Environmental Building Guidelines for Greater Des Con O&M

Hyderabad — Ver. 1.2(2010)

E
B Solid Waste
New build &
Refurbishments

G SWM Nh 1
H
Solid Waste Management for
Neighbourhoods
All new and existing residential, non residential and mixed use devel-
opments and layouts including apartments (more than 20 house-
holds), office complexes, commercial complexes, group housing, insti-
tutions, townships, etc have to plan for sustainable management of
solid waste generated on site. These guidelines are also applicable to
resident welfare associations (RWAs).

All new layouts/ developments have to provide for the following Checklist
in their design
1. Attempt to
A. Space has to be allocated for the following close the waste
• Segregating all the collected waste into compostable, cycle similar to
recyclable and landfill waste nature
• Covered and secure storage of dry waste for at least 2 2. Treat domestic
days. organic waste at
• Onsite composting of organic waste using treatment decentralized level
methods such as vermiculture, biosanitiser or bio
methanation as applicable.
B. Space provision has to be based on an estimated quantity of
waste generated as per information in the guidance notes

C. The space provided has to meet the following requirements

• Easy access from the outside
• Should be protected from wind and rain using shelters
and wind screens
• Should be protected from stray animals
• Should be well ventilated

Sustainable solid waste management practices should involve

the following

D. Initiating door to door waste collection of dry and wet waste

separately.
E. Providing information to all households and on what type of
waste goes into which bin.
F. Provide separate bins for dry and wet waste in all common ar-
eas (instead of a single bin) along with instructions on what
type of waste goes where.

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 Why is this required?
Rapid urbanization, changing lifestyles and increasing population has led to a dramatic increase
in the quantum of waste generated by various sources. One of the bulk generators of the solid
waste generated is from residential sector.

In the existing set up, it is the responsibility of the local government to collect, treat and dispose
of the segregated waste from the generators in a sustainable manner. However, source segrega-
tion of waste is almost absent. A large quantity of biodegradable waste finds it way in landfills
which are nothing but open dumpsites and are least scientifically managed. Finding space for
landfills has become a great challenge. The dumping of waste leads to GHG emissions, leachate
generation and all kinds of environmental pollution and pose a serious threat to human health
and environment. There is therefore an urgent need to manage municipal solid waste in a more
holistic, integrated and sustainable manner.

In Hyderabad, the per capita waste generation is 0.57 kg/cap/day which is on a higher side as
compared to a number of cities, of which a large quantity remains uncollected leading to a lot of
environmental and public health issues. Of the generated waste, only a small fraction gets
treated and the rest disposed off in legal and illegal open dumpsites. The percentage of biode-
gradables present in the city’s waste is relatively high at 54.2% indicating a good potential for
opting for treatment of organic part of the waste. Also, the C/N ratio is observed to be in the op-
timum range of 25-30 which is highly suitable for composting (CPCB). Keeping the current trend
in consideration, there is a good scope for improving the solid waste management in the area.

This guideline is therefore targeted at efficient management of generated residential solid waste
on the principles of Integrated Solid waste Management.

How
How is
is it
it beneficial?
beneficial?
There are various direct and indirect advantages of properly managing residential waste onsite/
near site. They are as follows:

• Environmental benefits: Unattended and ill managed municipal solid waste creates a
lot of environmental pollution such as land, air and water, which in turn affects the
health and well being of inhabitants. In the existing set-up, it is the entire responsibil-
ity of the municipal authority to collect and dispose of the waste. This system of cen-
trally managing the municipal waste involves multiple handling of waste, coupled with
a lot of inefficiencies due to various reasons. Therefore, this guideline attempts to man-
age the municipal solid waste at decentralised levels as much as possible and has been
observed to be effective and efficient way of managing a communities waste through
various pilot studies, nationally and internationally. It is thus a linkage to the overall
management of municipal solid waste in which ultimately the left over inert shall fi-
nally go to the landfill(dumpsite) thus requiring lesser space and creating lesser pollu-
tion. Also, this creates a greater possibility of reuse and recycling of the materials.
• Health benefits: When the generated waste is systematically managed, there is a
healthier environment and a cleaner surrounding
• Reduction in GHG emissions by reducing the biodegradable part going to landfills.

The by-products from the treatment of biodegradable waste could be sold in the market or reused
by the residents as manure. It could also be used by the local government for the maintenance of
public gardens and lawns.

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 Submittals
Existing Neighborhood and New Neighborhood
1. Complete management plan for solid waste management at neighborhood level. This shall in-
clude:
a. Estimation of the quantity of total waste(biodegradable and non-biodegradable) from
the neighborhood
b. Arrangement for door-to-door collection of segregated waste
c. Site plan showing details of place for sorting the collected waste and treating the
biodegradable waste by appropriate technology
d. Treatment type, capacity and reuse of by-products
e. Contract document with any recycling agency for reuse/recycling of recyclables, or
if any other method is being adopted.

Based on the submittal, HMDA could help in providing place for segregation and processing. It
can also bear partly or fully the initial capital cost required for establishing the selected place for
processing.
Arrangement with NGOs, CBOs and RWAs can play a proactive role in running these units.

The place for processing and segregation has to be provided by HMDA after adequate survey of
each ward/locality; the initial capital cost fully or partly required for establishing the selected
place for processing and segregation could be borne by the local body. Each ward counselor is
also required to facilitate formation of a ward-level committee for operation and day-to-day run-
ning of the processing unit(s). Alliance of these committees with NGOs, CBOs and RWAs can also

Guidance Notes
Steps Required for Neighbourhood level SWM
1. Estimating the quantity of waste generation for the locality/neighbourhood

Number of households in the locality (n1)

Number of commercial buildings in the locality(n2)
Estimate the average per household per day solid waste generation (q1) and it’s composition by
taking a sample survey in the locality
Estimate the average per office/commercial building per day solid waste generation(q2) and it’s
composition (organic, recyclable, inert and e-waste)
Quantity of waste generated by households(Q1)=n1 x q1
Quantity of waste generated by commercial (Q2)=n2 x q2
Total estimated quantity of waste generated (Q) =Q1+Q2

2. Calculating the space required for waste segregation and recyclable waste storage
Recyclers are suggested to be deployed at the processing units for segregation and collection of
recyclable waste. An extra space/platform needs to be provided for segregation of the recyclables

Space required for waste segregation should be calculated based on the average density and the
total quantity of waste received per day.

Space required for storage of recyclable could be calculated as follows:

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 - Assuming x% of Q as recyclable (This will vary with the locality type), QR = x% of Q
- Assuming frequency of collection of recyclables as every 3 days,
QR’= 3 x QR
- Thus, storage space has to be designed for quantity QR’
- The storage should be done for different kinds of recyclable such as paper, plastic, metal, glass
and others

3. Selection of appropriate composting method and calculation of space requirement for

treatment
There are a number of technologies available for treatment/processing of organic fraction of waste
as explained earlier. Of the above technologies, composting is the only technology which is finan-
cially suitable for neighbourhood scale.

E.g. Space calculation for composting using biosanitiser

Space requirement for composting using Biosanitiser. (This could be calculated for neighbourhood
level facility based on the following-
Kitchen waste (family of 4/5): 0.2sq.m.area
Space required= No. of households x 0.2 (sq. m)
Besides, in-vessel composting could be done in small containers, available in the market
(125/150/200 litre) or other vessels could be explored.

Technology for treatment of organic/biodegradable waste

Technology selection is primarily guided by the kind and type of waste composition. The municipal
solid waste generated in and around Hyderabad comprise of almost 50 per cent of biodegradable
waste. Such waste can be biologically or thermally treated. Various kind of technology options
available for the processing of biodegradable waste and the parameters which should be consid-
ered for selection of the treatment option are given in the adjoining figure.

Treatment options for Bio-

degradable waste

Biological treatment Thermal treatment

Biological Treatment Processes

Aerobic composting
Vermi composting
Composting with bioculture method
Anaerobic digestion (Biomethanation)

Thermal Treatment Processes

Waste combustion with /without energy recovery(Incineration)
Combustion of refuse derived fuel (RDF)
Pyrolysis
Gasification

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 Parameters to be considered for selection of the treatment option
Some of the parameters which should be considered for selecting the treatment type are listed as
under:
• Capital cost
• Operation & Maintenance cost
• Composition of the waste, it’s calorific value
• Land requirements
• Sensitivity of the treatment technology to external parameters like temperature, humidity,
oxygen level, etc
• By-products
• Social acceptability
• Pay-back period
• Finances
• Viability of the scale of operation

Biological treatment processes

Biodegradable part of waste can primarily be treated (using biological transformation) in two ways-
aerobic and anaerobic processes. Anaerobic processes are more complex than aerobic processes.
However, anaerobic processes offer the benefit of energy recovery in the form of methane and are
therefore net energy producers. Aerobic processes on the other hand are relatively simpler to oper-
ate, significantly reduce the MSW besides generating compost/humus and also have the advan-
tage of being cheaper in capital and operating costs. For Hyderabad, it is therefore, recommended
to use any of the available aerobic processes for treating organic fraction of the solid waste at de-
centralized level. Some of the aerobic processes which could be explored are given as under:

1. Composting
Composting is an accelerated biooxidation of organic matter passing through a thermophilic stage
(45 to 650C) where microorganisms (mainly bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) liberate heat, car-
bon dioxide and water. The heterogeneous organic material is transformed into homogeneous and
stabilized humus like product through turning or aeration.

Composting is considered to be technically the least complicated or risky option for treatment of
bio-degradable waste. It is practiced in various forms across the world for treatment of municipal
solid waste, and yard and farm waste. Fundamentally it involves stabilisation of the degradable
waste into a form close to humus. It is a natural, ongoing process that is a common occurrence in
both manmade and natural environments and is carried out by friendly bacteria which could be of
either aerobic or anaerobic type. Composting of waste can be achieved under natural conditions
as well as under accelerated and controlled conditions in a treatment plant. The general tech-
niques of composting could be kept under four categories:

a. Windrow composting: It consists of placing a mixture of raw materials in long narrow piles called
windrows which are agitated or turned on a regular basis.

b. Passive aerated windrows: Eliminates the need for turning by supplying air to the composting
through perforated pipes materials embedded in each windrow (hot gases embedded in each wind-
row (hot gases rise upward out of the windrow). No turning or agitation of the materials occurs
once the pile is formed.

c. Aerated static pile

Takes the piped aeration system a step further, using a blower to supply air to further, using a
blower to supply air to the composting materials. In this system also no turning or agitation of the

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 Figure 1: Windrows

materials occurs once the pile is formed.

d. In-vessel composting
In this, the composting materials are confined within
a building, container, or vessel. A variety of forced
aeration and mechanical turning techniques are
used to speed up the process. Examples, Bin com-
posting, rectangular agitated beds, silos, rotating
drums, etc. Figure 2: Passive Aerated Windrows

2. Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is also a biooxidation and stabilization process of organic material that, in con-
trast to composting, involves the joint action of earthworms and microorganisms and does not in-
volve a thermophilic stage. The earthworms are the agents of turning, fragmentation and aeration.
It can be done by deep burrowing earthworms or surface earthworms.
Vermicompost from deep burrowing earthworms retains food nutrients as it is produced by break-
ing down of food leftovers by micro-organisms in the soil, encouraged through aeration by the
deep burrows caused by deep burrowing earthworms. The deep burrowing earthworms are soil
eating. They grind minerals into soil in their digestive systems, thereby creating new soil. As de-
sertification and climate change are eliminating areable soil, deep burrowing earthworms can be
used to create it.
In the case of surface earthworms, they eat the waste and vermi-compost is the excreta that they
leave behind. This occurs after absorbing the nutrients for their own life cycle and leaves a higher
fungal and actinomyte count, which is not beneficial to plant growth, due to reduced oxygen and
helpful microbial count.
Nutrients in deep-burrowing earthworm vermi-compost are considered to be of high value because
of the existence of a higher total count of helpful micro-organisms and a larger number of nitrify-
ing bacteria and phosphate solubilisers in them, which help plant growth. Smaller quantities of
deep-burrowing earthworm vermi-compost are, therefore, required in comparison to that of sur-
face earthworms, apart from the production process being less cumbersome. The cost of vermin
castings provided by Clean Air Island is given in Table 1.

Table 1 showing Vermicastings provided by “Clean Air Island”

Price
Quantity
Rs. per Kg
1 Kg - 1 ton 50

1 ton - 3 tons 40

3 tons and above 30

(Source: http://cleanairisland.org/us.html)

Vermi-composting by deep burrow earthworms require 1sqm for 1 kg waste or 7 potted plants per

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 household

3. Composting with Bioculture method

Bioculum is a mixture of culture of microorganisms specifically developed for accelerated aerobic
composting of organic waste. It contains cultures of bacteria, fungi & actinomycetes along with
enzymes which facilitate bio-conversion of organic waste into bio-stabilized compost speedily. Dif-
ferent cultures required for different types of waste.
Batch Process done in heaps of mixed garbage of 3-4 m. width & 2 m. ht.
Process is aerobic & bioculum is sprayed on garbage which is stacked in the form of windrows.
These have to be turned once a week for proper aeration so that aerobic process continues unin-
terrupted and temperature of the heap is maintained between 65-70°C and the moisture at 40%.
Under normal circumstances, composting process will be complete in about 4-6 weeks.
Skilled manpower is required at lab & recycling stages. Product is bio-stabilised organic manure
free from pathogens, foul smell & seeds. Extendibility limited as cannot be easily done in house-
holds in bins & small areas due to 3 meter heap limitation and is more suitable for large projects
such as dump sites.

Bioculture method comes in different trade names in the market such as:

a) OS1
Organic solutions Effective Microorganisms is a liquid concentrate of especially cultured microor-
ganisms (Photosynthetic bacteria, Lactobacillus, Yeast, Actinomycetes). It was originally devel-
oped by Dr. Teuro Higa at the University of Ryukus and introduced to the world as Effective Mi-
croorganisms (EM). It is being used in India under the brand name of OS1. Use of EM reduces the
time of decomposition of waste from several months to only 4 to 6 weeks. Cost of OS1(feed stock):
Rs 70/litre (without taxes). 1 litre can be applied on 10 ton of waste.

b) BIOSANITISER
BIOSANITISER* is a 100% natural product to treat waste in
line with nature’s laws and nitrogen/oxygen/carbon cycles,
ensuring sustainability. Developed by Dr Uday Bhawalkar,
IIT Bombay, the unique features of this process are:
• No emission of gases, No leachate.
• No Odour, inherent pesticide character
• Reduce Carbon Dioxide in the ambient air.
Figure 3: Use of biosanitiser
• 100% of end product is excellent manure/secondary
water
• No power require, only air and sunlight
• One-time investment, no recurring cost

Biomethanation
If the organic waste is buried in pits under partially anaerobic conditions, it is acted upon by an-
aerobic microorganisms with the release of methane and carbon dioxide; the organic residue left
is good compost. This process is slower than aerobic composting and occurs in fact naturally in
landfills. However, thermophilic digestion for biomethanation is much faster and has been com-
mercialized. Anaerobic digestion leads to energy recovery through biogas generation. The biogas,
which has 55–60% methane, can be used directly as a fuel or for power generation.
It is often done in a physical structure called bio-digester, commonly known as the biogas plant.
Since various chemical and microbiological reactions take place in the bio-digester, it is also
known as bioreactor or anaerobic reactor.
The main function of this structure is to provide anaerobic condition within it. As a chamber, it
should be air and watertight. It can be made of various construction materials and in different

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 shape and size. Biomethanation results in the generation of three useful products namely biogas,
digester sludge and spent residuals.
The advantages and disadvantages of various biological treatment processes and their applicabil-
ity scale is briefed in the following Table.

Table 2—Advantages and disadvantages of various treatment

Advan- Suitability
tages Disadvantages scale
Large
scale-
In-vessel Composting process is more easily controlled High capital costs reactor
Air supply to the compost process can be controlled to opti- Small scale-
mum levels High operating costs bin type
Heat retention in the compost material is more readily
maintained Potential for corrosion of the reactor
Moisture retention in the compost is more easily
retained More difficult for compost handling
Difficult to control air flow
Difficult to control temperature and mois-
Static pile Low cost ture larger scale
High labour cost for turning wind-
rows
Difficult to control temperature and
Windrows Low cost moisture loss larger scale
Vermi- small/mediu
composting Higher quality of compost Difficult to maintain optimum moisture and heat m scale
Bioculture
method such as
OS1
small/mediu
m/large
Composting process is more easily controlled High operating costs scale

Biomethanation Energy recovery through biogas generation High capital costs Large scale

Thermal treatment processes

The destruction of MSW using heat energy is called thermal treatment. There are three main
thermal treatment processes, viz., Incineration, Pyrolysis, Gasification and RDF plants. These
technologies are however, not recommended for neighbourhood level treatment due to various
reasons, such as, high capital and O & M costs, high technical skills, low financial sustainability,
low calorific value of the feed stock(waste fed into the plant), etc.

Public-Private alliances
It is proposed to encourage public-private alliances between the local bodies, NGOs, RWAs and
CBOs for innovative models for managing solid waste at neighborhood level.
One of the successful examples of one such collaboration is Sukuki Exnora. It is a registered
NGO working in cooperation with the MCH and Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board. Some
of its successful projects in Hyderabad include:
• SUBRAM, Greenlands Residents Welfare Associations.
• BHEL, Ramachandrapuram, Hyderabad.
• Indira Park (Monda Market Waste), Hyderabad
• Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Bollaram, Hyderabad
• Rane Engine Valves, Aziz Nagar, Hyderabad

Best practices
1. Vermicomposting in Phaltan
Phaltan, a Class ‘B’ Municipal Council in Satara district with a population of 51000 has set up a
vermi-composting plant of capacity 8-10 MT for scientific treatment of waste with the help of a
private agency. Funds of SJSRY and 11th Finance Commission were used for the project.

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 Responsibility of the private operator
• The contractor has provided the technology, as well as supplied all equipment, machinery,
water pipelines, pumps, sprinklers, etc. Total cost of the project is Rs 7.55 lakhs and in-
cludes the cost of worms (Rs 3.75 lakhs). The payment is made to Operator only after a
competent technical authority certifies work.
• The Contractor is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the project for a period
of one year. Of the total O & M cost, around 60 per cent was towards payments of wages &
salaries to the workers. The Municipal Council is to pay this amount over a period of one
year.
• One of responsibilities of private operator is to give cost training free to at least 6 municipal
staff to run project.
• The Operator shall hand over the project to the Municipal Council after the contract period
is over.

Responsibility of Municipal Council

• The Municipal Council has provided the land for the project. The civil work like construc-
tion of compound wall, pits/ tanks for waste composting, kuccha road for vehicular move-
ment and watchman’s cabin is the responsibility of the Council. These capital-intensive
activities were completed using the funds from SJSRY and 11th Finance Commission.
• The Council is responsible for supplying minimum 10MT of solid waste.

Sale of compost
• From 12 tonne of solid waste, 5.5 tonne of compost is generated and its quality falls within
the desired standards. The Council has prepared guidelines of quantity of compost to be
used for various crops in local areas.
• A good demand for compost is observed in the local area. It is sold at Rs 3 per kg or Rs
3000 per tonne.
• Total 450 MT of compost has been produced and sold till now. A sale realization of
Rs.4.5lakh is achieved till now. The Municipal Council has received an order of 150 tons of
compost to be delivered in 2 months.

Benefits
• From an unhygienic and unscientific way of waste disposal, Phaltan Municipal Council has
been able to achieve a scientific way of waste management. The nuisance of the rag pickers
and the stray animals is controlled. Municipal Council has been able to achieve a well-
maintained landfill site.
• The Council has adhered to the deadline of December 2003 to provide a scientific system of
waste management.
• Though the Municipal staff was lacking the technical expertise in running the project, it
entered into a service contract with a local Operator to maintain the project for a period of
one year and also provided the municipal staff with technical training.
• Willingness of the administrative and political wing is important to improve the SWM in
any city. Attempt has been made to provide for a scientific waste treatment project with
limited funds and limited expertise available. Being a very small Council, the initiative of
the administrative and political wing to improve upon and provide best services from the
limited available resources is worth appreciating.
• External sources for technical assistance should be tapped in case of in-house limitations
of the smaller municipal councils. The technical expertise of the available municipal staff
can be upgraded by getting assistance from external sources.

Issues
• The capital cost is of the Municipal Council; therefore, they take the maximum risk. Con-
tract should be such where the Council should only act as a facilitator and should not take

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 burden of cost of project.
• The responsibility of the selling of compost should rest with the private operator and the
Municipal Council can charge a royalty on the sale of the compost.
• The payment to the Operator’s labour should completely be the responsibility of the Opera-
tor. Clauses should be made such that the Operator has an incentive to perform.
• The selling of the compost is an important criterion for the sustainability of the project.
The selection of the technology for processing shall depend upon the local demand.

Transferability

The practice can be transferred to a city where a mechanism is developed to collect the biode-
gradable waste separately.
Source: http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/best_prctices/English/Vol-II/05.PartIII.pdf

2. Vermicomposting on raised platform in Islampur

The Initiative
After the implementation of door-to-door waste collection, Islampur Municipal Council decided to
scientifically treat the solid waste produced in the city and gave a contract in April 2003. The
contract includes the work of erection of plant and its operation and maintenance for a period of
one year. The plant is built by using a technology called Elevated technology where the compost-
ing of waste takes place on a raised platform.

Description of the Initiative

The Municipal Council invited bids for erection as well as operation and maintenance of a vermi-
composting plant. It received just one bid on the second call to which it awarded the contract.
The decomposable waste from the markets and hotels is collected in the municipal containers
from where it is taken to the vermi-composting plant. The Council has 30 containers and 1
dumper placer, which are used for this purpose.

A platform or a bed of 25’x3’x4’ is erected using angles, G.I. pipes and flats, and chain links,
which are covered by Nylon net. The structure prevents entry of birds and spread of bad odour.
This technology is advantageous over pit system as death of worms is comparatively lesser.
There are two units installed by contractor. Capacity of each plant is 5 tonnes. Each unit gives a
yield of 1tonne after 40-50 days.The cost of project is Rs.30,000 per unit, which includes con-
struction, operation & maintenance of plant for one year.

Responsibilities of Municipal Council

• The Council has provided land for the plant.
• It has to supply minimum 10 MT of waste per day. Waste from hotels, market areas is di-
rectly supplied.
• It has to monitor the running of the plant on a regular basis.
• Selling of compost is the responsibility of the Council.

Responsibilities of the Operator

• The Operator has erected plant as per the technical specifications and at the rates quoted
to the Council.
• He bears all the O & M cost of the plant.
• He provides free training to the Municipal Council. staff once in every month.
• The Operator is responsible in case of any default or non-performance.

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 Benefits
• Out of nine tonnes of compost produced so far, four ton\ne has been sold and the Munici-
pal Council earned Rs.6000 from this sale at the rate of Rs.1500 per tonne.
• The scientific treatment of waste has resulted in lesser waste reaching the landfill site.
• As the city has villages in the surroundings, it is possible to sell off the compost at a rea-
sonable price.

Issues
• Farmers are still reluctant to buy the compost produced from the solid waste. More aware-
ness should be created about the benefits of such compost over other fertilizing agents
used in farming.
• The Municipal Council provides land and hence it is blocked without levying any royalty
from Operator.
• No specific penalty is mentioned for monitoring the work or for non-performance of the
contract.
• The responsibility for sale of compost should be that of operator. The Councils are not
equipped with the skills for marketing of compost, and also cannot vary the price to suit
the market demand and the quality.
• Operations of plant should not be taken over by the council. This is best left to a private
operator/ a SHG.

Sustainability
• The practice can be sustainable if the cost is regularly recovered through the sale of the
compost produced.
• The practice can be transferred to a similar size city where biodegradable waste is gener-
ated in bulk.

Figure 4: Vermicomposting on raised platform

Source: http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/best_prctices/English/Vol-II/05.PartIII.pdf
Contact information:

Sukuki Gensys Pvt. Ltd.

6-3-680, 204, Regency House
Somajiguda
Hyderabad - 500016
Ph : 040-66667333
Tel. & Fax : 040-66667776
Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL
 Clean Air Island
Sadguru - Ground Floor
16 French Bridge Road
Chowpatty Mumbai 400 007, India
Telefax :+91.22.2361.9249
Email: [email protected]

Organic Solutions
949 Sector 17 B, Gurgaon, Haryana
Ph:0124 4057323, 3266524
E-mail:[email protected]

References
1. Asit Nema, 2006, A case study of solid waste treatment and disposal technology options,
submitted to the Water and Sanitation Program – South Asia, New Delhi.
2. EPA, 1995, Decision Maker’s Guide to Solid Waste Management, Vol. II (EPA 530-R-95-
023).
3. GOI, 2008, Compendium of Best Practices in Municipal Waste Management, Ministry of
Urban Development, Govt. of India.
4. http://www.jalsangrah.org/bs.html

Phase 2 - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad—by TERI and TVPL