Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Exercises Question 1: What is sound and how is it produced? €Answer 1: Sound is a form of energy and it is produced due to vibrations of different types of object. For example: A vibrating tuning fork, a bell, wires in a sitar and a guitar etc. Question 2: Describe with the help of a diagram, how compressions and rarefactions are produced in air near a source of sound. €Answer 2: If we blow a horn, speak, or produce sound by an object in air we are pushing the air molecules. These molecules, in turn, push the adjacent molecules which impart their energy to the next ones. After losing energy in the interaction, the molecule is back to its original (mean) position. This results in formation of compressions and rarefactions. This wave is moving in this direction ———+ Wavelength im Compression Rarefaction Question 3: Cite an experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its propagation. EAnswer 3: Take an electric bell and an airtight glass bell jar. The electric bell is suspended inside the airtight bell jar. The bell jar is connected to a vacuum pump, as shown in following figure. Now, if we press the switch, we will be able to hear the bell. www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education 1Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Now start the vacuum pump. When the air in the jar is pumped out gradually, the sound becomes fainter, although the same current is passing through the bell. F553 To electric connection teh, ‘ork Bell jar .ctronic bell After some time when less air is left inside the bell jar you will hear a very feeble sound. At the end, when all the air is removed completely, we will not be able to hear the sound of bell. This show sound requires material medium. Question 4: Why sound wave is called a longitudinal wave? Answer 4: A sound wave is called a longitudinal wave because it travels in the form of compressions and rarefactions in the medium, where the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction which is parallel to the direction of propagation of the sound wave, Question 5: Which characteristic of the sound helps you to identify your friend by his voice while sitting with others in a dark room? €Answer 5: The timbre of sound is that characteristic which enables us to distinguish one sound from the other even when these are of the same pitch and loudness. Each person has its own timbre of sound and this characteristic helps us to identify a person from others even without looking at him (i.e., in a dark room). www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education a,Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Question 6: Flash and thunder are produced simultaneously. But thunder is heard a few seconds after the flash is seen, why? Answer 6: The flash of light is seen earlier than the thunder of sound even though both are produced simultaneously because the speed of light (c) is greater than speed of 10° m/s sound (v) by 10° as $= SRE = 10°, Question 7: A person has a hearing range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. What are the typical wavelengths of sound waves in air corresponding to these two frequencies? Take the speed of sound in air as 344 ms~2. EAnswer 7: Given, v,= 20 Hz v= 20 kHz = 20 x 10? Hz, and Speed of sound, v= 344 m/s ( Clearly, a, => = = =172m ( % dg = 2 = 4. = 0.0172m 220x108 Question 8: Two children are at opposite ends of an aluminium rod. One strikes the end of the rod with a stone. Find the ratio of times taken by the sound wave in air and in aluminium to reach the second child. €Answer 8: Speed of sound in air = 346 m/s and Speed of sound in aluminium = 6420 m/s Since time taken by sound to travel a given distance in a medium is inversely proportional to its speed in that medium, ; time taken by sound wave to travel in air ” time taken by air to travel same distnce in aluminium 6420 _ sass -— 34600~—C www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education 3Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Question 9: The frequency of a source of sound is 100 Hz. How many times does it vibrate in a minute? Answer 9: Since the frequency of the source of sound is 100 Hz, Number of vibrations of the source in 1 second = 100 Number of vibrations of the source in 1 minute (i.e., 60 second) =100%60 = 6000 Question 10: Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain. Answer 10: Yes, sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does. The laws of reflection of sound are as follows: 1. The incident sound wave, the reflected sound wave, and the normal at the point of incident all lie in the plane. 2. The angle of incidence of sound wave and angle of reflection of sound wave to the normal are equal. // Question 11: When a sound is reflected from a distant object, an echo is produced. Let the distance between the reflecting surface and the source of sound production remains the same. Do you hear echo sound on a hotter day? Answer 11: In any medium as we increase the temperature the speed of sound increases. For example, the speed of sound in air is 331 m s-1 at 0 °C and 344 m s-1 at 22°C. So, on a hotter day, we cannot here the echo between the same distances. Question 12: Give two practical applications of reflection of sound waves. €Answer 12: The practical applications of sound are as follows: > Megaphones or loudhailers are based on multiple reflections of sound. » Stethoscope is a medical instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body is also based on multiple reflection of sound. www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education 4Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Question 13: A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 500 m high into a pond of water at the base of the tower. When is the splash heard at the top? Given, g = 10 m s? and speed of sound = 340 ms €Answer 13: During the downward motion of stone Initial velocity u=0 m/s Height h=500m Acceleration — g= 10s? Using the equation haut ti gt? We have, 500 = (0)t + 5 (10)¢ = 5t? = 500 = t? = 100 >t=10 So, stone takes 10 seconds to pond from the top of the tower. Now a sound of splash is produced. ZB Now the time taken by the sound from base of tower to top of tower is given by ; distnace time = ———_ speed 500 = time = 25 = 1.47 seconds So, the total time taken = 10 seconds + 1.47 seconds = 11.47 seconds Question 14: A sound wave travels at a speed of 339 m s“'. If its wavelength is 1.5 cm, what is the frequency of the wave? Will it be audible? €Answer 14: We know that, Frequency = Speed/Wavelength Here, Speed = 339 ms! Wavelength = 1.5 cm=0.015 m Therefore, Frequency = 339/0.013 = 22600 Hz It is not audible (as the audible frequency is 20 Hz to 20000 Hz). www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education 5Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Question 15: What is reverberation? How can it be reduced? €Answer 15: A sound created in a big hall will persist by repeated reflection from the walls until it is reduced to a value where it is no longer audible. The repeated reflection that results in this persistence of sound is called reverberation. To reduce reverberation, the roof and walls of the auditorium are generally covered with sound-absorbent materials like compressed fibreboard, rough plaster or draperies. The seat materials are also selected on the basis of their sound absorbing properties. Question 16: What is loudness of sound? What factors does it depend on? Answer 16: The loudness (or softness) of a sound is determined by its amplitude. If amplitude is higher, i isa Jouder sound, It depends pon the foree with which an object is made to vibrate. Question 17: Explain how bats use ultrasound to catch a prey. €.Answer 17: Bats can produce and hear sound of frequency up to 100 kHz. The sound produced by flying bat gets reflected from its prey in front of it. By hearing this reflected sound, it can detect the prey even during nights. Question 18: How is ultrasound used for cleaning? €Answer 18: To clean any objects, it is placed in a cleaning solution and ultrasonic waves are sent into the solution. Due to the high frequency, the particles of dust, grease and dirt get detached and drop out. The objects thus get thoroughly cleaned. www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education 6Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class - 1x) Question 19: Explain the working and application of a sonar. €Answer 19: Sonar consists of a transmitter and a detector and is installed in a boat or a ship, as shown in following figure. wee eeeee Boat (or ship) - Water surface Detector Transmitter The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic waves. These waves travel through water and after striking the object on the seabed, get reflected back and are sensed by the detector. The detector converts the ultrasonic waves into electrical signals which are appropriately interpreted. The distance of the object that reflected the sound wave can be calculated by knowing the speed of sound in water and the time interval between transmission and reception of the ultrasound. If the time interval between transmission and reception of ultrasound signal be t and the speed of sound through seawater be v. The total distance, 2d travelled by the ultrasound is then, 2d = v x ¢. The sonar technique is used to determine the depth of the sea and to locate underwater hills, valleys, submarine, icebergs, sunken ship etc. www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education 7Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Question 20: A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo 5's later. Calculate the speed of sound in water if the distance of the object from the submarine is 3625 m. Answer 20: Total distance travelled by sound = 2 x 3625 = 7250 m Time taken = 5 seconds Therefore, speed So, the speed of sound in water is 1450 m/s. Question 21: Explain how defects in a metal block can be detected using ultrasound. Answer 21: Ultrasounds can be used to detect the defect in metal blocks. The cracks or holes inside the metal blocks, which are invisible from outside reduces the strength of the structure, Ultrasonic waves are allowed to pass through the metal block and detectors are used to detect the transmitted waves. If there is even a small defect, the ultrasound gets reflected back indicating the presence of the flaw or defect, as shown in following figure. Defect or flaw Detectors. Ultrasound Woe Metal Block www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in EducationScience (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter — 12) (Sound) (Class — 1x) Question 22: Explain how the human ear works. €Answer 22: The outer ear is called ‘pinna’. It collects the sound from the surroundings. The collected sound passes through the auditory canal. At the end of the auditory canal there is a thin membrane called the ear drum or tympanic membrane. When a compression of the medium reaches the eardrum the pressure on the outside of the membrane increases and forces the eardrum inward. Pinna Hammer Anvil Stirrup Oval window Auditory nerve Cochlea ‘Tympanic membrane or eardrum Auditory canal —— Eustachian tube WL Outer ear Middle Inner ear ear Similarly, the eardrum moves outward when a rarefaction reaches it. In this way the eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are amplified several times by three bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle ear. The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations received from the sound wave to the inner ear. In the inner ear, the pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea. These electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, and the brain interprets them as sound. www.tiwariacademy.com ‘A free web support in Education