REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CABANATUAN CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

RIVAS, MIKHAELA M.

BSCE 5-G

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. EMMA C. SUAREZ

 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING:
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF APPLICATIONS

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Water resources engineering is a specialty of civil engineering that focuses on

water supplies, irrigation and waste disposal. It also addresses methods for controlling
water to avoid water-related damage and catastrophes.

A growing population and the need for clean water demands Water Resources
Engineers to develop solutions that are environmentally sustainable and economically
viable. Water Resources Engineering combines elements of other disciplines such as
civil engineering, environmental engineering, agriculture, planning and geography in a
unique combination ideally suited to address society's concerns and needs surrounding
water.

Major Functions of Water Resources Engineering

Water resources engineering generally deals with the provision of water for
human use, and the development of techniques for the prevention of destruction from
floods. Water resources engineering also includes the planning and management of
facilities that are constructed for these tasks like making canals for irrigation and sewers
for drainage and to avoid waterlogging, and all other issues related with the usage and
control of water.

Water resources engineering also deals with:

 Sewer systems for storms and wastewater.

 Irrigation network.
 River engineering, including ice covered rivers.
 Hydraulic structures, including dams, spillways, floodways and reservoirs.
 Seepage control.
 Hydrology.
 Floods, flow of mud and debris.
 Wave analysis

Traditional branches of water resources engineering are classified into:

 Hydraulics for Rivers

River hydraulics provides knowledge of the prediction of water stage

and of flow velocity under various conditions, for instance, flow behaviors
during flood and backwater curves upstream or downstream of weirs and
dams. Such information is vital for design of various hydraulic structures.

 Hydraulics for Pipe Flows

This branch of hydraulics has been developed in association with

water supply, sewerage works, and hydropower generation. Basic equations
used for analyses are the same as those for open channel flows but
boundary conditions become different because pipe flow has no free
surface. One characteristic feature of a pipe flow is high pressure caused
 by a transient flow. Under steady conditions pipes are exposed to
hydrostatic pressure but when a valve is shut down in a pipe network the
momentum of flowing water is changed, which generates additional
pressure.
 Fluvial Hydraulics

Fluvial hydraulics provides the fundamental knowledge to understand

river morphology. Morphological characteristics give not only a beautiful
diversity to rivers from the standpoint of landscape but also a wide variety to
riverine habitats to support biological diversity of the ecosystem.

Fluvial hydraulics deals with processes and mechanisms of sediment

movement from its source to destination, that is, river mouth to the sea. In
fluvial hydraulics analyses of erosion and deposition are central themes.
Examples of problems are, erosion at mountain slope and banks, scour
around bridge piers, degradation of the riverbed, deposition in reservoirs,
and so on.

 Engineering Hydrology

Hydrology that is devoted to water resources engineering is usually

called engineering hydrology. A technique that correlates rainfall with stream
discharge is called runoff analysis. The runoff process is considered to be a
response function of a river basin to rainfall. In flood protection projects
design rainfall or design discharge is adopted to determine the safety level of
the project. The probability of occurrence of a maximum annual flood is
usually resolved and a safety level is prescribed by a return period of a
maximum annual flood, such as for instance, a one hundred year flood. The
return period for the design flood of big and important rivers is usually bigger
than one hundred years, perhaps as great as five hundred years or one
thousand years.

 Maritime Hydraulics
Hydraulics is used in every engineering field. It has advantages over
other methods of operation. Its main advantage is, with the application of
less force, a greater work can be done.

We all know that a ship is a mobile power plant. It has enormous

varieties of machineries for its propulsion, cargo operations, and shipboard
safety as well as maintaining the comfort of stands of the crew.

The hydraulic technology is so precise and accurate that they are

used in the main engine control and maneuvering systems.
 CONTROL OF WATER

The control of water supply systems is becoming more important, since there are
increasing requirements to improve operation. A need exists to model and simulate
water supply systems so that their behaviour can be fully understood and the total
process optimized.

WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES

Water control structures are used to control, discharge, and maintain water
levels. A water control structure may consist of an earthen embankment, a
structure manipulating subsurface drainage, a spillway system or any combination
of the above (Wenzel 1992).

A Water Control Structure means a permanent structure placed in a farm

canal, ditch, or subsurface drainage conduit (drain tile or tube), which provides
control of the stage or discharge of surface and/or subsurface drainage. The
management mechanism on the structure may be flashboards, gates, valves,
risers, or pipes.

The primary purpose of the water control structure is to improve water

quality by elevating the water table and reducing drainage outflow.

A secondary purpose is to restore hydrology in riparian buffers to the extent

practical. Elevating the water table promotes denitrification and lower nitrate levels
in drainage water from cropping systems and minimizes the effects of short-circuiting
of drainage systems passing through riparian buffers.

Other benefits may include reduced pollution from other dissolved and
sediment-attached substances, reduced downstream sedimentation and reduced
storm water surges of fresh water into estuarine area.

The benefits of ADS water control structures include:

 Allows timely drainage to maximize crop development or wetland control

 Improves water quality

 Multiple stand pipes allow precise level control at every elevation

 Allows a controlled release of outlet flow

 Drainage control reduces the annual transport of total nitrogen

 Reduces nutrient exports and total suspended solids (TSS) in watershed

 Does not require boards that are difficult to remove

In addition to agricultural uses, the structures can be used in a variety of other

applications, including general water level management, wetland management,
riparian zone control, residential flow control and more.
 USE OF WATER

1. AGRICULTURE

Water is used for many different purposes throughout our economies and natural
ecosystems. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water used by humans’ worldwide.
Most observers put total consumptive use of water worldwide for irrigated agriculture at
nearly 85% of total human consumptive use. This water is vital for the production of
food. In 2000, around 270 million hectares of land were irrigated worldwide, which is
18% of total cropland (22). Around 40% of all agricultural production comes from these
irrigated areas. As a result, evaluations of water use must pay particular attention to this
sector.

Water is used by agriculture for a number of critical services. Water is necessary

for growing biota, for maintaining temperature balances within plants, for leaching salts
and other minerals away from the root zone, and more. Water diverted for agriculture is
depleted by transpiration of the plants, by evaporation from soil and free water
surfaces, and by deep per collation to groundwater. Some of this water can be
considered to be used beneficially while a portion is lost to non beneficial uses.

2. INDUSTRIES

It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. Major industrial

users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water
for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and
manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent. Water withdrawal can be very high
for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture.

3. DOMESTIC USE

In urban or residential settings, water is used for a wide range of daily activities,
which include drinking water, bathing, cooking, toilet flushing, cleaning, laundry
and gardening. It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic
purposes. Basic domestic water requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick at
around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens.

Drinking water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be

consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is
commonly called potable water. In most developed countries, the water supplied to
domestic, commerce and industry is all of drinking water standard even though only a
very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.

4. ENVIRONMENT

There is a whole series of water uses by natural ecosystems that are almost
always ignored in surveys or assessments of water use. Many of these environmental
uses of water are not directly human uses, although they nonetheless contribute to
maintaining the ability of natural ecosystems to provide certain kinds of goods and
services critical for human well-being.

Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released

for environmental purposes (held environmental water), but more often is water
retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction. Environmental water
usage includes watering of natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to
create wildlife habitat, fish ladders, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish
spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimes.

5. RECREATION

Recreational water use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total
water use. Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs. If a reservoir is kept fuller
than it would otherwise be for recreation, then the water retained could be
categorized as recreational usage. Release of water from a few reservoirs is also timed
to enhance whitewater boating, which also could be considered a recreational usage.
Other examples are anglers, water skiers, nature enthusiasts and swimmers.

Some Facts and Figures about Water Use

 Water covers 70.9 percent of the planet’s surface.

 97 percent of that water is salt water.
 Around the world, 2.1 billion people still lack access to safe water.
 Water use is growing at twice the rate of population growth. Unless this trend is
reversed and we come up with a way to share water fairly and sustainably
throughout the planet, two-thirds of the global population will face water “stress”
by 2025
 In the USA, the average water footprint per year per capita is as much as the
water needed to fill an Olympic swimming pool, an average of 7,786 litres of
water per person per day.
 In China, the average water footprint is 2,934 litres of water per person per day.
 It requires around 1500 litres of water to produce 1 kilogram of wheat, and a
huge 10 times more to produce the same amount of beef.
 The water footprint of a cup of coffee is around 140 litres, a cup of tea only
around 34 litres.
 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT

WATER QUALITY

Water quality is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements

of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is the most
frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally
achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. It refers to
the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water.

As we all know, water has many uses, such as recreation, drinking, fisheries,
agriculture and industry. Each of these designated uses has different defined chemical,
physical and biological standards necessary to support that use.

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

Water quality analysis is to measure the required parameters of water, following

standard methods, to check whether they are in accordance to standard.

PROCEDURES OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

SELECTION OF PARAMETERS

SELECTION OF METHODS

PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF METHOD AS PER REQUIREMENT

PROPER SAMPLING

PROPER LABELLING

ANALYSIS

REPORTING

WATER MANAGEMENT

Water management is the integrated process of intake, conveyance, regulation,

measurement, distribution, application and use of irrigation water and drainage of
excess water with proper amount and at right time for the purpose of increasing crop
production and water economy conjunction with improved agricultural practices.

There are two major components of water management, (1) irrigation; the
artificial application of water to the soil essential for plants and (2) drainage; the
removal of excess water from the field.
 PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES REGIONS

12 WATER RESOURCES REGIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES: