Syntax (Aspect of Deep Structure)
Syntax (Aspect of Deep Structure)
LECTURER:
Dr. Baginda Simaibang, M.Ed
BY:
Indah Utami (201711047)
Morin Oktavia (2017111054)
Farrah Dina Milyarni (2017111060)
Dhea Permata Yani (2017111065)
First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for us. Thanks to God for helping
us and give us chance to finish this assignment on time. And I would like to say
thank you to Dr. Baginda Simaibang, M.Ed as the lecturer that always teaches us
and give much knowledge about English especially about this our material.
This assignment is one of the English tasks that composed of Aspects of Deep
Structures : Categorization, Functional Notions, Phrase Markers the writers realized
this assignment is not perfect. But the writers hope it can be useful for all people.
Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this assignment be better.
Writers,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................
1.1 Formulation Of Problem ..........................................................................
1.2 Benefits of Study......................................................................................
CHAPTER II CONCEPT OF ............................................................................
2.1 Aspects of Deep Structure ..................................................................
2.1.1 Categorization .........................................................................
2.1.2 Functional Notions ...................................................................
2.1.3 Phrase Markers ........................................................................
CHAPTER III LESSON PLAN .........................................................................
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Based on the formulation of problem, the benefits of study of this paper can be
identified as follows:
1. SAMO DK KEPIKIR JG >,<
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
The XP Rule
Deep Structure
Transformations
Surface Structure
In transformational and generative grammar, deep structure (also known as
deep grammar or D-structure) is the underlying syntactic structure—or level—of a
sentence. Deep structures are generated by phrase-structure rules, and surface
structures are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations. In The
Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar (2014), Aarts, Chalker, and Weiner point
out that, in a looser sense:"deep and surface structure are often used as terms in a
simple binary opposition, with the deep structure representing meaning, and the
surface structure being the actual sentence we see."
The terms deep structure were popularized in the 1960s and '70s by
American linguist Noam Chomsky, who eventually discarded the concepts in his
minimalist program in the 1990s. D-Structure relates to the effort to identify the
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universal grammar: the grammatical principles that underlie, at a deep innate level,
the grammars of all languages, each of which is performed at a surface
communication level. D-Structure is then the deep innate and universal principles
of grammar upon which all languages depend, despite the vast surface differences
between languages, for example, the surface differences between Japanese and
English; deep structure universal grammatical principles are transformed to
generate correct grammatical structures at the surface level of any given language.
With the emergence of Chomsky's Minimalist program, Chomsky is still
clear that deep knowledge underlying the human ability to speak and understand is
innate. This means that at a deep level, prior to culture or language, babies have
prior knowledge of the universal structure of language upon which the surface
knowledge of the phonetical and grammatical knowledge of a given language will
be superimposed. Or instance, a passive sentence like (1a) was claimed to have a
Deep Structure in which the noun phrases are in the order of the
corresponding active (1b):
(1a) The Bear was cheased by the lion
(1b) The Lion chased the bear
Similarly, a question such as (2a) was claimed to have a deep structure closely
resembling that of the corresponding declarative (2b):
(2a) Which martini did Harry drink?
(2b) Harry drink that martini.
...Following a hypothesis first proposed by Katz and Postal
(1964), Aspects made the striking claim that the relevant level of syntax for
determining meaning is Deep Structure."In its weakest version, this claim was only
that regularities of meaning are most directly encoded in Deep Structure, and this
can be seen in (1) and (2). However, the claim was sometimes taken to imply much
more: that Deep Structure is meaning, an interpretation that Chomsky did not at
first discourage. And this was the part of generative linguistics that got everyone
really excited—for if the techniques of transformational grammar could lead us to
meaning, we would be in a position to uncover the nature of human thought.
Consider these sentences:
(1) You close the door.
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(2) The door is closed by you.
(3) Close the door!
The first sentence is active, second is passive, and the last is imperative. If
you take a look those closely, you will find that those three are very closely related,
even identical. They seem to be identical, since they have the same underlying
abstract representation that is called deep structure. It is defined as an abstract level
of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural
interpretation are represented. If you want to analyze the relation of those three
sentences, the first you have to know about the deep structure of them, since deep
structure is the input of transformation rules. You can’t apply transformation rules
if you don’t have deep structure. Transformation rules are sets of rules which will
change or move constituents in the structures derive from the phrase structure rules.
e.g.
The DS (deep structure)
(2)
SD (structure description) : 1234
SC (Structural change) : 3 4 + be 2+en 1
SS (Surface structure) : The door is closed by you
Note: the SC is passive transformation rules
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From the above example, it can be concluded that deep structure then is a pure
representation of thematic relations. Anything which is interpreted as the subject or
object of a given predicate will be in the subject or object position of that predicate
at Deep structure no matter where it is found at Surface structure.
2.1.1 Categorization
Special dina cantek yg ngerjoi hehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeee
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transformational rules. A set of possible parse trees for a syntactically
ambiguous sentence is called a "parse forest."
The parse tree is the entire structure, starting from S and ending in each of the
leaf nodes (John, hit, the, ball). The following abbreviations are used in the
tree:
Each node in the tree is either a root node, a branch node, or a leaf node.[4] A root
node is a node that doesn't have any branches on top of it. Within a sentence, there is
only ever one root node. A branch node is a mother node that connects to two or more
daughter nodes. A leaf node, however, is a terminal node that does not dominate other
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nodes in the tree. S is the root node, NP and VP are branch nodes,
and John (N), hit (V), the (D), and ball (N) are all leaf nodes. The leaves are the lexical
tokens of the sentence.[5] A mother node is one that has at least one other node linked
by a branch under it. In the example, S is a parent of both N and VP. A daughter node
is one that has at least one node directly above it to which it is linked by a branch of a
tree. From the example, hit is a daughter node of V. The terms parent and child are
also sometimes used for this relationship
This parse tree lacks the phrasal categories (S, VP, and NP) seen in the
constituency-based counterpart above. Like the constituency-based
tree, constituent structure is acknowledged. Any complete sub-tree of the tree
is a constituent. Thus this dependency-based parse tree acknowledges the
subject noun John and the object noun phrase the ball as constituents just like
the constituency-based parse tree does.
C. Phrase Markers
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structure rules. Then, this application may undergo further transformations. Phrase
markers may be presented in the form of trees (as in the above section
on constituency-based parse trees), but are often given instead in the form of
"bracketed expressions", which occupy less space in the memory. For example, a
bracketed expression corresponding to the constituency-based tree given above may
be something like :
As with trees, the precise construction of such expressions and the amount of detail
shown can depend on the theory being applied and on the points that the query
author wishes to illustrate.
NP
Determiner Noun
The Books
VP
Goes
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1) Prepositional phrases: in the dome
2) Adjectival phrases: very difficult
E. Specifiers :
a. Semantically, they help to make the meaning of a head more precise.
b. Syntactically, they typically mark a phrase boundary. In English, for
example, they occur to the left boundary (beginning) of their respective
phrases.
c. The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the category
of the head
Some Specifiers :
F. Complements :
These elements, which are themselves phrases, provide information about
entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head
Verb Complements
Complements Options Sample Heads
VP be, become
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Noun Complements
Complements Options Sample Heads
Adjective Complements
Complements Options Sample Heads
PP to apparent, obvious
Preposition Complements
Complements Options Sample Heads
This is what the top of most of your trees should look like.
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A sentence always starts with an NP (Noun Phrase) and a VP (Verb Phrase).
Sentences without verb phrases will always earn you a deduction.
Tip: First try starting your your tree like this. It will usually work.
The "S" is a category label. All your trees must come labeled from now on (We've
passed the point in the course where you use some unlabeled trees to get used top
things).
What the label labels is called a node. The points in the tree the branches come
from are called nodes. In this little incomplete tree, the S is the mother node. The
NP and VP are the daughter nodes.
The NP node and the VP node now have daughters of their own. The NP node has
two daughters, a Det ("Determiner") node and an N ("Noun") node. The VP node
has one daughter, a V ("Verb") node. Generally speaking a Noun Phrase will have
an N daughter and a verb phrase will have a V daughter. These are called their head
words. So you should stop drawing trees that look like this:
Before you leave a tree check to make sure that all the labels make sense and that
all the phrases have heads:
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These trees are nonsense trees. There is an NP without a noun in it, a VP without a
verb in it. If a string of words has no noun in it we do not call it a Noun Phrase (NP).
Are there exceptions? Always. But not too many we will worry about. One
important class of exceptions, Pronouns and Proper Names. These are special kinds
of Nouns, really, but we'll draw trees with them like this:
NP N Noun
VP V Verb
PP P Preposition
AP A Adjective
A tree makes some claims about the sentence you're drawing it for. The claim can
be right or wrong.
What do I mean by "in context"? I mean in the context of the sentence. English
words can be lots of categories, as we saw in lecture. Consider still
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1. Noun: We built a still in the woods.
2. Verb: We stilled their voices.
3. Adjective: It was a dark and still night.
4. Adverb: We still haven't heard from John.
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The same is true for phrases. A sequence of words can be a phrase in one sentence
and not in another.
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CHAPTER I
LESSON PLAN
REFERENCES
LONGMAN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phrase%20marker
https://www.thoughtco.com/phrase-structure-grammar-1691509
http://ocw.nur.ac.rw/NR/rdonlyres/Linguistics-and-Philosophy/24-900Spring-
2005/3B3A5D45-6FD2-44C7-AE1A-03D9ADDC545C/0/24_900_synt_3_05.pdf
file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/81266761-Aspects-of-the-Theory-of-Syntax-Noam-
Chomsky-1965.pdf
https://files.ifi.uzh.ch/cl/volk/SyntaxVorl/Chomsky
https://gawron.sdsu.edu/fundamentals/syntax/syntax_homework_remedial.htm
https://www.thoughtco.com/phrase-structure-grammar-1691509
http://awinlanguage.blogspot.com/2012/04/deep-structure-vs-surface-structure.html
https://www.thoughtco.com/deep-structure-transformational-grammar-1690374
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https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-deep-structure-236563
http://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/jltr/vol02/02/15.pdf
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