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Nested and Correlated Queries - Example

This document discusses nested queries and different types of subqueries including correlated and non-correlated subqueries. It provides examples of using IN, EXISTS, and comparison operators like > ALL and > ANY in subqueries to retrieve sailors who reserved specific boats or have ratings above or below other sailors. The document also briefly discusses null values and how they are treated differently than normal values in comparisons.

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raju gt
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
152 views

Nested and Correlated Queries - Example

This document discusses nested queries and different types of subqueries including correlated and non-correlated subqueries. It provides examples of using IN, EXISTS, and comparison operators like > ALL and > ANY in subqueries to retrieve sailors who reserved specific boats or have ratings above or below other sailors. The document also briefly discusses null values and how they are treated differently than normal values in comparisons.

Uploaded by

raju gt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nested Queries 

Sailors(sid, sname, rating, age) 
Reserve(sid, bid, day) 
Boats(bid, bname, color) 
 
The names of sailors that reserved boat 103 
SELECT S.sname 
FROM Sailors S 
WHERE S.sid IN  (SELECT R.sid 
       FROM Reserve R 
       WHERE R.bid = 103); 
 
SELECT S.sname 
FROM Sailors S 
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * 
     FROM Reserve R 
     WHERE R.bid = 103); 
**The nested query in this query is a correlated subquery. 
 
IN => “is a member of set” 
EXISTS => “is size of set at least one?” 
 
Find sailors with the highest rating. 
‐Cannot use max(…) in WHERE clause without running a query; have to use a subquery. 
SELECT S.name 
FROM Sailors S 
WHERE S.rating = (SELECT S2.max(rating) 
          FROM Sailor S2); 
 
SELECT S.name 
FROM Sailors S 
WHERE S.rating >= ALL (SELECT S2.rating 
      FROM Sailors S2); 
 
Exercises  
i) List sailors’ sids whose rating is higher than at least one of the sailors whose name is Horatio. 

SELECT S.sid 
FROM Sailors S 
WHERE S.rating > ANY (SELECT S2.rating 
      FROM Sailor S2 
      WHERE S2.name = ‘Horatio’); 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ii) List sailors’ sids whose rating is higher than all sailors named Horatio. 

SELECT S.sid 
FROM Sailor S 
WHERE S.rating > ALL (SELECT S2.rating 
                FROM Sailor S2 
               WHERE S2.name = ‘Horatio’); 
 
‐These cannot be expressed with a simple SELECT‐FROM‐WHERE. 
  Proof: 1) Observe all SELECT‐FROM‐WHERE queries are monatomic. 
‐Monatomic queries are queries whose results can only stay the same or grow (not 
shrink) as databases grow. 
2) This query is non‐monatomic, thus cannot be expressed with SELECT‐FROM‐WHERE. 
 
We have been using existential conditions. (easy) 
Now let’s try using universal conditions. (hard) 
 
1) Find boats not reserved by the sailor with sid = 100. 
B: all boats 
R: boats reserved by sid = 100 
‐given these sets, the query is B‐R 
 
SELECT B.bid 
FROM Boats B 
EXCEPT SELECT B.bid 
  FROM Reserve R 
  WHERE R.sid = 100; 
 
2) Names of sailors who reserved all boats. 
SELECT S.name 
FROM Salior S 
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT B.bid 
              FROM Boats B 
              EXCEPT SELECT R.bid 
                FROM Reserves R 
                WHERE R.sid = S.sid); 
 
Nulls and Semi‐joins 
Nulls can go into any value, regardless of type. 
Meaning of null depends on application. 
  ‐value not available, unknown, etc 
 
For example.. 
name  age  height  weight 
Joe  20  NULL  200 
…  …  …  … 
 
 
SELECT * 
FROM Person P  
WHERE P.age > 25 AND (P.height > 6 OR weight < 190) 
 
In SQL, there are three boolean values: true, unknown, and false. 
Rows are filtered if the WHERE clause evaluates to false or unknown. 

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