Electrical Transmission and Distribution System Design

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ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN

By

RACHEL A. BETINOL

An Electrical Transmission and Distribution System Design

Submitted to Engr. Michael Ernie F. Rodriguez of the

College of Engineering Architecture and Technology,

Palawan State University

Puerto Princesa City

As Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

October, 2018
VISION

A PREMIER STATE UNIVERSITY IN SOUTH EAST ASIA THAT

PROVIDE EXCELLENT AND RELEVANT HIGHER EDUCATION FOR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

MISSION

THE PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY IS COMMITED TO UPGRADE

THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PEOPLE BY PROVIDING HIGHER

EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH EXCELLENT INSTRUCTION,

RESEARCH, EXTENTION, PRODUCTION SERVICES AND TRANSNATIONAL

COLLABORATION AND INNOVATIONS.


CEAT GOALS

TO PRODUCE COMPETENT, WELL DISCIPLINED, PRODUCTIVE AND

MORALLY UPRIGHT GRADUATES EQUIPPED WITH THE LATEST STATE OF

THE ART TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW.

TO ENGAGE IN THE TECHNICAL RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND

DEVELOPMENT THAT WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION.


BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GRADUATES OF THE PROGRAM ARE EXPECTED TO APPLY

TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT MAINSTREAMS IN POWER, ELECTRONIC

AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING INCLUDING EQUIPMENT/ INSTRUMENT

DESIGN.

SPECIFICALLY TO:

 POSSESS A SOLID FOUNDATION IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

SUFFICIENT TO ENABLE CAREERS AND PROFESSIONAL GROWTH

IN RELATED FIELDS.

 IDENTIFY AND SOLVE ENGINEERING PROBLEMS DRAWING ON A

STRONG FOUNDATION IN THE BASIS SCIENCES AND

MATHEMATICS.

 COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY AND CONTRIBUTE AS MEMBERS OF

MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS.

 APPRECIATE A DIVERSITY OF OPINION, CONSIDERATION OF

ETHICAL ISSUES, AND OF THE CONTEXT OF ONE’S PROFESSION.

 CONCEIVE, DESIGN, IMPLEMENT AND OPERATE PRODUCTS,

PROCESSES, AND SYSTEMS IN ENTERPRISE AND SOCIETAL

CONTEXTS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Though only my name appears on the cover of this research, a great many

people have contributed to its production, I owe my gratitude to all those people who

have made this output possible and because of whom my undergraduate experience

has been one that we will cherish forever.

First of all I would like to thank the College of Engineering, Architecture and

Technology especially for the Electrical Engineering Department for accepting and

giving me a chance to show my hard works and strength to the faculty of Electrical

Engineering Department

And my deepest gratitude to Engr. Michael Ernie F. Rodriguez that made

easier to comprehend and understand.

To my classmates that helped me kapag nahihirapan sa mga Gawain

To my family that supports, loves and guides me all the way to finish my

degree

And finally to Almighty God who is always there if I need guidance


Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1

SYSTEM CAPACITY AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

A. System Interconnection

The figure below shows the interconnection of the power system.

NUCLEAR
HYDRO
DIESEL
UNILIVER
BULK S/S P&G

SAN JOSE S/S

BINTUAN S/S
SAN NICOLAS S/S

SAGRADA S/S
BORAC S/S

NEW BUSUANGA
S/S DECABOBO S/S

B. Power Plant Technical Description

Bulk Substation
LOAD kVA kW
AVERAGE 47,588 38,070.4
MINIMUM 25,473.39 20,378.712
MAXIMUM 63,050.17 50,440.136
TOTAL 117,199.805 93,759.844
 MAGIC SARAP NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

o CAPACITY = 40MW

o GENERATOR = 2 x 20MW

o GENERATOR VOLTAGE = 13.8kV

 ASIN DIESEL POWER PLANT

o CAPACITY = 21MW

o GENERATOR = 3 x 7MW

o GENERATOR VOLTAGE =

 AJINOMOTO HYDRO POWER PLANT

o CAPACITY = 50MW

o GENERATOR = 2 x 25MW

o GENERATOR VOLTAGE =

C. Substation Loads

NAME OF S/S LOAD MVA


SAN JOSE 12.3
BINTUAN 9.4
SAGRADA 14.5
NEW BUSUANGA 11.6
SAN NICOLAS 8.34
BOAC 11.7
DECABOBO 9.56

D. Transmission and Sub-Transmission Line Technical Description

 Magic Sarap NPP to Bulk S/S Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV
o LENGTH = 77km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 40MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 8

 Asin DPP to Bulk S/S Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV

o LENGTH = 44km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 21MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 9

 Ajinomoto HEPP to Bulk S/S Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 138kV

o LENGTH = 147km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 50MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 10

 Bulk S/S to San Jose S/S Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 69kV

o LENGTH = 83km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 12.3MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 6

 Bulk S/S to Bintuan S/S Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV
o LENGTH = 45km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 35.5MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 8

 Bintuan S/S to SagradaS/S Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV

o LENGTH = 49km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 26.1MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 8

 Sagrada S/S to New Busuanga S/S Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 69kV

o LENGTH = 82km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 11.6MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 5

 Bulk S/S to San Nicolas S/S Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV

o LENGTH = 62km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 29.6MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 7

 San Nicolas S/S to Borac S/S Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV

o LENGTH = 51km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 21.26MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 9

 Borac S/S to Decabobo S/S Sub Transmission Line


o VOLTAGE = 69kV

o LENGTH = 103km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 9.56MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 6

 Bulk S/S to Uniliver Corp. Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV

o LENGTH = 45km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 20MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 9

 Bulk S/S to P&G Corp. Sub Transmission Line

o VOLTAGE = 115kV

o LENGTH = 39km

o TRANSMITTED LOAD = 20MVA

o NO. OF LINE INSULATORS = 9


CHAPTER 2

TRANSMISSION AND SUB-TRANSMISSION LINE CALCULATIONS

A. Short Transmission Line Calculation

Bulk S/S to San Nicolas S/S Sub Transmission Line

Assuming a power factor of 0.9 lagging, the load to be transmitted is 29.6 MVA and
the length of the line is 62 km. The line is modelled as a small-length transmission
line.

Computing the line voltage,

kV = 5.5
√ L kW
+
1.6 100
= 5.5
√ 62 29600(0.9)
1.6
+
100
= 96.08 kV

From the table of standard voltages, we select 115 kV as the line voltage. For 115 kV
systems, the conductor to be used is 266.8 MCM ACSR (PARTRIDGE).

Solve for the sending end current, assuming 0.9 lagging factor,
Ss 29.6 x 106
Is = = = 148.605 ⦟−25.84 ° A
√ 3 Es √ 3( 115 x 103 )
From the ACSR table, look for the resistance of the conductor
R = 0.255 Ω/km

Solve for the geometric mean distance (GMD) assuming a triangular configuration
with spacing 7.6 m, 7.6 m and 6.6 m between conductors.
GMD = √3 D12 D23 D31 = √3 7.6 x 7.6 x 6.6 = 7.25m

From the ACSR table, look for the radius (r) and geometric mean radius (GMR) of the
conductor.
r = d/2 = 16.30 mm/2 = 8.15 mm = .815 cm
GMR = 0.0217 ft = .6614 cm

Solving for the inductance and inductive reactance of the line,

L = 0.2ln ( GMD
GMR )
= 0.2ln
7.25
( 0.006614 ) = 1.4 mH/km
¿
X L = 2 πfL = 2 π ( 60 ) ¿ 1.337 mH/km) = 0.5278 Ω/km

The series impedance of the line is,


Z = R + j X L = 0.255 + j0.5278 Ω/km
Z = (0.255 + j0.5278 Ω/km) (62 km) = 15.81 + j32.72 Ω or
36.343 ⦟ 64.213Ω

Solving for the receiving-end voltage,


ERN = ESN – ZIS
115 x 103
ERN = ( √3 ) – (15.81 + j32.72 ¿ (148.605 ⦟−25.84 ° )

ERN = 62.252 ⦟−3.087 ° kV


ERL = √ 3 ERN = √ 3 (62.252 ⦟−3.087 ° kV)
ERL = 107.823 ⦟−3.087 ° kV

Solving for the receiving-end current,


IR = Is = 148.605 ⦟−25.84 ° A

Solving for power factor at receiving-end,


pfR = cos (ꝊER - ꝊIR) = cos( −3.087 ° - ( −25.84 ° ¿ ¿ = 0.922 lagging

Solving for voltage regulation,


E S− ER 115−107.823
%VR = × 100% = × 100% = 6.656%
ER 107.823

Solving for transmission efficiency,


PR = √3 E RL I R Cos Ꝋ R = √ 3 ( 107.823 X 10 3 ) (148.605)
(0.922) = 25.588 MW
PR 25.588
Ƞ= × 100% = × 100% = 96.051%
PS 29.6 x 0.9

San Nicolas S/S to Borac S/S Sub Transmission Line


Assuming a power factor of 0.9 lagging, the load to be transmitted is 21.26 MVA and
the length of the line is 51 km. The line is modelled as a small-length transmission
line.

Computing the line voltage,

kV = 5.5
√ L kW
+
1.6 100
= 5.5
√ 51 21260(0.9)
1.6
+
100
= 82.172 kV

From the table of standard voltages, we select 115 kV as the line voltage. For 115 kV
systems, the conductor to be used is 266.8 MCM ACSR (PARTRIDGE).

Solve for the sending end current, assuming 0.9 lagging factor,
6
Ss 21.26 x 10
Is = = = 106.734 ⦟−25.84 ° A
√ 3 Es √ 3( 115 x 103 )
From the ACSR table, look for the resistance of the conductor
R = 0.255 Ω/km

Solve for the geometric mean distance (GMD) assuming a triangular configuration
with spacing 7.6 m, 7.6 m and 6.6 m between conductors.
GMD = √3 D12 D23 D31 = √3 7.6 x 7.6 x 6.6 = 7.25m

From the ACSR table, look for the radius (r) and geometric mean radius (GMR) of the
conductor.
r = d/2 = 16.30 mm/2 = 8.15 mm = .815 cm
GMR = 0.0217 ft = .6614 cm

Solving for the inductance and inductive reactance of the line,

L = 0.2ln ( GMD
GMR )
= 0.2ln
7.25
( 0.006614 ) = 1.4 mH/km

¿
X L = 2 πfL = 2 π ( 60 ) ¿ 1.337 mH/km) = 0.5278 Ω/km

The series impedance of the line is,


Z = R + j X L = 0.255 + j0.5278 Ω/km
Z = (0.255 + j0.5278 Ω/km) (51 km) = 13.005 + j26.918Ω or
29.895 ⦟ 64.213Ω

Solving for the receiving-end voltage,


ERN = ESN – ZIS
115 x 103
ERN = ( √3 ) – (13.005 + j26.918 ¿ (106.734 ⦟−25.84 ° )

ERN = 63.925 ⦟−1.775 ° kV


ERL = √ 3 ERN = √ 3 (63.925 ⦟−1.775 ° kV)
ERL = 110.721 ⦟−1.775 ° kV

Solving for the receiving-end current,


IR = Is = 106.734 ⦟−25.84 ° A

Solving for power factor at receiving-end,


pfR = cos (ꝊER - ꝊIR) = cos( −1.775 ° - ( −25.84 ° ¿ ¿ = 0.913lagging

Solving for voltage regulation,


E S− ER 115−106.734
%VR = × 100% = × 100% = 7.745%
ER 106.734

Solving for transmission efficiency,


PR = √3 E RL I R Cos Ꝋ R = √ 3 ( 110.721 X 103 ) (106.734)
(0.913) = 18.688 MW
PR 18.688
Ƞ= × 100% = × 100% = 97.67%
PS 21.26 x 0.9

Bulk S/S to P&G Corp. Sub Transmission Line

Assuming a power factor of 0.9 lagging, the load to be transmitted is 20 MVA and the
length of the line is 39 km. The line is modelled as a small-length transmission line.

Computing the line voltage,


kV = 5.5
√ L kW
+
1.6 100
= 5.5
√ 39 20000(0.9)
1.6
+
100
= 78.628 kV

From the table of standard voltages, we select 115 kV as the line voltage. For 115 kV
systems, the conductor to be used is 266.8 MCM ACSR (PARTRIDGE).

Solve for the sending end current, assuming 0.9 lagging factor,
Ss 20 x 10 6
Is = = = 100.409 ⦟−25.84 ° A
√ 3 Es √ 3( 115 x 103 )

From the ACSR table, look for the resistance of the conductor
R = 0.255 Ω/km

Solve for the geometric mean distance (GMD) assuming a triangular configuration
with spacing 7.6 m, 7.6 m and 6.6 m between conductors.
GMD = √3 D12 D23 D31 = √3 7.6 x 7.6 x 6.6 = 7.25m

From the ACSR table, look for the radius (r) and geometric mean radius (GMR) of the
conductor.
r = d/2 = 16.30 mm/2 = 8.15 mm = .815 cm
GMR = 0.0217 ft = .6614 cm

Solving for the inductance and inductive reactance of the line,

L = 0.2ln ( GMD
GMR )
= 0.2ln
7.25
( .0006614 ) = 1.4 mH/km

¿
X L = 2 πfL = 2 π ( 60 ) ¿ 1.4 mH/km) = 0.5278 Ω/km

The series impedance of the line is,


Z = R + j X L = 0.255 + j0.5278 Ω/km
Z = (0.255 + j0.5278 Ω/km) (39 km) = 9.945 + j20.584 Ω or
22.861 ⦟ 64.213Ω

Solving for the receiving-end voltage,


ERN = ESN – ZIS
115 x 103
ERN = ( √3 ) – (9.945 + j20.584 ¿ (100.409 ⦟−25.84 ° )

ERN = 64.611 ⦟−1.264 ° kV


ERL = √ 3 ERN = √ 3 (64.611 ⦟−1.264 ° kV)
ERL = 111.911 ⦟−1.264 ° kV

Solving for the receiving-end current,


IR = Is = 100.409 ⦟−25.84 ° A

Solving for power factor at receiving-end,


pfR = cos (ꝊER - ꝊIR) = cos( −1.264 ° - ( −25.84 ° ¿ ¿ = 0.909lagging

Solving for voltage regulation,


E S− ER 115−111.911
%VR = × 100% = × 100% = 2.76%
ER 111.911

Solving for transmission efficiency,


PR = √3 E RL I R Cos Ꝋ R = √ 3 ( 111.911 X 10 3 ) (100.409)
(0.909) = 17.691 MW
PR 17.691
Ƞ= × 100% = × 100% = 98.283%
PS 20 x 0.9

B. Medium Transmission Line Calculation

Ajinomoto HEPP to Bulk S/S Transmission Line

Assuming a power factor of 0.9 lagging, the load to be transmitted is 50 MVA and the
length of the line is 147km. The line is modelled as a medium-length transmission
line.

Computing the line voltage,

kV = 5.5
√ L kW
+
1.6 100
= 5.5
√ 147 50000(0.9)
1.6
+
100
= 128.03 kV
From the table of standard voltages, we select 138 kV as the line voltage. For 138 kV
systems, the conductor to be used is 336.4 MCM ACSR (MERLIN).

Solve for the sending end current, assuming 0.9 lagging factor,
Ss 50 x 106
Is = = = 209.185 ⦟−25.84 ° A
√ 3 Es √ 3( 138 x 103)
From the ACSR table, look for the resistance of the conductor
R = 0.203 Ω/km

Solve for the geometric mean distance (GMD) assuming a triangular configuration
with spacing 7.6 m, 7.6 m and 6.6 m between conductors.
GMD = √3 D12 D23 D31 = √3 7.6 x 7.6 x 6.6 = 7.251m

From the ACSR table, look for the radius (r) and geometric mean radius (GMR) of the
conductor.
r = d/2 = 18.29 mm/2 = 9.145 mm = .9145 cm
GMR = 0.0244 ft = .743 cm

Solving for the inductance and inductive reactance of the line,

L = 0.2ln ( GMD
GMR )
= 0.2ln
7.251
( 0.00734 ) = 1.379 mH/km

¿
X L = 2 πfL = 2 π ( 60 ) ¿ 1.379 mH/km) = 0.52 Ω/km

The series impedance of the line is,


Z = R + j X L = 0.205 + j0.5265 Ω/km
Z = (0.203 + j0.5265 Ω/km) (147 km) = 29.841 + j77.396 Ω or
82.949 ⦟ 68.915 Ω
Solving for the capacitance, capacitive reactance and shunt admittance of the line,
0.0556 0.0556
C= GMD = 7.251 = 6.053 nF/km
ln( r ) ln(0.000743 )
1 1
XC = = = 438.226 kΩkm
2 πfC 2 π (60)(6.053 c )
1 1
y=j =j = j2.282 μS/km
Xc 438.226 x 103
y = j2.282 μS/km x 147 km = j0.335 mS

Solving for ABCD constants of the line using nominal π approximation,


ZY (29.841+ j 77.396)( j 0.335 x 10−3 )
A = D = 1+ =1+
2 2
A = D = 0.987 + j0.005 = 0.987 ⦟ 0.29°
B = Z = 29.841 + j77.396 Ω or 82.949 ⦟ 68.915 Ω

C = Y (1+ ZY4 ) = j 0.335 x 10−3


¿
)

( 1+
(29.841+ j 77.396)( j 0.335 x 10−3 )
4 )
C = j.000333 S

Solving for the receiving-end voltage,


ERN = AESN – BIS
138 x 103
ERN = (0.987 + j0.005) ( √3 ) – (29.841 + j77.396 ¿ (209.185

⦟−25.84 ° )
ERN = 66.951 ⦟−9.849 ° kV
ERL = √ 3 ERN = √ 3 (66.951 ⦟−9.849 ° kV)
ERL = 115.962 ⦟−9. 849 ° kV

Solving for the receiving-end current,


IR = -CESN + DIS
138 x 103
IR = - (j0.000333) ( √3 ) + (0.987 + j0.005 ¿ (209.185

⦟−25.84 ° )
IR = 219.222 ⦟−31.8 2 ° A

Solving for power factor at receiving-end,


pfR = cos (ꝊER - ꝊIR) = cos( −9.849° - ( −31.82 ° ¿ ¿ = 0.927 lagging
Solving for voltage regulation,
ES 138
−ER −115.962
%VR = A × 100% = 0.981 × 100% = 21.31%
ER 115.962

Solving for transmission efficiency,


PR = √3 E RL I R Cos Ꝋ R = √ 3 ( 115.962 X 103 ) (219.222)
(0.927) = 40.817 MW
PR 40.817
Ƞ= × 100% = × 100% = 90.7%
PS 50 x 0.9

Bulk S/S to San Jose S/S Sub Transmission Line

Assuming a power factor of 0.9 lagging, the load to be transmitted is 12.3 MVA and
the length of the line is 83km. The line is modelled as a medium-length transmission
line.

Computing the line voltage,

kV = 5.5
√ L kW
+
1.6 100
= 5.5
√ 83 12300(0.9)
1.6
+
100
= 70.128 kV

From the table of standard voltages, we select 69 kV as the line voltage. For 69 kV
systems, the conductor to be used is #4/0 ACSR (PENGUIN).

Solve for the sending end current, assuming 0.9 lagging factor,
Ss 12300 x 106
Is = = = 102.92 ⦟−25.84 ° A
√ 3 Es √3( 69 x 103)
From the ACSR table, look for the resistance of the conductor
R = 0.390 Ω/km

Solve for the geometric mean distance (GMD) assuming a triangular configuration
with spacing 4.3 m, 4.3 m and 4 m between conductors.
GMD = √3 D12 D23 D31 = √3 4.3 x 4.3 x 4 = 4.198m
From the ACSR table, look for the radius (r) and geometric mean radius (GMR) of the
conductor.
r = d/2 = 14.31 mm/2 = 7.155 mm = .7155 cm
GMR = .5572 cm

Solving for the inductance and inductive reactance of the line,

L = 0.2ln ( GMD
GMR )
= 0.2ln
4.20
( 0.005572 ) = 1.325 mH/km

¿
X L = 2 πfL = 2 π ( 60 ) ¿ 1.325 mH/km) = 0.499 Ω/km

The series impedance of the line is,


Z = R + j X L = 0.390 + j0.499 Ω/km
Z = (0.390 + j0.499 Ω/km) (83 km) = 32.37 + j41.417 Ω or 52.566 ⦟ 51.99 Ω
Solving for the capacitance, capacitive reactance and shunt admittance of the line,
0.0556 0.0556
C= GMD = 4.198 = 8.722 nF/km
ln( r ) ln(0.007155 )
1 1
XC = = = 304.125 kΩkm
2 πfC 2 π (60)(8.722 c)
1 1
y=j =j = j3.288 μS/km
Xc 304.125 x 10 3
y = j3.288 μS/km x 83 km = j0.273 mS

Solving for ABCD constants of the line using nominal π approximation,


ZY (32.37+ j 41.417)( j 0.273 x 10−3)
A = D = 1+ =1+
2 2
A = D = 0.994 + j0.00442 = 0.994 ⦟ 0.255°
B = Z = 32.37 + j41.417 Ω or 52.566 ⦟ 51.99 Ω
ZY
C = Y ( 1+
4 ) = j 0.273 x 10−3
¿
)

( 1+
(32.37+ j 41.417)( j 0.273 x 10−3 )
4 )
C = j.0002722 S

Solving for the receiving-end voltage,


ERN = AESN – BIS
69 x 103
ERN = (0.994 + j0.00442) ( √3 ) – (32.37 + j41.417 ¿ (102.92

⦟−25.84 ° )
ERN = 34.812 ⦟−3.637 ° kV
ERL = √ 3 ERN = √ 3 (34.812 ⦟−3.637 ° kV)
ERL = 60.296 ⦟−3.637 ° kV

Solving for the receiving-end current,


IR = -CESN + DIS
69 x 103
IR = - (j0.0002722) ( √3 ) + (0.994 + j0.00442 ¿ (102.92

⦟−25.84 ° )
IR = 107.432 ⦟−30.809 ° A

Solving for power factor at receiving-end,


pfR = cos (ꝊER - ꝊIR) = cos( −3.637 ° - ( −30.809 ° ¿ ¿ = 0.9 lagging

Solving for voltage regulation,


ES 69
−ER −60.296
%VR = A × 100% = 0.994 × 100% = 15.126%
ER 60.296

Solving for transmission efficiency,


PR = √3 E RL I R Cos Ꝋ R = √ 3 ( 60.296 X 103 ) (107.432)
(0.9) = 10.098 MW
PR 10.098
Ƞ= × 100% = × 100% = 91.22%
PS 12.3 x 0.9

Borac S/S to Decabobo S/S Sub Transmission Line


Assuming a power factor of 0.9 lagging, the load to be transmitted is 9.56 MVA and
the length of the line is 103km. The line is modelled as a medium-length transmission
line.

Computing the line voltage,

kV = 5.5
√ L kW
+
1.6 100
= 5.5
√ 103 9650(0.9)
1.6
+
100
= 67.64 kV

From the table of standard voltages, we select 69 kV as the line voltage. For 69 kV
systems, the conductor to be used is #4/0 ACSR (PENGUIN).

Solve for the sending end current, assuming 0.9 lagging factor,
Ss 9.65 x 106
Is = = = 80.745 ⦟−25.84 ° A
√ 3 Es √3( 69 x 103)
From the ACSR table, look for the resistance of the conductor
R = 0.390 Ω/km

Solve for the geometric mean distance (GMD) assuming a triangular configuration
with spacing 4.3 m, 4.3 m and 4 m between conductors.
GMD = √3 D12 D23 D31 = √3 4.3 x 4.3 x 4 = 4.198m

From the ACSR table, look for the radius (r) and geometric mean radius (GMR) of the
conductor.
r = d/2 = 14.31 mm/2 = 7.155 mm = .7155 cm
GMR = .5572 cm

Solving for the inductance and inductive reactance of the line,

L = 0.2ln ( GMD
GMR )
= 0.2ln
4.20
( 0.005572 ) = 1.325 mH/km

¿
X L = 2 πfL = 2 π ( 60 ) ¿ 1.325 mH/km) = 0.499 Ω/km

The series impedance of the line is,


Z = R + j X L = 0.390 + j0.499 Ω/km
Z = (0.390 + j0.499 Ω/km) (103 km) = 40.17 + j51.397 Ω or 65.233 ⦟ 51.99

Solving for the capacitance, capacitive reactance and shunt admittance of the line,
0.0556 0.0556
C= GMD = 4.198 = 8.722 nF/km
ln( r ) ln (
0.007155 )
1 1
XC = = = 304.125 kΩkm
2 πfC 2 π (60)(8.722 c)
1 1
y=j =j = j3.288 μS/km
Xc 304.125 x 10 3
y = j3.288 μS/km x 83 km = j0.273 mS

Solving for ABCD constants of the line using nominal π approximation,


−3
ZY (40.17+ j 51.397)( j 0.273 x 10 )
A = D = 1+ =1+
2 2
A = D = .993 + j0.00548 = 0.993 ⦟ 0.316°
B = Z = 40.17 + j51.397 Ω or 65.233 ⦟ 51.99 Ω

(1+ ZY4 )
−3
C = Y = j 0.273 x 10 )
¿

( )
−3
( 40.17+ j 51.397)( j 0.273 x 10 )
1+
4
C = j0.000274 S

Solving for the receiving-end voltage,


ERN = AESN – BIS
69 x 103
ERN = (0.993 + j0.00548) ( √3 ) – (40.17 + j51.397 ¿ (80.745 ⦟−25.84 °

)
ERN = 34.894 ⦟−3.455 ° kV
ERL = √ 3 ERN = √ 3 (34.894 ⦟−3.455 ° kV)
ERL = 60.438 ⦟−3.455 ° kV

Solving for the receiving-end current,


IR = -CESN + DIS
69 x 103
IR = - (j0.000274) ( √3 ) + (0.993 + j0.00548 ¿ (80.745 ⦟−25.84 ° )

IR = 85.454 ⦟−32.143 ° A

Solving for power factor at receiving-end,


pfR = cos (ꝊER - ꝊIR) = cos( −3.455 ° - ( −3 2.143 ° ¿ ¿ = 0.877 lagging

Solving for voltage regulation,


ES 69
−ER −60.438
%VR = A × 100% = 0.993 × 100% = 14.97%
ER 60.438

Solving for transmission efficiency,


PR = √3 E RL I R Cos Ꝋ R = √ 3 ( 60.438 X 103 ) (86.454) (0.877) =
7.94 MW
PR 7.94
Ƞ= × 100% = × 100% = 92.28%
PS 9.56 x 0.9

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