Post-earthquake School Reconstruction Project

Seminar on
Earthquake Resilient Design for School Buildings

Day-1
Session 4 Structural Design Criteria

Naveed Anwar, PhD

Day : 1
Session: 4
Structural Design Criteria
Document is Public

Now Available : doe.gov.np

3
Introduction

• After Gorkha Earthquake, The Government of Nepal (GON), and several

development partners have developed a comprehensive Post Disaster Need
Assessment (PDNA) document.

• One of the sector considered in the overall PDNA is Education, which identities the
needs for rehabilitation and reconstruction of effected infrastructure for education
sector, including the school buildings and facilities.

• As part of the rebuilding strategy, guidelines have been developed for the design of
new schools.

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Introduction

• This document presents the proposed design criteria and overall methodology to be
used for the structural design of school buildings.

• This document has been prepared by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

• The document is intended to be the official guidelines to the Department of

Education (DOE), for structural aspects of planning and design of new schools
consistent with the Design Guidelines for Type Design of School Buildings which sets
out architectural and planning requirements.

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Scope and Purpose

• This document is intended to provide a unified and consistent criterion for carrying
out detailed structural design of school buildings in Nepal, for resistance to the
effects of earthquakes and other natural hazards.

• The document is particularly applicable to the Type Design of new school buildings
for the post-earthquake reconstruction in the 14 most effected districts.

• The document may also be used for structural design of school buildings in general
for all districts in Nepal, either in mountains, hills or plains.

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Contents
• Introduction
• Design Philosophy and Approach
• Basic Materials
• Loads
• Structural Systems
• Code-based Design
• Seismic Performance-based Evaluation

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Structural Systems

Sys-1: Ordinary reinforced concrete moment frame with unreinforced

masonry infill walls
Sys-2: Special steel moment resisting frame
Sys-3: Reinforced interlocking block bearing wall system (for example,
Habitech system)
Sys-4: Special reinforced concrete moment frame
Sys-5: Cold-formed steel ordinary moment frame
Sys-6: Hold-rolled steel ordinary moment frame
Sys-7: Timber structure

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 Two Design Approaches

Approach 1:
Code based and Performance Based

Approach 2:
Code based and optional verification

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Difference Between CBD and PBD
• Code Based
• Create an elastic model, ignore nonlinearly
• Reduce elastic seismic demand to get design demand (By R or K)
• Increase design force by load factors (1.4 to 1.8)
• Hope the combined factors provide adequate performance

• Performance Based
• Use nonlinear model
• Use defined hazard level without scaling
• Compare capacity with demand, without load factors
• Confirm the expected performance explicitly

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Why Two Approaches
• The basis of Hazard levels in the Code are not clearly
• There are arbitrary factors in Codes (K and R) used to scale the elastic
response
• The capacity and response of specific structural systems can be
verified/confirmed using the code approach only
• Schools are for the future, and codes will be revised, greater reliability
is required
• This criteria is for “Type Designs” to be used for large number of
replications

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12
 Elastic Response and Code Response Spectrum Curves

Approach 1: No K or R or load factors

Approach 2: Code based K, R and load factors

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 The Two Design Approaches

sta
Re nt
ura

School
Resta
urant
Loading Severity

Approach 1: Directly
confirm this response,
after code based design
Resta
Approach 2: Use urant

Code Based and

hope it will satisfy
other zones
Structural Displacement

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 Architectural design

Overall Design Procedure – Approach 1

Step 1: Structural system
development

Step 2: Modeling and

analysis

Step 3: Structural design

in accordance with
building codes

Step 4: Verification of
design using
performance-based
approaches for seismic
loading

NO

Step 5: Is
performance
acceptable?

YES

Step 6: Preparation of
structural drawings 15
Overall Design Procedure – Approach 2

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Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types
RC isolated footing for column or
Foundation
RC strip footing for column and wall
Column RC column
Beam RC beam
Slab on grade Generally not required
Sys-1: Ordinary RC moment
frame with masonry infill Plinth beams RC beam
walls
Lintels RC beam
Intermediate floors RC slab
Unreinforced masonry walls full contact
Walls
with bounding frames
Roof system Steel truss or RC slab

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 Determine member
Design Procedure for Ordinary demand forces

Reinforced Concrete Moment Determine out-of-plane

Resisting Frames with Masonry and in-plane demand Design beams for flexural
forces demand and columns for
Infill Walls axial and flexural
demands

Design for out-of-plane

flexural and in-plane shear
demand
Design beam and column
shear to resist the shear
demand from analysis
Design mechanical
connections between infill
and bounding frame
Design check for
bounding columns and
beams
(moment and shear)

Reinforcement detailing
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Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types
RC isolated footing for column
Foundation
RC strip footing for column
Steel hollow box or H, I or W shapes, or
Column
built up sections
Steel hollow box or I sections, or built
Beam
up sections
Slab on grade Generally not required
Sys-2: Special steel moment
Plinth beams RC beam
resisting frame
Lintels RC beam
Intermediate floors Composite slab
Unreinforced masonry walls, Light
Walls weight partitions (non-load bearing
walls)
Roof system Steel truss or composite slab

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Special Steel Moment Resisting Frames

Analyze the model

considering P-delta effects

Determine member
demand forces

Capacity design for

members and panel zones

Verify design story drift

Design Procedure for Special Steel Moment Resisting Frames 20

Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types
Brick or stone
Foundation RC strip footing for wall reinforced
stone masonry in C/C mortar
Compressed interlocking blocks,
Bearing wall
reinforced with rebars
Sys-3: Reinforced interlocking
bearing wall (Habitech Slab on grade Generally not required
system)
Plinth beams RC beam, blocks reinforced with rebars
Lintels RC beam, blocks reinforced with rebars
Intermediate floors RC slab, Habitech waist slab or similar
Roof system Steel truss or RC slab

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Reinforced Interlocking Bearing Walls
Determine out-of-plane
and in-plane demand
forces

Design for out-of-plane

flexural and axial demand
forces

Design for in-plane flexural

and axial demand forces

Design for in-plane shear

forces
(capacity-based design)

Check for sliding shear

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Design Procedure for Reinforced Interlocking Bearing Walls
Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types
RC isolated footing for column
Foundation
RC strip footing for column
Column RC column

Beam RC beam

Slab on grade Generally not required

Sys-4: Special reinforced Plinth beams RC beam
concrete moment frame
Lintels RC beam
Intermediate floors RC slab
Unreinforced masonry walls, Light
Walls weight partitions ( non-load bearing
walls)
Roof system Steel truss or RC slab

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Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame
Determine member
demand forces

Design beams for flexural

demand and columns for
axial and flexural
demands

Check strong column/

weak beam requirements

Design beam and column

shear based on capacity
based design procedures

Check for joint shear

Reinforcement detailing

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Design Procedure for Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame
Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types
RC isolated footing for column
Foundation
RC strip footing for column
Column Cold-formed channel sections

Beam Cold-formed channel sections

Slab on grade Generally not required

Sys-5: Cold-formed steel Plinth beams RC beam
ordinary moment frame
Lintels RC beam
Intermediate floors Not permitted.
Unreinforced masonry walls, Light
Walls weight partitions ( non-load bearing
walls)
Roof system Cold-formed steel channel truss

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Cold-formed steel ordinary moment resisting frames
• Cold-formed steel ordinary moment resisting frames shall be proportioned and
detailed in such a way that the frame will remain essentially elastic or design the
higher strength to reduce the high ductility demands under earthquakes.

• As the mass of structural system is small, the design will be primarily governed
by wind loading.

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Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types
RC isolated footing for column
Foundation
RC strip footing for column
Steel hollow box or H, I or W shapes
Column
sections
Beam Steel hollow box or I sections

Slab on grade Generally not required

Sys-6: Hot-rolled steel Plinth beams RC beam
ordinary moment frame
Lintels RC beam
Intermediate floors Composite slab
Unreinforced masonry walls, Light
Walls weight partitions (non-load bearing
walls)
Roof system Steel truss or composite slab

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Hot-rolled steel ordinary moment resisting frames

• Hot-rolled steel ordinary moment resisting frames shall be designed and detailed
for higher strength to reduce the high ductility demands.

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Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types
RC isolated footing for column
Foundation
RC strip footing for column
Column Timber column

Beam Timber beam

Sys-7: Timber structure
Slab on grade Generally not required
Plinth beams RC beam
Intermediate floors Timber floor
Roof system Timber truss

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Timber structure
• Wood-frame shear walls sheathed with shear panels of particle board, structural
fiber board, and gypsum wall board are used to resist the seismic forces.
• Bearing wall system category would be applicable because shear walls used for
seismic force resistance also function to support gravity loads of a building.

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• Materials, loading and load combination should be according to code based
provisions.

• Typical modeling, analysis and design procedure of structural systems are also
explained in document.

• Seismic performance-based evaluation of structural systems are also explained in

document.

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References
• Structural design criteria for type design of school buildings, DOE, Nepal

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Any Questions

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