OVERVIEW OF C++

C++ is a general-purpose programming language with

imperative, object oriented and generic programming features and
facility for low level memory manipulation. It was designed with a
bias towards system programming and embedded resource
constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and
flexibility of use of its design highlights.

In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began

work on "Cwith Classes", the predecessor to C++. The motivation
for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's
experience in programming for his PhD. thesis. Stroustrup found
that Simula
had features that were very helpful for large software development,
but the language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was
fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development.
When Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the
problem of analyzing the UNIX kernel with respect to distributed
computing. Remembering his Ph.D. experience, Stroustrup set out
to enhance the C language with Simula-like features. C was
chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable and widely
used. As well as C and Simula's influences, other languages also
influenced C++, including ALGOL68, Ada, CLU and ML.

Initially, Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added features to the C

compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived classes, strong typing, in
lining and default arguments.

In 1983, "C with Classes" was renamed to "C++" (++ being the in-
creme operator in C), adding new features that included virtual
functions, function name and operator overloading, references,
constants, type-safe free-store memory allocation (new/delete),
improved type checking, and BCPL style single-line comments with
two forward slashes (//). Furthermore, it included the
development of a standalone compiler for C++, Cfront.

In 1985, the first edition of The C++ Programming Language was

released, which became the definitive reference for the language,
as there was not yet an official standard. The first commercial
implementation of C++ was released in October of the same year.

In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second

edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. New features
in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static
member functions, constant member functions, and protected
members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was
published. This work became the basis for the future standard.
Later feature additions included templates, exceptions, name
spaces, new casts, and a Boolean type.

After the 2.0 update, C++ evolved relatively slowly until, in 2011,
the C++11 standard was released, adding numerous new features,
enlarging the standard library further, and providing more
facilities to C++ programmers. After a minor C++14 update
released in December 2014, various new additions were introduced
in C++17, and further changes planned for 2020.

As of 2019, C++ is now the fourth most popular programming

language, behind Java, C, and Python

PHILOSOPHY OF C++:
Throughout the life of C++, its development and evolution
has been guided by a set of principles:

• It must be driven be actual problems and its features should

be useful
in real world programs.
• Every feature should be implementable.
• Programmers should be free to pick their own programming
style, and
that style should be fully supported by C++.
• Allowing a useful feature is more important than preventing
every
 possible misuse of C++.
• It should provide facilities for organizing programs into well-
defined
separate parts, and provide facilities for combining separately
developed parts.
• User-created types need to have the same support and
performance as
built-in types.
• Unused features should not negatively impact created
executable.
• There should be no language beneath C++ (except assembly
language).
• C++ should work alongside other existing programming
languages,
rather than fostering its own separate and incompatible
programming
environment.
 C++ introduced Object Oriented Programming (OOP) to C
language. The Object-Oriented Programming is a programming
paradigm based on the concept of classification of data into
classes and objects. The OOP has various features and some of the
features which are implemented in C++
are:

DATA ENCAPSULATION:
Encapsulation is an object-oriented programming concept
that binds together the data and functions that manipulate the
data, and that keeps both safe from outside interference and
misuse. Data encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of
data hiding.

DATA ABSTRACTION:
Data abstraction refers to providing only essential
information to the outside world and hiding their background
details i.e., to represent the needed information in program
without presenting the details.

MODULARITY:
Modularity refers to a software design technique that
emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into
independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains
everything necessary to execute only one aspect of the desired
functions.
INHERITANCE:
The capability of a class to derive properties and
characteristics from another class is call the Inheritance.

POLYMORPHISM:

The representation of a member function in various forms is

known as polymorphism i.e., different ways of approaching the
same data.
 ABSTRACT:

The railway reservation system is software for the purpose of

reserving train seats at any time and from anywhere. This
application provides us complete information about a train
between specified source and destination. This application gives
current status of reservations of particular train, fares for different
classes of train and also waiting status. For this application, a
visitor must register to avail the service. In this system, train
records are maintained and retrieved. Administrator monitors all
users and their transactions. Administrator has complete access to
database and can add train or cancel train or add station for
particular train or skip a station for train. There are several
payment options for users like credit card, debit card and can also
cancel train. This application also provides current position of
train i.e. name of stations between which the train is currently
running. It provides familiar and attractive interface with inserting
and reporting capabilities.
 PURPOSE:

The objective of railway reservation system is to give structural

design to railway system. The project provides functionality and
flexibility to railway system such that one can operate that system
easily and efficiently. This project also provides a complete set of
solutions for some common and specific area as of work in the
railways. Automatic processing plays vital role for bulk amount of
data and even that generating correct results and displaying
correct information is one of the challenging task in this
technological era. Among various organization our Indian railway
network also deals and process bulk data every day. To make the
processing task easier and saving correct information into the file
system will help this organization to grow more and more and
supports in our Indian economy growth. Among various tasks
performed within this organization reservation of tickets is also a
common task which takes place every day, so to manage this task
efficiently, a new computer oriented system is required. In order to
maintain privacy and security for each customers, each customers
will have a valid login id and password to access their account and
using their particular, they will able to make their reservation.
Proper payment has been implemented and provided within the
system, to make secure payment and keep their payment
resources secured. Using the concepts of object oriented
programming, this project has been divided into different modules
which is to be carried out by classes and methods and final touch
given by the objects which are allowed to access their variables
and methods of a particular class.

The purpose of this source is to describe the railway reservation

system which provides the train timing details, reservation, billing
and cancellation on various types of reservation namely

 Confirm Reservation for confirm Seat.

 Reservation against Cancellation.
 Waiting list Reservation.
 Online Reservation.
 Tatkal Reservation
 INDEX:

1. AIM
2. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
3. PROGRAM CODE
4. OUTPUT
5. ENHANCEMENTS
6. CONCLUSION
 AIM:

Designing the application and of Railway Reservation System for

the purpose of reserving railway tickets and database maintenance
about train and passenger details by the railway department only.
This database helps railways to retrieve data as and when required
in future. The scope of project included evaluation of the
application and was primarily concerned with the transactions
related to booking of tickets from the terminals operated by the
railway personnel. Application controls and simulation were used
to evaluate data validation and program logic. The selected data, as
made available, for substantive checking of the completeness,
integrity and consistency of data using computer assisted
applications such as VB, MS Access.
 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Windows XP Professional
 Visual Basic 6.0.
 Ms Access.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Pentium IV 3.0GHz Processor
 512 MB RAM
 80 GB Hard Disk
 17” Monitor
 Mouse, keyboard
 HEADER FILES USED
include<stdio.h> - For using basic i/o functions.
include<conio.h> - For using clrscr() and getch().
include<stdlib.h> - For using functions like gets() etc.
include<string.h> - For using string functions.
include<iostream.h> - For using basic i/o functions.
include<time.h> - For setting time and date functions.
include<iomanip.h> - For setting width of output stream.
include<fstream.h> -For creating, writing and reading .dat files
 PROGRAM CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<time.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
#include<fstream.h>
char f[10]="f";
char s[10]="s";
int addr,ad,flag,f1,d,m,i,amt;
float tamt;
class login
{
public:
char id[100];
char pass[100];
char *password;
void getid()
{
cout<<"Enter your id:";gets(id);
password=getpass("Enter the password:");
strcpy(pass,password);
}
void displayid()
{
cout<<"Id:";puts(id);
cout<<"Password:";puts(pass);
}
};
class detail
{
public:
int tno;
char tname[100];

char bp[100];
char dest[100];
int c1,c1fare;
int c2,c2fare;
int d,m,y;
void getdetail()
{
cout<<"Enter the details as follows\n";
cout<<"Train no:";cin>>tno;
cout<<"Train name:";gets(tname);
cout<<"Boarding point:";gets(bp);
cout<<"Destination pt:";gets(dest);
cout<<"No of seats in first class & fare per ticket:";
cin>>c1>>c1fare;
cout<<"No of seats in second class & fare per ticket:";
cin>>c2>>c2fare;
cout<<"Date of travel:";cin>>d>>m>>y;
}
void displaydetail()
{
cout<<tno<<"\t"<<tname<<"\t"<<bp<<"\t"<<dest<<"\t";
cout<<c1<<"\t"<<c1fare<<"\t"<<c2<<"\t"<<c2fare<<"\t";
cout<<d<<"-"<<m<<"-"<<y<<"\t"<<endl;
}
};
class reser
{
public:
int pnr;
int tno;
char tname[100];
char bp[10];
char dest[100];
char pname[10][100];
int age[20];
char clas[10];
int nosr;
int i;
int d,m,y;
int con;

float amc;
void getresdet()
{
cout<<"Enter the details as follows\n";
cout<<"Train no:";cin>>tno;
cout<<"Train name:";gets(tname);
cout<<"Boarding point:";gets(bp);
cout<<"Destination pt:";gets(dest);
cout<<"No of seats required:";cin>>nosr;
for(i=0;i<nosr;i++)
{
cout<<"Passenger name:";gets(pname[i]);
cout<<"Passenger age:";cin>>age[i];
}
cout<<"Enter the class f-first class s-second class:";
gets(clas);
cout<<"Date of travel:";cin>>d>>m>>y;
cout<<"Enter the concession category\n";
cout<<"1.Military\n2.Senior citizen\n";
cout<<"3.Children below 5 yrs\n4.None\n";
cin>>con;
cout<<"............END OF GETTING DETAILS............\n";
}
void displayresdet()
{
cout<<"...............................................\n";
cout<<"...............................................\n";
cout<<"Pnr no:"<<pnr;
cout<<"\nTrain no:"<<tno;
cout<<"\nTrain name:";puts(tname);
cout<<"Boarding point:";puts(bp);
cout<<"Destination pt:";puts(dest);
cout<<"No of seats reserved:"<<nosr;
for(i=0;i<nosr;i++)
{
cout<<"Passenger name:";puts(pname[i]);
cout<<"Passenger age:"<<age[i];
}

cout<<"\nYour class:";puts(clas);
cout<<"\nDate of reservation:"<<d<<"-"<<m<<"-"<<y;
cout<<"\nYour concession category:"<<con;
cout<<"\nYou must pay:"<<amc<<endl;
cout<<"***********************************************\n";
cout<<".........END OF RESERVATION.................\n";
cout<<"***********************************************\n";
}
};
class canc
{
public:
int pnr;
int tno;
char tname[100];
char bp[10];
char dest[100];
char pname[10][100];
int age[20];
int i;
char clas[10];
int nosc;
int d,m,y;
float amr;
void getcancdet()
{
cout<<"Enter the details as follows\n";
cout<<"Pnr no:";cin>>pnr;
cout<<"Date of cancellation:";cin>>d>>m>>y;
cout<<"...........END OF GETTING DETAILS...........\n";
}
void displaycancdet()
{
cout<<"...........................................\n";
cout<<"...........................................\n";
cout<<"Pnr no:"<<pnr;
cout<<"\nTrain no:"<<tno;
cout<<"\nTrain name:";puts(tname);
cout<<"Boarding point:";puts(bp);

cout<<"Destination pt:";puts(dest);
cout<<"\nYour class:";puts(clas);
cout<<"no of seats to be cancelled:"<<nosc;
for(i=0;i<nosc;i++)
{
cout<<"Passenger name:";puts(pname[i]);
cout<<"passenger age:"<<age[i];
}
cout<<"\nDate of cancellation:"<<d<<"-"<<m<<"-"<<y;
cout<<"\nYou can collect:"<<amr<<"rs"<<endl;
cout<<"*****************************************\n";
cout<<".........END OF CANCELLATION.............\n";
cout<<"*****************************************\n";
}
};
void manage();
void can();
void user();
void database();
void res();
void reserve();
void displaypassdetail();
void cancell();
void enquiry();
void main()
{
clrscr();
int ch;
cout<<"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n";
cout<<".......WELCOME TO RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM..........\n";
cout<<"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n";
do
{
cout<<"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^MAIN MENU^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n";
cout<<"1.Admin mode\n2.User mode\n3.Exit\n";
cout<<"Enter your choice:";
cin>>ch;
cout<<endl;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
database();
break;
case 2:
user();
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
}
}while(ch<=3);
getch();
}
void database()
{
char *password;
char *pass="12345678";
password=getpass("Enter the admininistrator password:");
detail a;
fstream f;
int ch;
char c;
if(strcmp(pass,password)!=0)
{
cout<<"Enter the password correctly \n";
cout<<"You are not permitted to logon this mode\n";
goto h;
}
if(strcmp(pass,password)==0)
{
char c;
do
{
cout<<"...........ADMINISTRATOR MENU...........\n";
cout<<"1.Create detail data base\n2.Add details\n";
cout<<"3.Display details\n4.User management\n";
cout<<"5.Display passenger details\n6.Return to main menu\n";
cout<<"Enter your choice:";
cin>>ch;

cout<<endl;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
f.open("t.txt",ios::out|ios::binary);
do
{
a.getdetail();
f.write((char *) & a,sizeof(a));
cout<<"Do you want to add one more record?\n";
cout<<"y-for Yes\nn-for No\n";
cin>>c;
}while(c=='y');
f.close();
break;
case 2:
f.open("t.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary|ios::app);
a.getdetail();
f.write((char *) & a,sizeof(a));
f.close();
break;
case 3:
f.open("t.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary|ios::app);
f.seekg(0);
while(f.read((char *) & a,sizeof(a)))
{
a.displaydetail();
}
f.close();
break;
case 4:
manage();
break;
case 5:
displaypassdetail();
break;
}
}while(ch<=5);

f.close();
}
h:
}
void reserve()
{
int ch;
do
{
cout<<"1.Reserve\n2.Return to the main menu\n";
cout<<"Enter your choice:";
cin>>ch;
cout<<endl;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
res();
break;
}
}while(ch==1);
getch();
}
void res()
{
detail a;
reser b;
fstream f1,f2;
time_t t;
f1.open("t.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
f2.open("p.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary|ios::app);
int ch;
b.getresdet();
while(f1.read((char *) &a,sizeof(a)))
{
if(a.tno==b.tno)
{
if(strcmp(b.clas,f)==0)
{
if(a.c1>=b.nosr)

{
amt=a.c1fare;
addr=f1.tellg();
ad=sizeof(a.c1);
f1.seekp(addr-(7*ad));
a.c1=a.c1-b.nosr;
f1.write((char *) & a.c1,sizeof(a.c1));
if(b.con==1)
{
cout<<"Concession category:MILITARY PERSONNEL\n";

b.amc=b.nosr*((amt*50)/100);
}
else if(b.con==2)
{
cout<<"Concession category:SENIOR CITIZEN\n";
b.amc=b.nosr*((amt*60)/100);
}
else if(b.con==3)
{
cout<<"Concession category:CHILDERN BELOW FIVE\n";
b.amc=0.0;
}
else if(b.con==4)
{
cout<<"You cannot get any concession\n";
b.amc=b.nosr*amt;
}
srand((unsigned) time(&t));
b.pnr=rand();
f2.write((char *) & b,sizeof(b));
b.displayresdet();
cout<<"------------------------------------------------------\n";
cout<<"--------------Your ticket is reserved-----------\n";
cout<<"-----------------End of reservation menu-------\n";
}
else
{
cout<<"**********Sorry req seats not available********\n";

}
}
else if(strcmp(b.clas,s)==0)
{
if(a.c2>=b.nosr)
{
amt=a.c2fare;
addr=f1.tellg();
ad=sizeof(a.c2);
f1.seekp(addr-(5*ad));
a.c2=a.c2-b.nosr;
f1.write((char *) & a.c2,sizeof(a.c2));
if(b.con==1)
{
cout<<"Concession category:MILITARY PRESONNEL\n";
b.amc=b.nosr*((amt*50)/100);
}
else if(b.con==2)
{
cout<<"Concession category:SENIOR CITIZEN\n";
b.amc=b.nosr*((amt*60)/100);
}
else if(b.con==3)
{
cout<<"Concession category:CHILDERN BELOW FIVE\n";
b.amc=0.0;
}
else if(b.con==4)
{
cout<<"You cannot get any concession\n";
b.amc=b.nosr*amt;
}
f2.write((char *) & b,sizeof(b));
b.displayresdet();
cout<<"---------------------------------------\n";
cout<<"--------Your ticket is reserved--------\n";
cout<<"------------End of reservation---------\n";
}
else

{
cout<<"********Sorry req no of seats not available*******\n";
}
}
getch();

goto h;
}
else
{
flag=0;
}
}
if(flag==0)
{
cout<<"............Wrong train no......................\n";
cout<<"......Enter the train no from the data base.....\n";
}
f1.close();
f2.close();
getch();
h:
}
void displaypassdetail()
{
fstream f;
reser b;
f.open("p.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
f.seekg(0);
while(f.read((char *) & b,sizeof(b)))
{
b.displayresdet();
}
f.close();
getch();
}
void enquiry()
{

fstream f;
f.open("t.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
detail a;
while(f.read((char *) & a,sizeof(a)))
{
a.displaydetail();
}
getch();
}
void cancell()
{
detail a;
reser b;
canc c;
fstream f1,f2,f3;
f1.open("t.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
f2.open("p.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
f3.open("cn.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
cout<<"**********CANCELLATION MENU*********\n";
c.getcancdet();
while(f2.read((char *) & b,sizeof(b)))
{
if(b.pnr==c.pnr)
{
c.tno=b.tno;
strcpy(c.tname,b.tname);
strcpy(c.bp,b.bp);
strcpy(c.dest,b.dest);
c.nosc=b.nosr;
for(int j=0;j<c.nosc;j++)
{
strcpy(c.pname[j],b.pname[j]);
c.age[j]=b.age[j];
}
strcpy(c.clas,b.clas);
if(strcmp(c.clas,f)==0)
{
while(f1.read((char *) & a,sizeof(a)))
{

if(a.tno==c.tno)
{
a.c1=a.c1+c.nosc;
d=a.d;
m=a.m;
addr=f1.tellg();
ad=sizeof(a.c1);
f1.seekp(addr-(7*ad));
f1.write((char *) & a.c1,sizeof(a.c1));
tamt=b.amc;
if((c.d==d)&&(c.m==m))
{
cout<<"You are cancelling at the date of departure\n";
c.amr=tamt-((tamt*60)/100);
}
else if(c.m==m)
{
cout<<"You are cancelling at the month of departure\n";
c.amr=tamt-((tamt*50)/100);
}
else if(m>c.m)
{
cout<<"You are cancelling one month before the date of departure\n";
c.amr=tamt-((tamt*20)/100);
}
else
{
cout<<"Cancelling after the departure\n";
cout<<"Your request cannot be completed\n";
}
goto h;
c.displaycancdet();
}
}
}
else if(strcmp(c.clas,s)==0)
{
while(f1.read((char *) & a,sizeof(a)))
{

if(a.tno==c.tno)
{
a.c2=a.c2+c.nosc;
d=a.d;
m=a.m;
addr=f1.tellg();
ad=sizeof(a.c2);
f1.seekp(addr-(5*ad));
f1.write((char *) & a.c2,sizeof(a.c2));
tamt=b.amc;
if((c.d==d)&&(c.m==m))
{
cout<<"You are cancelling at the date of departure\n";
c.amr=tamt-((tamt*60)/100);
}
else if(c.m==m)
{
cout<<"You are cancelling at the month of departure\n";
c.amr=tamt-((tamt*50)/100);
}
else if(m>c.m)
{
cout<<"You are cancelling one month before the date of departure\n";
c.amr=tamt-((tamt*20)/100);
}
else
{
cout<<"Cancelling after the departure\n";
cout<<"Your request cannot be completed\n";
}
goto h;
c.displaycancdet();
}
}
}
}
else
{
flag=0;

}
}
h:
if(flag==0)
{
cout<<"Enter the correct pnr no\n";
}
f1.close();
f2.close();
f3.close();
getch();
}
void can()
{
int ch;
do
{
cout<<".................CANCELLATION MENU.........\n";
cout<<"1.Cancell\n2.Return to the main menu\n";
cout<<"Enter your choice:";
cin>>ch;
cout<<endl;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cancell();
break;
}
}while(ch==1);
getch();
}
void user()
{
login a;
int ch;
cout<<"*****************************************************\n";
cout<<"***********WELCOME TO THE USER MENU**\n";
cout<<"****************************************************\n";
char *password;

fstream f;
f.open("id.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
char id[100];
puts("Enter your id:");gets(id);
password=getpass("Enter your password:");
while(f.read((char *) & a,sizeof(a)))
{
if((strcmp(a.id,id)==0)&&(strcmp(a.pass,password)==0))
{
do
{
cout<<"1.Reserve\n2.Cancell\n3.Enquiry\n4.Return to the main menu\n";
cout<<"Enter your choice:";
cin>>ch;
cout<<endl;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
reserve();
break;
case 2:
cancell();
break;
case 3:
enquiry();
break;
}
}while(ch<=3);
goto j;
}
else
{
d=1;
}
}
if(d==1)
{
cout<<"Enter your user id and password correctly\n";
}

getch();
j:
}
void manage()
{
int ch;
fstream f;
char c;
login a;
cout<<".........WELCOME TO THE USER MANAGEMENT MENU........\n";
do{
cout<<"1.Create id data base\n2.Add details\n";
cout<<"3.Display details\n4.Return to the main menu\n";
cout<<"Enter your choice:";
cin>>ch;
cout<<endl;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
f.open("id.txt",ios::out|ios::binary);
do
{
a.getid();
f.write((char *) & a,sizeof(a));
cout<<"Do you want to add one more record\n";
cout<<"y-Yes\nn-No\n";
cin>>c;
}while(c=='y');
f.close();
break;
case 2:
f.open("id.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary|ios::app);
a.getid();
f.write((char *) & a,sizeof(a));
f.close();
break;
case 3:
f.open("id.txt",ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);

f.seekg(0);
while(f.read((char *) & a,sizeof(a)))
{
a.displayid();
}
f.close();
break;
}
}while(ch<=3);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
 ENHANCEMENTS:

 Updates in the design and features shall be made.

 Service will be extended beyond c++ and enable users to
access this through mobile phones.
 To provide and make the reservation system more user
friendly by enhancing response time during enquiries.
 CONCLUSION:
The main aim of developing reservation system is to provide all
information that is required by the users. User friendliness is a
must that is the user must get the details without complicated
searching procedures. Other important requirements of software
are data security, extensibility and maintainability. All these
features are available in this project. This project also takes into
consideration the fact that railway reservation system is becoming
an integral part in the development of tourism industry and makes
it all the more easier to book tickets.
The project greatly helped in understanding the various phases of
working in the C++.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

1) The Complete Reference C++ by Herbert Schildt.

2) Computer Science with C++ by Sumita Arora.
3) Wikipedia.
4) Google Images.