Drying

Applications
Continuation of Heat and
Mass Transfer

(Topic 0)
 Intended Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students must be able to:
 LO.1 To demonstrate the basic principles of drying
by:
 Defining Drying
 Differentiating between Types of Moisture Content
 Classifying Batch and Continuous Driers
 Explaining terms in the Batch Drying Rate Equation
 LO.2 To discuss the principles of batch drying by:
 Drying Curves
 Drying Time Equations
1. Constant Rate Period (CRP)
2. Falling Rate Period (FRP)
3. Combined CRP and FRP
 Constant Drying Rate Equations
 LO.3 To solve batch drying applications
 Intended Learning Outcomes
 LO.4To be able to set up material and enthalpy
balances around a continuous drying system
and to derive the air and solid properties
needed in the analysis of the dryer;

 LO.5To apply material and enthalpy balances

and calculating the Air and Heat Requirements
of a Continuous Dryer without and with recycle
Drying

Requirements
Drying Medium (usually hot air or steam)
Moisture Carrier (usually air)
 Pharmaceutical

Food

Textile
 Superheated
Steam Dryer

Tray Dryer Dielectric

Dryer

Spray
Dryer
Dryer Classification
 According to Mode of Heat Transfer
1. Direct (convective)

2. Indirect (conduction)

3. Radiant
Dryer Classification
 According to Mode of Operation
1. Batch Drying - also
known as drying under
constant conditions

Air
2. Continuous Drying -
involves continuous flow
of solid and drying
medium, under variable
conditions
*Study pp. 12-40 to 12-48
 Basic Terms Related to Drying
1. Total Moisture Content (W): total weight of moisture per weight of
dry solid
2. Free Moisture Content (X): weight of free or removable moisture
per weight of dry solid
3. Equilibrium Moisture Content (X*): weight of equilibrium or
unremovable moisture per weight of dry solid

Relation: X = W – X* (all on dry basis)

In drying problems, a given moisture content % is accepted to be as

total moisture % on a wet basis (%WW)

%W = %WW/(100- %WW)
 Basic Terms Related to Drying
4. Drying Rate (R): weight of moisture removed per time per drying
area

5. Drying Area (A): area in direct contact with the drying medium

6. Q : weight of dry solid

7. : drying time

Q - dX
Basic Rate Equation: R =
A d
Other Terms  Unbound Moisture - liquid in excess of the
equilibrium moisture content; on the surface
 exerts a vapor pressure equivalent to that
of the free liquid
 Bound Moisture - retained in a manner that
exerts a vapor pressure less than that of the
free liquid at the given temperature
 Liquid may become bound to the solid
 by retention in small capillaries
 by solution in cells or fiber walls
 by homogeneous solution throughout
the solid
 by chemical or physical adsorption on
solid surfaces.
 Classification of Solids
 Nonhygroscopic capillary-porous media
- recognizable pore space
- the pore space is filled with liquid if the capillary
porous medium is completely saturated and is
filled with air when the medium is completely dry
- bound moisture is negligible
- medium does not shrink during drying
-examples: sand, crushed minerals, some ceramics
 Classification of Solids
 Hygroscopic-porous media
- recognizable pore space
- has large amount of bound moisture
- shrinkage often occurs in the initial stage of
drying
-examples: clay, wood, textile
 Classification of Solids
 Colloidal (nonporous) media
- no pore space
- evaporation can take place only at the
surface
- all liquid is physically bound
-examples: soap, glue, nylons
 Batch Drying Principles
Ideal Batch Drying Process:
1. Transient Period: adjustment, short period
2. Constant Rate Period (CRP): removal of
unbound moisture, partial pressure i = vapor
pressure
3. Falling Rate Period (FRP): removal of bound
moisture, partial pressure i < vapor pressure
4. Critical Free Moisture (Xc): boundary moisture
between CRP and FRP

The calculation of drying time depends on the

actual periods involved in the batch drying
process.

The transient period is however usually neglected.

 Batch Drying Curves
Free Moisture Versus Time

X1

X CRP
Xc

FRP
c

©UST Ch.E. Department
 Batch Drying Curves
Drying Rate Versus Free Moisture

Rc

R CRP

FRP

Xc X1
X
©UST Ch.E. Department
 Batch Drying Time Equations
Q - dX
Drying Rate Equation: R=
A d
General Equation for Drying Time:
Q X1 dX
=
A X2 R 
A. Constant Rate Period Only (X2 Xc; R = Rc)
Integrating,
Q
= (X1 – X2)
ARc

©UST Ch.E. Department

 Batch Drying Time Equations
B. Falling Rate Period Only (X1 Xc; R decreases)
X1
Q dX
=
A  X2 R
Case 1: R varies linearly with X, passing origin
R = m X where m = Rc/Xc
X1
Q Xc dX
=
A Rc  X2 X

Q Xc X1
= ln
A Rc X2

©UST Ch.E. Department

 Batch Drying Time Equations
Case 2: R varies linearly with X, not passing origin
R=mX+b m = (R1- R2)/ (X1- X2)

Q
= (X1-X2) RLM = (R1- R2)/ ln(R1/R2)
A RLM
Case 3: Given Experimental Data of R and X
X1
Q dX
=
A  X2 R

Evaluate integral graphically, plotting 1/R vs X

©UST Ch.E. Department
 Batch Drying Time Equations
C. Combined CRP and FRP (X1>XC, X2<XC)
Divide total time into CRP time (from X1 to Xc)
and FRP time (from Xc to X2)
Assuming FR is linear, passing origin:
Q Q Xc XC
= (X1 – XC) + ln
ARc A Rc X2
Q
= [ (X1 – XC) + XC ln (XC/X2)]
ARc
Use appropriate methods for other FR cases.

©UST Ch.E. Department

 Constant Rate Equations
1. In terms of Mass Transfer Equation
Rc = k’ (HS – H)
where HS is based on tS or tW of the air
and k’ is the mass transfer coefficient

2. In terms of Heat Transfer Equation

Rc = h (t – tS)/ S

where t is dry bulb temperature of the air,

S (latent heat of vaporization, check Table 2-150) is
based on ts and h is the heat transfer coefficient
©UST Ch.E. Department
 Evaluation of h (MSH, p.785)
1. Air flow parallel to solid
0.8 h in W/m2-K
8.8G G – air mass velocity in
h kg/s-m2
Dv0.2 Dv – equivalent diameter
of airflow channel in m

G  uG G 1 H
G 
VH
2. Air flow perpendicular to solid

h  24.2G 0.37
©UST Ch.E. Department
 Batch Drying Examples
1. A wet solid is dried from 20% to 8% moisture in a tray drier
in 6 hours. Critical moisture is 10% and equilibrium
moisture is 2%. All the given % moisture are on dry basis.
a) How long will it take to dry from 8% to 5% moisture?
b) How long did it take to dry from 15% to 10% moisture?
c) How long did it take to dry from 15% to 8% moisture?

2. In a tray drier, wet sand (dry density =2.5 g/mL, thickness =

4 cm) with 15% moisture is dried to 4%. Equilibrium moisture
is negligible and critical moisture is 8%. What is the constant
drying rate if drying took 4 hours? Calculate the time spent
under the falling rate period.

©UST Ch.E. Department

Batch Drying Example

3. (From MSH) A slab with a wet weight of 5 kg originally

contains 50% moisture. The slab is 600 by 900 by 75 mm thick.
The equilibrium moisture is 5%. The drying data is given below:

Wet slab wt, kg 9.1 7.2 5.3 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.7
Rate, kg/m3-hr 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.4 2.0 1.0

Drying is from one face. How long will it take to dry the slab to
15% moisture?

©UST Ch.E. Department

 Batch Drying Example

4. A filter cake 610 mm square and 50 mm thick supported on a

screen is dried from both sides with air at 70oC dry bulb and 27oC
wet bulb. The air flows parallel with the faces of the cake at a velocity
of 2.5 m/s. The dry density of the cake is 1920 kg/m3. The equilibrium
moisture is zero and the critical moisture is 9% on a dry basis. Assume
an equivalent diameter of 150 mm.

a) What is the drying rate at the constant rate period?

b) What is the MTC, k’
c) How long would it take to dry from 20% to 8% moisture (dry
basis)?

©UST Ch.E. Department

Batch Drying Examples: Solution
1. A wet solid is dried from 20% to 8% moisture in a tray drier in 6 hours. Critical moisture is 10%
and equilibrium moisture is 2%. All the given % moisture are on dry basis.
a) How long will it take to dry from 8% to 5% moisture?
b) How long did it take to dry from 15% to 10% moisture?
c) How long did it take to dry from 15% to 8% moisture?
𝑸
Given: W1 = 0.2 W2 = 0.08 • Solve from the given
𝑨𝑹𝒄
θ = 6 hrs. • Convert Total Moisture (W) to
Free Moisture (X)
Wc = 0.10 X* = 0.02
X = W – X*
Required:
X1 = 0.2 – 0.02 = 0.18
a. θ when Wa1 = 0.08 and Wa2 = 0.05
X2 = 0.08 – 0.02 = 0.06
b. θ when Wb1 = 0.15 and Wb2 = 0.10
c. θ when Wd1 = 0.15 and Wd2 = 0.08 XC = 0.10 – 0.02 = 0.08
Solution: • Identify drying period
• Working Equations involve: *Combined
X1 > XC and X2 < XC
• Q CRP & FRP
• A
• Rc
? =
Q
ARc
[ (X1 – XC) + XC ln (XC/X2)]

• θ?
• X1 Q
[ (0.18 – 0.08) + 0.08 ln (0.08/0.06)]
6=
• Xc ARc
• X2
Batch Drying Examples: Solution
1. A wet solid is dried from 20% to 8% moisture in a tray drier in 6 hours. Critical moisture is 10%
and equilibrium moisture is 2%. All the given % moisture are on dry basis.
a) How long will it take to dry from 8% to 5% moisture?
b) How long did it take to dry from 15% to 10% moisture?
c) How long did it take to dry from 15% to 8% moisture?
b.) Xb1 = 0.15 – 0.02 = 0.13
Q
= 48.7747 CRP
ARc Xb2 = 0.10 – 0.02 = 0.08

a.) Xa1 = 0.08 – 0.02 = 0.06 Q

FRP = (X1 – X2) = 48.7747 (0.13 – 0.08 ) = 2.439 hrs
Xa2 = 0.05 – 0.02 = 0.03 ARc

Q Xc X1 Xd1 = 0.15 – 0.02 = 0.13

c.) Combined
= ln
A Rc X2
Xd2 = 0.08 – 0.02 = 0.06 CRP & FRP
Q
0.06 = [ (X1 – XC) + XC ln (XC/X2)]
 = (48.7747) (0.08) ln ARc
0.03
 = (48.7747) [ (0.13 – 0.08) + 0.08 ln (0.08/X2)]
 = 2.705 hrs.
 = 3.561 hrs.
Basic Setup of Continuous Dryer

t1 w t2
w

H1 H2

F X1 F X2
tS1 tS2

Nomenclature:
F = dry solids rate
Fw = wet solids rate
X = free moisture content
ts = solids temperature
w = dry air rate
H = air humidity
t = air temperature (dry bulb)
Calculation of Air and Heat Requirements

Water Balance: wH2 + FW1 = wH1 + FW2

w (H1 – H2) = F (W1 – W2)
Enthalpy Balances:
Around Heater: QH + wi1’ = wi2 QH = w (i2 – i1’)
Around Drier: QD + wi2 + FhS1 = wi1 + FhS2 + QL
QD = w (i1 – i2) + F (hS2 – hS1) + QL
Evaluation of Enthalpies and Heat Losses

hs = enthalpy of solid in KJ/kg dry solid

= kJ/kg dry solid-K

Calculation of Air and Heat Requirements
Special Case: Adiabatic Drier
Continuous Drying Example
1. 500 kg/hr of gypsum with 15% moisture is to be dried to 5% moisture in a
countercurrent rotary dryer . Fresh air at 30oC, 30% relative humidity is
heated to 70oC before entering the dryer. Assuming adiabatic operation
with the air leaving the dryer at 35oC, determine:
a) Exit air humidity
b) Air Requirement to dryer (m3/min)
QD = Q L = 0
c) kW requirement for heater i =i
2 1
wa = w hs2 = hs1
Given: w
w Hot Air Fresh Air tw2 = tw1
t1= 35oC QD=0 QL=0 t2= 70oC Heater ta = 30oC
Drier H2=Ha
tw2=tw1 %RHa = 30

Fw1 = 500 kg/hr gypsum Ww2 = 0.05

Ww1 = 0.15
Required:
a. H1
b. q2 (m3/min)
c. QH
Continuous Drying Example
Given: w
w Hot Air Fresh Air
Required:
t1= 35oC QD=0 QL=0 t2= 70oC Heater wa = w
a. H1
Drier H2=Ha ta = 30oC b. q2 (m3/min)
tw2=tw1 %RHa = 30 c. QH
Fw1 = 500 kg/hr gypsum Ww2 = 0.05
Ww1 = 0.15
Solution:
a.)
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑤1 − 6.5 × 10−4 (1 + 0.000944𝑡𝑤1 ))𝑃(𝑡1 − 𝑡𝑤1 )

%RHa = 30
Pw1
H1 P1 & tw2 P2 Pa
Tw1 ta = 30oC
𝑃1 18
𝐻1 = × We know that: We know that:
𝑃 − 𝑃1 29
tw2=tw1 H2 = Ha
? but
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑤2 − 6.5 × 10−4 (1 + 0.000944𝑡𝑤2 ))𝑃(𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑤2 ) 𝑃𝑥 18
𝐻𝑥 = ×
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑥 29
Then, P2 = Pa
 Continuous Drying Example
Solution: 𝑃1 18
• Solve H1 𝐻1 = ×
• Solve 𝑷𝒂 𝑃 − 𝑃1 29
𝑃𝑎? 3.642877305 𝑘𝑃𝑎 18
%𝑅𝐻 = 𝐻1 = ×
𝑃𝑠𝑎 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 3.642877305 𝑘𝑃𝑎 29

𝐻1 = 0.023149
Vapor Pressure
when ta = 30oC
= 4.247 kPa

Pa= 1.2741 kPa = P2

• Solve 𝑷𝒂
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑤2 − 6.5 × 10−4 (1 + 0.000944𝑡𝑤2 ))𝑃(𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑤2 )

Pw2= 4.040114 kPa = Pw1

tw2 = 29.13oC = tw1 t2= 70oC

• Solve 𝑷1
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑤1 − 6.5 × 10−4 (1 + 0.000944𝑡𝑤1 ))𝑃(𝑡1 − 𝑡𝑤1 )

𝑃1 = 3.642877305 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Continuous Drying Example
𝑤 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻1 = 𝐹(𝑊2 − 𝑊1 ) 𝑃𝑎 18 1.2741 18
b.) 𝐻𝑎 = × = × = 0.00790418
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑎 29 101.325 − 1.2741 29
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑤 (1 − 𝑊𝑤 ) = 500(1 − 0.15) = 485 kg/hr
w 𝑊𝑤2 0.05
𝑊2 = =
qw 1 − 𝑊𝑤2 1 − 0.05
0.15
𝑊𝑤1
𝑊1 = =
1 − 𝑊𝑤1 1 − 0.15
𝑞𝑤 = 𝑤𝑉𝐻2
VH2 H2 = Ha = 0.00790418
𝑅𝑇2 1 𝐻2
𝑉𝐻2 = [ + ]
𝑃 29 18

] = 0.982931 m /kg
(0.08206)(70+273) 1 0.00790418 3
𝑉𝐻2 = [ +
1 29 18

• Solving for w: 𝑤 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻1 = 𝐹(𝑊2 − 𝑊1 )

0.05 0.15
𝑤 0.00790418 − 0.023149 = 485( − )
1 − 0.05 1 − 0.15
𝑤 = 3452.4246 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
• Solving for qw: 𝑞𝑤 = 𝑤𝑉𝐻2 =(3452.4246 ℎ𝑟 )(0.982931 𝑘𝑔 )( )
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑞𝑤 = 56.56 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
Continuous Drying Example
c.) QH
𝑄𝐻 + 𝑤𝑖𝑎 = 𝑤𝑖2
𝑄𝐻 = 𝑤𝑖2 − 𝑤𝑖𝑎 = 𝑤(𝑖2 − 𝑖𝑎 )
i = 1.005t + H (1.884t + 2501)
i2 = 1.005t2 + H2 (1.884t2 + 2501) = 1.005(70) + 0.00790418 (1.884(70) + 2501) = 91.16 kJ/kg

ia = 1.005ta + Ha (1.884ta + 2501) = 1.005(30) + 0.00790418 (1.884(30) + 2501) = 50.37 kJ/kg

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝐻 = 3452.4246 (91.16 − 50.37) ×
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 3600 𝑠

𝑄𝐻 = 39.12 𝑘𝑊
Continuous Drying Example ©UST Ch.E. Department

2. A rotary drum dryer shall produce 1500 kg/hr of dried solids with 4% Moisture at 35oC from a feed at
30oC and containing 20% Moisture. Specific heat of dry solids is 2.5kJ/kg-K.
Hot air at 85oC with a dew point of 25oC enters the dryer and then leaves it at 45oC with 60%
humidity. Part of this air is recycled and mixed with fresh air at 30oC dry bulb and 15oC wet bulb before
entering the preheater.
The dryer is 12 m long and has 1.5 m diameter, 5 cm wall thickness. It is not insulated and the
convective and radiative heat transfer coefficient to the surroundings may be taken as 25 W/m2-K.
Assume that the outside surface temperature of the dryer is the same as the hot air temperature inside
the dryer. Determine:
a) Volumetric rates of air entering and leaving the dryer (m3/min) to2 = t2
b) Volumetric rates of the fresh and recycled air to the preheater
c) kW of heat supplied to the preheater to1 = t1
d) kW heat loss by dryer to the surroundings
e) kW external heat requirement to the dryer

QL
wR

t2=85oC H2=H1’ H1’ ta=30oC wa

t1=45oC QH
L =12 m QD tD2=25oC
60%H w
Di = 1.5 mDrier Heater twa=15oC Ha
x= 5 cm t1’
Fw2= 1500
tS1=30oC ho = 25 W/m2-K Required:
Ww2=4%
Ww1=20% a. q1 , q2 (m3/min)
Cps=2.5 kJ/kgds-K tS2=35oC b. qa , qR(m3/min)
c. QH (kW)
d. QL (kW)
e. QD (kW)
Continuous Drying Example ©UST Ch.E. Department

QL
wR

t2=85oC H2=H1’ H1’ ta=30oC wa

t1=45oC QH
L =12 m QD tD2=25oC
60%H w
Di = 1.5 m Drier Heater twa=15oC Ha
x= 5 cm t1’
Fw2= 1500
tS1=30oC ho = 25 W/m2-K Required:
Ww2=4%
Ww1=20% a. q1 , q2 (m3/min)
Cps=2.5 kJ/kgds-K tS2=35oC b. qa , qR(m3/min)
c. QH (kW)
d. QL (kW)
e. QD (kW)

Solution: • Solve for H1: %𝐻 = 𝐻 × 100

𝐻𝑠
a.) 𝑞1 = 𝑤𝑉𝐻1 𝑃𝑠1 18
𝐻𝑠1 = × 𝑃𝑠1 (@45⁰C) = 9.5950 kPa
𝑞2 = 𝑤𝑉𝐻2 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑠1 29
𝐻𝑠1 = 0.064924
Water Balance: w (H1 – H2) = F (W1 – W2)
𝐻1 = 0.6(0.064924) = 0.03895
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑤2 (1 − 𝑊𝑤2 )= 1500(1 − 0.04)= 1440 kg/hr
• Solve for H2:
𝑊𝑤2 0.04 𝑃2 18
𝑊2 = = 𝐻2 = × tD2=25oC (t when P2 = VP)
1 − 𝑊𝑤2 1 − 0.04 𝑃 − 𝑃2 29
𝑃2 (@25⁰C) = 3.1699 kPa
𝑊𝑤1 0.20
𝑊1 = =
1 − 𝑊𝑤1 1 − 0.20 𝐻2 = 0.020045
Continuous Drying Example
QL
wR

t2=85oC H2=H1’ H1’ ta=30oC wa

t1=45oC QH
L =12 m QD tD2=25oC
60%H w
Di = 1.5 mDrier Heater twa=15oC Ha
x= 5 cm t1’
Fw2= 1500
tS1=30oC ho = 25 W/m2-K
Ww2=4%
Ww1=20%
Cps=2.5 kJ/kgds-K tS2=35oC

w = 15868.81777 kg/hr ?
b.) 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑤𝑎 𝑉𝐻𝑎 𝑞𝑅 = 𝑤𝑅?𝑉𝐻𝑅
• Solve for VH1: 𝑉𝐻1 = 𝑅𝑇1 [ 1 + 𝐻1] • Use additional balances to solve for wa & wR
𝑃 29 18
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑎 + 𝑤𝑅 But:
(0.08206)(45+273) 1 0.03895
𝑉𝐻1 = [ + ] = 0.9563 m3/kg 𝐻1′ = 𝐻2
1 29 18 𝑤𝐻1′ = 𝑤𝑎 𝐻𝑎 + 𝑤𝑅 𝐻𝑅 𝐻𝑅 = 𝐻1
𝑅𝑇2 1 𝐻2
• Solve for VH2: 𝑉𝐻2 = [ + ] • Solve for Ha:
𝑃 29 18

𝑉𝐻2 =
(0.08206)(85+273) 1
[ +
0.020045
]= 1.0457 m3/kg 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑤𝑎 − 6.5 × 10−4 (1 + 0.000944𝑡𝑤𝑎 ))𝑃(𝑡𝑎 − 𝑡𝑤𝑎 )
1 29 18

• Solve for q1 & q2 : 1.7058 kPa

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑞1 = 𝑤𝑉𝐻1 =(15868.81777 )(0.982931 )( ) 𝑃𝑎 = 0.70389 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝐻𝑎 = 0.004342
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
3
𝑞1 = 252.92 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑎 + 𝑤𝑅 𝑤𝑎 = 8668.5159
𝑞𝑤 = 𝑤𝑉𝐻2 =(15868.81777 )(0.982931 ) ( )
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑤𝐻1′ = 𝑤𝑎 𝐻𝑎 + 𝑤𝑅 𝐻𝑅 𝑤𝑅 = 7200.3018
𝑞𝑤 = 276.575 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
Continuous Drying Example
• Solve for VHa: 𝑉𝐻𝑎 = 𝑅𝑇𝑎 [ 1 + 𝐻𝑎] d.) QL
𝑃 29 18
• Solve for Ao:
𝑉𝐻𝑎 = 0.8634 𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝐿 = 𝜋(1.5 + 2 0.05 )(12)
• Solve for VHR: 𝑉𝐻𝑅 = 𝑅𝑇𝑅 [ 1 + 𝐻𝑅 ] 96
𝑃 29 18
𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋
5
𝑉𝐻𝑅 = 0.9563 • Solve for ∆TLM:
𝒕𝒐𝟐 = 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟖𝟓°𝑪
• Solve for qa & qR : 𝑡𝑜2 − 𝑡𝑎 − 𝑡𝑜1 − 𝑡𝑎
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑎 𝒕𝒐𝟏 = 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓°𝑪
qa = 124.74 m3/min ln 𝑜2
𝑡𝑜1 − 𝑡𝑎
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = 30.7862
qR = 114.76 m3/min
• Solve for QL:
c.) QH
? ?
Around Heater: QH = wi2 – wi1’ *i1' needs t1’ QL = 46.42 kW
EB at mixing point: w i1’ = wa ia + wR i1
QH = wi2 – (wa ia + wR i1)
i2 = 138.768 kJ/kg
i1 = 145.941 kJ/kg
ia = 41.255 kJ/kg
𝑘𝐽 1ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝐻 = { 15868.81777 ∗ 138.768 − 8668.5159 ∗ 41.255 + 7200.3018 ∗ 145.941 } ( )
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠
𝑄𝐻 = 220.457 kW
Continuous Drying Example
d.) QD
Around Drier: QD = w (i1 – i2) + F (hS2 – hS1) + QL

ℎ𝑠 = [𝐶𝑝𝑠 + 4.184𝑊]𝑡𝑠
ℎ𝑠2 = 93.60167 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑠1 = 106.38 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 1ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝐷 = 15868.81777 145.941 − 138.768 + 1440 93.60167 − 106.38 + 46.42 𝑘𝑊
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠

𝑄𝐷 = 72.929 kW