Grammar Notes

1. Μη Μετρήσιμα Ουσιαστικά
Όταν υπάρχουν μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά που είναι στον ενικό αριθμό, τότε
και το ρήμα στην πρόταση θα είναι στον ενικό αριθμό.
(e.g. advice, information, luggage, baggage, garbage, rubbish, trash, litter,
news)
e.g. My baggage is heavy. / The news is good. / His advice is valuable.

2. Χρονικές λέξεις/φράσεις που αφορούν το μέλλοv.

Μετά από τις παρακάτω λέξεις/φράσεις ΔΕΝ βάζω ΠΟΤΕ will.
Χρησιμοποιώ Present Simple, Present Continuous,
Present Perfect (have + 3η στήλη/-ed)

before when the moment that

after while by the time
till as long as (=εφόσον) once (=μόλις)
until as soon as (=μόλις)

e.g. I’ll call you as soon as I get home.

Don’t call me until you have finished your homework.

3. Επίθετα
3.1 Επίθετα + απαρέμφατο (to+verb)
 the first / the second / the last / the only one
e.g He was the first to know. / Be the first to listen and the last to speak.

3.2 Επίθετα και καταλήξεις

 -ed: για να εκφράσουν πως νιώθει κάποιος
e.g. I am amazed/excited/interested.
 -ing: για να περιγράψουν άλλους ανθρώπους/πράγματα/καταστάσεις
e.g. She is boring. / It is an exciting trip. / It is an interesting movie.
4. so / such
 such + επίθετο + ουσιαστικό
e.g. It is such a cold day. / It was such cold weather that we stayed at
home. μετρήσιμο μη μετρήσιμο  δε βάζω “a/an”

 so + επίθετο
e.g. The room is so cold. / The weather was so cold that we stayed at
home.
She is so good a girl that you will like her immediately.

5. Φράσεις για τον καιρό Φράσεις για ημερομηνίες

How is the weather? What is the date today?
What is the weather like? What date is it today?

6. Συνδετικές λέξεις/φράσεις
ΑΝΤΙΘΕΣΗ
 Despite = Παρά e.g. Despite the bad weather, we went on a trip.
 In spite of = Παρά e.g. In spite of the bad weather, we went on a trip.
 Although = Αν και e.g. Although it rained, we went on a trip.
 Even though = Αν και e.g. Even though it rained, we went on a trip.
 Though = Αν και e.g. Though it rained, we went on a trip.
 However, = Ωστόσο, e.g. It rained a lot. However, we went on a trip.
 Nevertheless, = Παρ’όλα αυτά, e.g. It rained a lot. Nevertheless, we
dsadsdasdsadsadasdsadsadsadsdsadswent on a trip.
ΑΙΤΙΑ
 because of = on account of = due to = εξαιτίας
e.g. The film was a success because of / on account of / due to its
amazing special effects. +owing to = positive connotation?
 because = since = καθώς / επειδή
e.g. The film was a success because / since its special effects were
amazing.
7. Συνήθειες στο παρελθόν
 Past Simple (ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ / ΠΡΑΞΗ)
e.g. I lived in America when I was younger. / I didn’t ride my bike to
school.
 used to = συνήθιζα να (ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ / ΠΡΑΞΗ)
e.g. I used to live in America. / I didn’t use to my bike to school./ Did
you use to ride your bike to school?
 was used to = ήμουν συνηθισμένος να (+ing / noun)⁕
e.g. I was used to living in a big city. / I wasn’t used to riding my bike.
 would = συνήθιζα να (μόνο για ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ και μόνο σε
ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ)
e.g. I would ride my bike to school every day when I was younger.
I would live in America. / I wouldn’t ride my bike to school.
⁕1
Η φράση was used to, προέρχεται από το αρχικό be used to , άρα μπορεί να
χρησιμοποιηθεί και σε άλλους χρόνους.
e.g. I am used to getting up early. = Είμαι συνηθισμένος να …
I have been used to getting up early. = Έχω συνηθίσει να …
⁕2
Για μια συνήθεια που προσπαθώ να αποκτήσω, χρησιμοποιώ το get used to
e.g. I will get used to getting up early. / I am getting used to getting up early.

8. Πλάγιες Ερωτήσεις (σύνταξη καταφατική  Υ-Ρ-Α)

 όταν μεταφέρω μια ερώτηση στον πλάγιο λόγο
e.g. She asked if you would come to the party.
 όταν μετά από wh- questions (who, what, which, where, when, why,
how much, how many, how often), χρησιμοποιώ ευγενικές φράσεις,
(π.χ. I would like to know, Could you tell me, Can you let me know..?
e.g. Could you tell me what time it is?

9. Προσωπική και Απρόσωπη σύνταξη (e.g. said, believed, rumored,

argued, claimed, stated, etc.)
Χρησιμοποιώ αυτές τις συντάξεις για να μεταφέρω φήμες/νέα.
 Απρόσωπη σύνταξη: It is believed that Jake has robbed a bank.
 Προσωπική σύνταξη: Jake is believed to have robbed a bank.
10. Causative (όταν βάζω κάποιον να κάνει κάτι)
 have/get + something + 3η στήλη/-ed
e.g. I had my car fixed (by Takis). / I got my hair dyed (by the hairdresser).
 have + someone☺+ γυμνό απαρέμφατο
e.g. I will have Takis fix my car.
 get + someone☺+ to + απαρέμφατο
e.g. I will get the technician to repair my computer.

11. Φράσεις για να δηλώσω βεβαιότητα

 be bound to = είναι σίγουρο ότι
e.g. It is bound to happen. / He is bound to win.
 be sure to = είναι σίγουρο ότι
e.g. It was sure to happen. / He was sure to win.
 be certain to = είναι σίγουρο ότι (ΔΕΝ το χρησιμοποιώ με το απρόσωπο it)
e.g. He is certain to win the race. (=Είναι σίγουρο ότι θα κερδίσει τον αγώνα.)

12. both … and …

e.g. Both teenagers and adults have unhealthy eating habits.
either … or …
e.g. Measures can be taken either by the government or by local authorities.
neither … nor …
e.g. Neither Adam nor Lucy is going to the concert.

13. It’s time / It’s high time / It’s about time + Past Simple
e.g. It’s time we left now. / It’s about time we told the truth.

14. Εκφράζοντας προτιμήσεις

 prefer … to … (prefer + oυσιαστικό/γερούνδιο … to + ουσιαστικό/γερούνδιο)
e.g. I prefer tea to coffee. / I prefer travelling to studying.
 would prefer to … rather than …
e.g. I would prefer to travel rather study.
 would rather/sooner … than …
e.g. I would rather travel than study.
 ⁕ would rather = θα προτιμούσα να ⁕
ΤΑΥΤΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ

ΠΑΡΟΝ ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ
γυμνό απαρέμφατο have + 3η στήλη/-ed
I would rather go now. She would rather have told the truth.

ΕΤΕΡΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ

ΠΑΡΟΝ ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ
Past Simple had + 3η στήλη/-ed
I would rather you left now. We would rather you had told us the truth.

15. Φράσεις για να συμφωνήσω με κάποιον (So / Neither / Nor)

Χρησιμοποιώ το “So” για να συμφωνήσω σε καταφατική πρόταση

και το “Neither/Nor” για να συμφωνήσω σε αρνητική πρόταση και μετά
κάνω τη σύνταξη ερωτηματική.
e.g. I like ice cream. So do Ι.
He wanted to go to the party. So did we.
She has already eaten. So have I.
e.g. I don’t want to go. Neither/Nor do I.
She didn’t like the film. Neither/Nor did we.
I haven’t travelled abroad. Neither/Nor has she.
16. Inversion
Χρησιμοποιούμε συγκεκριμένες λέξεις/φράσεις σε καταφατική πρόταση με
ερωτηματική σύνταξη για να τονίσουμε και να δώσουμε έμφαση. Αυτές
είναι:
Little e.g. Little did I know when I applied for this job.
Never e.g. Never have I seen such a pretty woman.
Rarely e.g. Rarely do I go to this café.
(=Σπάνια)
Seldom e.g. Seldom do I go to this café.
(=Σπάνια)
Under no circumstances e.g. Under no circumstances will you ever unlock this door!
(= Σε καμία περίπτωση)
Hardly … when e.g. Hardly had I left the room when he appeared.
(= Μόλις που … όταν)
No sooner … than e.g. No sooner had I left the room than he appeared.
(= Δεν πρόλαβα να … όταν)
Not only … but e.g. Not only does she have two houses, but she also owns three cars.
(= Όχι μόνο … αλλά)
Not until / Not unless e.g. Not unless you do your homework, will you go to the party.
(Ιnversion στην επόμενη πρόταση)
Only after / if / when e.g. Only after you have finished studying, will you go out.
(Inversion στην επόμενη πρόταση)

17. Υποτακτική: (that) sb (should) do sth

 μετά από ρήματα που προτείνουν/θέλουν/απαιτούν
π.χ. suggest, recommend, ask (ζητώ), insist (επιμένω), require (απαιτώ), demand(απαιτώ)
e.g. The teacher asks (that) students (should) be quiet during the exam.
I insist (that) he (should) tell me the truth.
 μετά από επίθετα που εκφράζουν κάτι επιθυμητό/σημαντικό/απαραίτητο
π.χ. desirable, important, significant, crucial (κρίσιμο), vital (ζωτικής σημασίας),
imperative (απαραίτητο), necessary
e.g. It is important (that) the government (should) take measures.
It is crucial (that) he (should) face the truth.
 18. Υποθετικοί Λόγοι
0 Υποθετικός 1. για νόμους της φύσης
If you mix blue and red, you get
purple.
If + Present Simple Present Simple
2. για γενικές αλήθειες
If I get tired, I read a book.
/ συνήθειες
1ος υποθετικός 1. Future (will) If you study, you will go to the
party.
If + Present Simple
για κάτι πιθανό να
Present Continuous 2. Modal (can, should,
συμβεί στο παρόν / If you’re getting tired, you can
Present Perfect may, etc.)
μέλλον have a break.
3. Προστακτική If you have finished eating,
clean the dishes.
2ος υποθετικός If I won the lottery,
1. για κάτι απίθανο να I would travel.
If + Past Simple would / could / might συμβεί στο παρόν / If he were coming today, he
Past Continuous + γυμνό απαρέμφατο μέλλον could tell us about it.
If I were you, I might tell him
(were αντί για was σε
2. για συμβουλές the truth.
όλα τα πρόσωπα)
3ος υποθετικός If I had studied, I would have
passed the exam.
If + Past Perfect Simple would / could / might για κάτι που μετανιώνω
+ have + 3η στήλη/-ed και έγινε στο παρελθόνIf you had been driving more
Past Perfect Continuous slowly, you wouldn’t have
had the accident.

ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ:
1. Unless = If not (e.g. Unless it rains [= If it doesn’t rain], we can go out.)

2. If = Provided/Providing that (Με την προϋπόθεση ότι) = As long as = In case =

Suppose / Supposing that … ?(Υποθέτοντας ότι.. +ερώτηση)

3. Στον 1ο υποθετικό, αντί για if, χρησιμοποιώ “Should” (e.g. Should he call, let me know.)
Στον 2ο υποθετικό, αντί για if, χρησιμοποιώ “Were” (e.g. Were I to win the lottery, I would travel.)
Στον 3ο υποθετικό, αντί για if, χρησιμοποιώ “Had” (e.g. Had I known about it, I would have helped.)

4. Mixed Conditionals: Υπόθεση 2ου – Απόδοση 3ου / Υπόθεση 3ου – Απόδοση 2ου
e.g. If he were a good driver, he would have avoided the accident.
If I had gone to university, I could get a better job now.
19. Gerund (-ing) or Full Infinitive (to+απαρέμφατο)

 remember + full infinitive (θυμάμαι να κάνω κάτι)

e.g. Please remember to lock the door.
 remember + -ing (θυμάμαι ότι έκανα κάτι)
e.g. She doesn’t remember locking the door.
 forget + full infinitive (ξεχνάω να κάνω κάτι)
e.g. Don’t forget to do your homework again!
 forget + -ing (ξεχνάω ότι έκανα κάτι)
e.g. I’ll never forget meeting you!
 stop + full infinitive (σταματάω κάτι για να κάνω κάτι άλλο)
e.g. As we were driving, we stopped to grab a bite.
 stop + -ing (σταματάω εντελώς κάτι)
e.g. He stopped smoking because it was unhealthy.
 regret + full infinitive (είμαι στη δυσάρεστη θέση να κάνω κάτι)
e.g. I regret to tell you that you have not passed the exam.
 regret + -ing (μετανιώνω που έκανα κάτι)
e.g. I regret talking to her so rudely.
 try + full infinitive (προσπαθώ να κάνω κάτι αν και είναι δύσκολο)
e.g. He tried to learn a foreign language, but it was so hard!
 try + -ing (προσπαθώ / δοκιμάζω να κάνω κάτι)
e.g. I tried eating Chinese food and I really liked it.
 mean + full infinitive (έχω σκοπό να κάνω κάτι)
e.g. I didn’t mean to hurt you.
 mean + -ing (σημαίνει ότι …)
e.g. If you want to pass the exam, it will mean studying hard for it.
GERUND (-ing) FULL INFINITIVE
suggest would like / would prefer