 
Now, a0 
 

f ( x)dx 
   xdx


 =0 [Since x = Odd]
 a0  0

1  1 

 
and an  f ( x) cos nxdx   x cos nxdx
   

 =0 [ x cos nx  odd ]
 an  0

1  1 

 
and bn  f ( x) sin nxdx   x sin nxdx
   

2 


  x sin nxdx [ x sin nx  Even ]
0


2   cos nx   sin nx 
   x    2 x  
  n   n 2  0

2    1   2 1
n n
 bn     0  0  0  0  
  n   n

Putting in equation (1), we get

2 1
 n
f ( x)  0  0   sin nx
n 1 n

 sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 

 f ( x)  2   ...
 1 2 3 

b) Obtain half range sine series for e x in the interval 0  x  l

Solution : Given : f ( x)  e x ; 0  x  l

Here L  l

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Suppose the Half range cosine series of f (x) is


 n x 
f ( x)   bn sin  
n 1  L 

 n x 
 f ( x)   bn sin   …(1) [Since L  I ]
 l 

2 l  n x  1 l  n x 
Now bn  
l 0
f ( x) sin 
 l 
 dx   e x sin 
l 0  l 
 dx

l
 
2  e x
  n x  n  n x 
   1. sin    cos   
l  2 n 2 2   l  l  l  
1  2
 l  0

  n  1   n  

n
2l
  e l  0    1 0  
n  l2
2 2

  l     l 

 
2l
n  l
2 2 2

n
l
1   1  e l
n
 
bn 
2 n
n  l
2 2 2
n

1   1  e l 

Putting the values in equation (1), we get
2 n
  n x 


f ( x)   1   1  e l sin 
2
 Answer
n2 n   l  l 
2 2 2

1 ; xa
2. a) Find the Fourier transform of F ( x)  
0 ; xa

1 ;  a  x  a
Solution : Given the function F ( x)   …(1)
0 ; x  a
The Fourier transform of a function F (x) is given by

1 
f ( p) 
2


F ( x)e ipx dx

a
1 a 1  e ipx 
 f ( p)  a 
ipx
1 . e dx  
2 2  ip  a

1  2   e ipa  e ipa  2 sin ap

     
2  p  2i   p

2 sin ap
Thus, f ( p) 
 p

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e  ax
b) Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x)  .
x

e  ax
Solution : Given, f ( x) 
x
By Fourier sine Transform,


F  f ( x) 
2

f ( x) sin sx dx
0

  e  ax 
F  f ( x) 
2

 
0

 x 
 sin sx dx  I … (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. s, on both sides, we get

dI 2 d    d  ax  
  0   sin sx dx 
ds  dx   x  

2   e  ax   2   e  ax 
dI
   x cos sx dx
 0  x  s  0  x 
    sin sx dx  
ds

2  ax 2  e ax 

dI
  e cos sxdx    a cos sx  s sin sx
ds  0    a   s
2 2
0

2 1 

dI
  2 2 
0  a  0  2  2 a 2 
ds  s a   s a 
Integrating both sides, w.r.t.s, we get

2  1  s 
I tan    c …(2)
   a 

For the initial condition, putting s  0, then c  0

 from (2), we have

2  1  x   1  x 
tan    F  f ( x) 
2
I   tan  a 
  a     

2  1  x 
 F (s)  tan  
 
From (1)
 a 

3. a) Find the Laplace Transform of the following functions:

e at  1
(i). 6 sin 2t  5 cos 2t (ii).
a
Solution : (i). L6 sin 2t  5 cos 2t  6Lsin 2t 5Lcos 2t

 2   p  12  5 p
 6 2   5 2  2 Answer
 p  4  p  4 p  4

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 e at  1 1
(ii). L   L e 1
at
 
 a  a

1 1 1  p  p 1
  
a  p  a p  ap p  a 

1
 Answer
ap p  a 
b) Find inverse Laplace transform of the following functions:
1 3s  2
(i). (ii).
s  6 s  10
2
s  4s  20
2

 1  1  1 
Solution : (i). L1  2 L   [By First Shifting theorem]
 s  6s  10   s  3  1
2

 1 
 e 3t L1  2 
 s  1

 e 3t sin t Answer

 3s  2  1  3s  2  4 
(ii). L1  2 L   [By First Shifting theorem]
 s  4s  20   s  2  16 
2

 3s  4 
 e 2t L1  2 
 s  16 

 e 2t 3 cos 4t  16 sin 4t 

 1 
4. a) Use Convolution theorem to find L1  
  p  2 p  1
1 1
Solution : Suppose f ( s)  and g ( s) 
p2 p 1

 1  2t
 L1  f ( s)  L1    e  F (t )
 p  2

 1  t
and L1 g ( s)  L1    e  G (t )
 p  1
By Convolution theorem of Inverse Laplace transform, we have

L1 f (s) g (s)   F ( x)G(t  x)dx

t

  t 2 x  t  x 
 L1 
1
 e e   dx 
  p  2 p  1 0
t
 e t  e 3 x dx
0

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t
 e3x 
t
e   
e  t 3t
e 1  
 3 0 3


3

1 2t
e  e t 

Thus

L1 
1  1 2t
  e e
t
  Answer
  p  2 p  1 3
b) Find Laplace transform of the followings :
(i). 
L e t sin 2 t  (ii). Lt 2 sin at

Solution : Suppose F (t )  sin 2 t 

1
1  cos 2t 
2
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get

LF (t )  L1  cos 2t

1
2

11 p  1  p2  4  p2 
   2   
2  p p  4  2  p p 2  4   
2
  f ( p) [ Say ]

p p 2 4 
Using first shifting theorem, we get

Le t sin 2 t f ( p  1)

2 2
  
  
 p  1 p  1 4  p  1 p  2 p  5
2 2
 Answer

(ii). Suppose F (t )  sin at

LF (t )  Lsin at 

a
  f ( p)
p  a2
2

Differentiating w.r.t. p, on both sides, we get

 2p  2ap
f ' ( p )  a   2
  p  a    p  a 2 2
2 2 2

Again Differentiating w.r.t. p, we get

  p 2  a 2 2 .1  p p 2  a 2 2 p 
f " ( p)  2a  
  p 2  a 2 4 

 p 2  a 2  2ap 2  2a 3
 f " ( p )  2a  3

  p 2  a 2    p 2  a 2 
3

By multiplication of t 2 in Laplace transform, we have

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 
L t 2 F (t )   1 f " ( p)
2

2ap 2  2a 3
 
L t 2 sin at   Answer
p 2
 a2 
3

5. a) Show that the function e x cos y  i sin y  is an analytic function. Find its derivative.

Solution: Suppose f ( z )  e x cos y  i sin y 

= u  iv  e x cos y  ie x sin y
Equation on both sides, we get

u  e x cos y and v  e x sin y

Partially differentiating with respect to, x and y, we get
u v
 e x cos y  e x sin y
x x
u v
 e x sin y  e x cos y
y y

u v u v
Clearly,  and 
x y y x
Therefore, C-R equation is satisfied, then given function is analytic everywhere.
Since f ( z )  u  iv

Partially differentiating w.r.t. x we get

u v
f ' ( x)  i
x x

  
 e x cos y  i e x sin y  e x cos y  i sin y 

  e x e iy  e x iy  e z Answer

b) Show that the function ux, y   x 2  y 2  2 y is harmonic and find its conjugate.

Solution: Given : ux, y   x 2  y 2  2 y

Partially differentiate successively w.r.t. x and y respectively, we get

u  2u
 2x  2 ….(1)
x x 2

u  2u
and  2 y  2   2 …(2)
y y 2
Adding (1) and (2) we get

 2u  2u
  22  0
x 2 y 2
Hence u is harmonic function.

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v v
Now, dv  dx  dy
x y

 u  u
 dv    dx  dy
 y  x

 dv   2 y  2dx  2xdy

 dv  2 y  2dx  (2x)dy
Integrating on both sides, we get

v   2 y  2dx   2 x dy  c

=  2 xy  2 x  2 xy  c

Thus, v  4 xy  2 x  c Answer

ez
6. a) Evaluate C z 1z  4 dz, where C is the circle z  2 by using Cauchy’s integral
formula.

ez
Solution: Given, I   dz
C  z  1 z  4

The pole of integrand is given by,

z 1z  4  0  z  1, 4
Now, z  1  x  1  2 [Lies within C]

and z  4  x  4  2 [Outside of C]

By Cauchy integral formula,

ez
ez z  4 dz
C z  1z  4 dz  C1 z 1

 ez 
  2 i  
 z  4  z 1

 e1  2 ie
  2 i  
1  4  3

ez 2 ie
Thus, C z  1z  4 dz   3 Answer

z2
b) Find poles and residues of the function
z  1z  2z  3
z2
Solution : Given f ( z ) 
z  1z  2z  3

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Taking, z 1z  2z  3  0

 z  1, 2, 3 are simple pole of order 1

 z2 
(i). [Res f ( z )] z 1  lim ( z  1) f ( z )  lim ( z  1)  
z 1 z 1
 z  1z  2z  3

z2 1 1
  lim   Answer
z 1  z  2  z  3 1 - 21  3 2
 z2 
(ii). [Res f ( z )] z 2  lim ( z  2) f ( z )  lim ( z  2)  
z 2 z 2
 z  1z  2z  3

z2 1
  lim   4 Answer
z 2  z  1 z  3 2 -12  3
 z2 
(iii). [Res f ( z )] z 3  lim ( z  2) f ( z )  lim ( z  3)  
z 3 z 3
 z  1z  2z  3

z2 1
  lim   4 Answer
z 3  z  1 z  3 3 -13  2
7. a) Find the real root of the equation x 3  5 x  7  0 which lies between 2 and 3 by the
method of false position. (Upto 3 iteration).
Solution : Given : f ( x)  x 3  5 x  7
Since root lies between 2 and 3, then

Taking x2 f (2)  23  5(2)  7  9  ve

and x3 f (3)  33  5(3)  7  5(ve)

Therefore, the root lies between 2 and 3.

1st Approximation :
Say, a  2, b  3 and f (2)  9, f (3)  5, by False position formula,

af (b)  bf (a) 2 f (3)  3 f (2)

x1  
f (b)  f (a) f (3)  f (2)

25  3 9
 x1   2.6428
5   9
 f (2.6428)  (2.6428) 3  5(2.6428)  7  1.7556 (ve)

So, the root lies between 2.6428 and 3.

2nd Approximation :
Say, x1  2.6428, b  3 and f (2.6428)  1.7556, f (3)  5, by False position formula,
x1 f (b)  bf ( x1 ) 2.6428 f (3)  3 f (2.6428)
x2  
f (b)  f ( x1 ) f (3)  f (2.6428)

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2.6428(5)  3 1.7556

 x2   2.7356
5  1.7556

 f (2.7356)  2.7356   5 2.7356   7  0.2061(ve)

3

So, the root lies between 2.7356 and 3.

3rd Approximation :
Say, x2  2.736, b  3 and f (2.7356)  0.2061, f (3)  5, by False position formula,
x2 f (b)  bf ( x2 ) 2.08126 f (3)  3 f (2.08126)
x3  
f (b)  f ( x2 ) f (3)  f (2.08126)

2.73565  3 0.2061

 x3   2.7460
5   0.2061

 Required root after three approximations is 2.7460.

(b) Apply Newton-Raphson method to solve 3x-cosx-1 = 0 (upto 3 iteration only).
Solution : Given : f ( x)  cos x  3x  1

Taking x  0, f (0)  cos(0)  3(0)  1  2(ve)

and x  1 f (1)  cos(1)  3(1)  1  1.4596 (ve)

Therefore a root lies between 0 and 1 and it is nearer to 1.

Now, f ' ( x)   sin x  3

0 1
Taking x0   0.5, such that f ' (0.5)  0
2

The n th iteration formula of Newton-Raphson method is,

f ( xn )
xn1  xn 
f ' ( xn )

cos xn   3 xn  1
 xn 1  xn  …(1)
sin  xn   3

Iteration table :
No. Value The value of x Iterative formula
of for next iteration
Iteration cos( xn )  3 xn  1
x Where n=0, xn1  xn 
n n
sin  xn   3
1, 2…..
1 0 x0  0.5 cos  x0   3 x0  1
x1  x0 
sin  x0   3
cos(0.5)  3(0.5)  1
 x1  0.5   0.608518
sin( 0.5)  3

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2 1 x1  0.608518 cos x1   3 x1  1
x2  x1 
sin  x1   3

cos0.608518  30.608518  1
 x 2  0.608518   0.607101
sin 0.608518  3
3 2 x2  0.607101 cos x2   3 x2  1
x3  x 2 
sin  x2   3
cos0.607101  30.607101  1
 x3  0.607101   0.607101
sin 0.607101  3
Hence, a real root of equation is 0.60710 correct to five decimal places.
8. a) Using Bisection method, find the root of the equation x 3  x  1  0 near x  0. (upto three
iteration only).
Solution : Suppose f ( x)  x 3  x  1 ….(1)

Taking, x0 f (0)  03  0  1  1 ve

and x 1 f (1)  13  1  1  1 ve

Clearly f (0). f (1)  0

 Root lies between 0 and 1. Say a = 0 and b=1

1. First Approximation :
a  b 0 1
x0    0.5
2 2
Putting in equation (1), we get

f (0.5)  0.5  0.5  1  0.375 ve

3

Clearly f (0.5). f (1)  0

 root lies between 2 and 2.25.

3. Third Approximation:
a  x1 2  2.25
x2    2.125
2 2
Putting in equation (1), we get

f (2.125)  (2.125) 3  2 2.125  5  0.3457(ve)

Clearly f (2). f (2.124)  0

 root lies between 2 and 2.125.

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b) Find a Fourier series to represent f ( x)  x  x 2 from x   to x  

Solution : Given : f ( x)  x  x 2 ,    x   …(1)

Here, 2L      i.e. 2L  2  L  

Suppose the Fourier series of f (x) with period 2 L is,

a0   n x    n x 
f ( x)    an cos    bn sin  
2 n1  L  n1  L 

a0  
 f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx [Since L   ] …(2)
2 n1 n 1

Now, a0
1
  

f ( x)dx 
1
 
x  x dx



2

1  1  

   
  x dx  x 2 dx  0  2  x 2 dx [Since x = Odd and x 2  Even]
  0


 x3  2 2

2
a0  2      3  0    
 3 0 3 3

and an 
1
  

f ( x) cos nxdx 
1
 
x  x cos nx dx

 2
[ xcos nx  odd]

1  1  

 
  x cos nxdx   x 2
cos nxdx  0  2 x 2 cos nxdx
    0


2  2  sin nx   cos nx   sin nx 
   x    2 x    2  3 
  n   n2   n  0

2  2  1   4 1
n n
 an   0   0  0  0  0  
  n2   n2

f ( x) sin nxdx   x  x sin nxdx

1  1 
bn  
2
and
     

1    2 

    
  x sin nxdx  x 2 sin nxdx  x sin nxdx  0 [ x 2 sin nx  odd]
  0


2   cos nx   sin nx 
   x    2 x  2  
  n   n  0

2    1   2 1
n n
 bn    0  0  0  0  
  n   n

Putting in equation (1), we get

2 
4 1 
2 1
n n
f ( x)    2
cos nx   sin nx
3 n 1 n n 1 n

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2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 

 f ( x)    4 2   2  ...  2   ... Answer
 1   1 
2
3 2 3 2 3

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