2.

1 Literature Review

“A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given
subject or chosen topic area”1. Literature review is basically to analyze the views of different
writers, scholars, political scientists and sociologist etc. In this chapter, the viewpoints of
different scholars and writers about this topic will be discussed and these rational and
scholarly views will also be critically evaluated.

Hakim (2000) is of view that it is quite difficult to know the status of women,
because each society treats women in different way. In each society, the status of women is
interpreted differently. He elaborates the term status in Pakistani context, that is an approach
to the resources such as getting an education, having employment, health facilities and the
authority of power and prestige that a woman possesses in different situations. He reports
that women less socioeconomic, demographic and health facilities. And further half of
women population is uneducated. Girls are forcefully married at teen ages, they are not
asked their views. Most importantly, the mobility of women for going outside their locality
alone is limited and forbidden.

Paterson (2008) reports, named as women empowerment in challenging

environment: a case study from Baluchistan, that Baluchistan is least populated province of
Pakistan. People living in Baluchistan are conservatives, traditional and cultural towards
women rights. Aggrandizement in politicization of religion and incensement in religious
schools (Madrasah) in quite evident. Secondly, there is a tribal system and only they can
dominate. If an individual or any organization intent to modify public norms and values will
risk accusation of unislamic. Women empowerment and mobilization are very much
forbidden and look at that family honor is judged by the behavior of women. Women are
not allowed to visit outside and attend schools, they can only go outside and attend school
when they are with their males. Only NGOs sectors are where male and female work
together. Baluchistan has societies where they accept no change for women. literacy rate is
low and only 20% education is for female.

1
/www.rlf.org.uk/resources/what-is-a-literature-review/accessed7/27/2017

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 Azra (2012) in her research paper explains that women are in huge number but their
ability and skills is used for national development, because of their low skills, less education
and less empowerment in the realm of politics. She also clarifies that in Pakistan it is
understood political activities is public and women naturally belong to private sphere. And
there is no combination between politics and women nature. She further reveals that part of
problem stems from the unidentified interests of women due to their representation in the
political institution which marked their less mobilization and empowerment.

Mandal (2013) writes in his report that in all groups in world particularly women
have tolerated the most. He points to search that women sufferings are based on culture,
tradition, race, region and religion etc. In addition to that, women have been victims of
abuse, violence, rapes, poverty in their homes and societies. He pens down that dimension
differs from state to state, society to society. However, still in 21th century women are
beaten, degraded, molested. Women are considered witches; and stoned for committing
sexual activities and honor killing is common. Last but not least, he further reported that
women are raped but perpetrators move without any punishment by law.

Akbar (2015) addresses in general article named as shocking conditions for

Baluchistan’s women. He writes that Baluchistan traditionally has a number of patriarchal
societies where women often face the practice of unfairly treating and ravishment. He
further writes that women in Baluchistan have little space in political, cultural, economic or
social fields of life. Baluchistan geographically is the biggest province in Pakistan but tops
in the ranking of female illiteracy, unemployment and gender disparities. The conditions of
women living in rural areas of Baluchistan are more ill worse than all others. The so called
traditional practice of honor killing when there three teenager’s girls were buried alive in
Baluchistan Nasir Abad district.

Muhammad (2015) writes about Aurat foundation that it is non-governmental

organization working for the rights of women in Quetta. Aurat foundation reports hundreds
of cases against women in Baluchistan. Many cases of violence tooked place in Baluchistan.
The so-called traditional practice by which honors killing in Sibi and Nasir Abad.
Baluchistan is the largest province by area and mostly villages are remote and poverty is in
its peak. The writer writes about himself that his aunt died in Nushki being pregnant because
she could not afford to bring herself into Quetta and give birth to a baby child.
Unfortunately, that is why women in Baluchistan suffer and outspokenly die.

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 Dr.Prabhakararao (2016) describes that a democracy that Abraham Lincoln once
said is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. However, the less
participation of women is a particular concern for democratic systems and without
modification in that a true democracy can never be achieved and installed. So, in this context
women participation is essential in decision making. He further elaborates that it has been
observed that governance structures which do not provide for adequate participation
frequently suffer by state interventions which is neither inclusive nor democratic.

(Stanton n.d.) searches in Islamic point of view, she addresses in her article that
Islam has a problem with human and rights that is the most obvious in its behavior of
women. She tries to point out the problems quite positively and productively. She
commences with the faith in an analytic spotlight that people of faith confronts a
compatibility issues between the temporary ideas of human rights as a universal, secular
phenomenon that drives from our existence on this earth. And she reveals that it engineers
basic problems with how and where we position ourselves as a member of a universal human
community. She in her article further elaborates that there is a structural difference within
each religious tradition between men and women and this difference generates problems in
the context of human rights.

shahid (2017) writes in dawn news article that Baluchistan the largest province by
area and Quetta which is its capital. In Quetta, almost half a million of women have still not
registered themselves as a voter with the election commission of Pakistan because they do
not own their computerized identity cards CNICs. He further explains that it is reported by
the provincial election commissioner Muhammad Naeem Jaffar that National database and
registration authority (Nadra) had no record of registration of women living in remote areas
of Baluchistan. “In Baluchistan, presently over 3.7 million voters are registered with the
Election Commission and 1.5m of them are women”.2

Khan (2017) In article-25 of the constitution of Pakistan states that all “all citizens
are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection before the law: there shall be no
discrimination on the basis of sex.”3 However, Baluchistan is considered a violence-

2
https://www.dawn.com/news/1328120accessed7/12/2017
3
https://tribune.com.pk/story/1416844/women-balochistan-must-given-due-
representationpolitics/accessed7/12/2017

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 obsessed province in Pakistan, particularly control and dominated by conservatives and
tribality where gender discrimination in its peak. Further, there is no space for women in
politics and no easy way to demand their rights. Accordingly, there are eight major political
parties, only Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz issued ticket to women in last general and
local bodies poll. However, lack of women empowerment and political mobilization is still
a persistent obstacle.

Conceptual framework

2.2 Women empowerment and political mobilization

Women empowerment means to make a sort of gainful condition wherein women

can settle on some valuable choices of their own. Women empowerment signifies to enhance
females social, political, monetary and legitimate quality, and furthermore guarantee them
their equivalent rights, space in legislative issues and equivalent investment in any field. It
is likewise called women empowerment where there is decrease in aggressive behavior at
home. Political activation is a political procedure by which individuals are mobbed, get
together and take an interest in legislative issues. Political mobilization of women by which
women mean to be associated with political field and furthermore ensure their social,
political, monetary and instructive rights. Political preparation is a crusade and women
development by which they additionally chip away at women interests. By almond and
Powell “In this process, large numbers of individuals have been urbanized, have become
literate, and have been exposed to differentiated economic enterprises”4

2.3 Women empowerment and political mobilization in Pakistan

There is almost certainly that women can assume a critical part in the
advancement and development of any general public. In any case, Pakistan has an
alternate sort of social orders having alternate points of view towards women
empowerment and their political preparation. On the available, female is considered
as the focal point of consideration and life, and then again, female is believed to be
the auxiliary national of the state. Verifiably, Pakistan is based on the premise of two
nation theory, and it stresses Islamic educating and qualities. In any case, pseudo
fundamentalists in Pakistan adjusts the important instructing of Islam, and

4
http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/pol324/guo02ch3.pdfaccessed7/20/207

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compelled to peruse in the uncommon interests of men and extraordinary shameful
towards females. Strengthening and political preparation mean the two men and
women similarly take control of their lives, build their own motivation, accomplish
abilities, glorify self-assurance and resolve issues. In Pakistan, there are less open
doors and tight introduction have been trying for females. Women empowerment
and their political mobilization has frequently been of first significance to feeling
pioneers, reformers, social investigator and political masterminds. Women in
Pakistan are just thought to be in charge of doing every single residential work,
childhood of children, and sustain families. Women in Pakistan are put around expert
or power of men and are viewed as substandard in many respects.

2.4 Women empowerment and political mobilization in Quetta

Quetta is the provincial capital of Baluchistan and 9th largest city in Pakistan.
In Quetta, each forthcoming day brings segregated issues against females.
Ethnically, Quetta locale is very assorted contrasting with different regions in
Baluchistan. In Quetta, there are diverse ethnic gatherings having their own
particular culture, convention, custom and qualities. The circumstance of females in
Quetta stays unstable, with markers that expanding quantities of female populace are
enduring extraordinary brutality. There is impressive refinement between the status
of men and women in Quetta. Quetta is customarily a male centric culture where
women are on regular schedule confront segregation, abusive behavior at home,
corrosive assaults and honor killings. Conventional and social hindrances made
female bound and slave, they are considered for take care of home, supporting of
kid, and cooking for family. They are slaved by their men and are not permit to
request their central and protected rights. Women in Quetta have next to no space in
political, social, monetary and social fields. Accordingly, “Over half a million
eligible women have not registered themselves as voters with the Election
Commission of Pakistan (ECP) in Baluchistan as they do not possess their
Computerized National Identity Cards (CNICs)”.5

5
https://www.dawn.com/news/1328120accessed7/25/2017

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2.5 Rationale of women disempowerment

Every upcoming day in Quetta brings with itself some new discriminated issues,
domestic violence, cultural and traditional barriers. So, these are the reasons that women in
Quetta are not empowered and politically mobilized.

2.5.1 patriarchal society

Generally, Quetta is a society which depends on male controlled society. State of

females is most exceedingly sufficiently bad relatively. In rural areas of Quetta neediness is
extraordinary, for example, Nohisar, Agbargh, and samungli and others are the ranges in
which women are less instructed, have no political and social mobilization. Women in these
ranges go up against limitations while getting instruction, they have no wellbeing offices
around them. Individuals living in these ranges are supporters of their way of life and
convention. They command female lives and basic leadership of females, and stuck them in
dividers of home. Also in these are areas it is very common for women to die during
pregnancy. “The Pakistan Health Demographic Survey (PHDS) reports that Baluchistan
leads the nation in maternal mortality, with 785 deaths for every 100,000 women, compared
to 272 in the rest of the country”6.

2.5.2 Cultural and traditional barriers

cultural and traditional barriers against women in Quetta clearly expanding step by
step. For sure, cultural and traditional obstructions with exacerbating lawfulness
circumstance general affected the status of women in Quetta. Societies and conventions of
any socialized tribe demonstrates its quality and character, however here it is utilized for
getting down females. It is social and conventional impact that individuals living in Quetta
won't bargain over cultural and traditional change for women. Because of these berries, they
are not ready to get legitimate and specialized instruction which is need of time and change.
Women’s are rationally tormented and not allowed to take an interest in legislative issues
or any field of life outside home limit. Individuals living in Quetta even mind an education
for females. Cultural and traditional boundaries are heavy to the point that they significantly

6
http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/shocking-conditions-for-balochistans-
women/accessed7/27/2017

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consider sin and indecency on the off chance that they don't comply with culture and
tradition.

2.5.3 Lack of education

Baluchistan geographically makes Pakistan’s huge land mass and it is nearly 44%, that is
comparatively the land of France. Quetta which is provincial capital of Baluchistan, where
women education is not satisfactory enough. Women in Quetta are getting an education but
that is not up to the mark due to lack of educational facilities, institutions, lack of female
teachers and also the negligence of government of Baluchistan which is not doing enough
to initiate practical and useful steps for the improvement of women education. Female in
rural areas of Quetta have no access to colleges, universities and that is why they remain
illiterate.

2.5.3 No space in politics

Political empowerment is a measuring stick for the advance and improvement of any general
public that means to bring change. Major political parties in Baluchistan call themselves
dynamic gatherings, they make a mockery of their declarations containing responsibilities
and phony guarantees towards women empowerment and political mobilization, however
in down to earth they are fizzled doing as such. Baluchistan has fulfilled the distinction of
being the main area in Pakistan that has directed neighborhood bodies races. Be that as it
may, in nearby bodies surveys there were not a solitary female chose on general seats. Ladies
were not issued a ticket. “Elections took place for 1,450 positions for offices of chairman
and deputy chairman of district councils, municipal corporations, municipal committees and
union councils. There was not a single woman among the 1,450-people elected for those
offices”.7

2.6 Role of women in development of Baluchistan

Same as different territories of Pakistan, Baluchistan leads parliamentary type of

government. Governor is the head of the province and Chief Minister is the chief executive
and head of the government. Unicameral get together of Baluchistan comprises of 65
situates in which 11 seats are reserved and 4 seats are reserved for minorities. Commonplace

7
http://thebalochistanpoint.com/balochistan-no-woman-no-politics/accessed7/26/2017

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organization is fundamentally separated into six divisions and further these six divisions are
subdivided into 32 districts. It is without a doubt genuine that women can play an essential
and key part in the improvement and advance of any general public. They can perform well
in each field of life. Be that as it may, Baluchistan is a general public in light of customary
and social esteems, where its locals don't care for women empowerment and political
mobilization for females. They consider women empowerment or change for females as
"Bad Nami”. Despite the fact that females reach to a few positions or take an interest in
governmental issues yet they need to confront numerous issues. In show disdain toward,
every one of these impediments there are a few females who have influenced Baluchistan
to state glad.

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