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Basics and 8086 Family

The microprocessor is a programmable device that takes in numbers, performs arithmetic or logical operations according to a stored program, and produces numbers as output. It uses a clock signal to fetch, process, and execute instructions in fractions of a second. Common applications of microprocessors include calculators, accounting systems, games, instrumentation, traffic light control, military systems, and communication systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
83 views35 pages

Basics and 8086 Family

The microprocessor is a programmable device that takes in numbers, performs arithmetic or logical operations according to a stored program, and produces numbers as output. It uses a clock signal to fetch, process, and execute instructions in fractions of a second. Common applications of microprocessors include calculators, accounting systems, games, instrumentation, traffic light control, military systems, and communication systems.

Uploaded by

Jashuva Chukka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Definition of a Microprocessor.

The microprocessor is a
programmable device that takes in numbers,
performs on them arithmetic or logical
operations according to the program stored in
memory and then produces other numbers as
a result.

7
Microprocessor ?

A microprocessor is multi
programmable clock driven
register based semiconductor
device that is used to fetch ,
process & execute a data
within fraction of seconds.
8
Applications
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Instrumentation
• Traffic light Control
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems

9
MICROPROCESSOR HISTORY

10
DIFFERENT PROCESSORS AVAILABLE

Socket
Pinless
Processor

Processor Slot
Processor

ProcessorSl
ot

11
Development of Intel Microprocessors

• 8086 - 1979
• 286 - 1982
• 386 - 1985
• 486 - 1989
• Pentium - 1993
• Pentium Pro - 1995
• Pentium MMX -1997
• Pentium II - 1997
• Pentium II Celeron - 1998
• Pentium II Zeon - 1998
• Pentium III - 1999
• Pentium III Zeon - 1999
• Pentium IV - 2000
• Pentium IV Zeon - 2001

12
GENERATION OF PROCESSORS
Processor Bits Speed

8080 8 2 MHz

8086 16 4.5 – 10
MHz
8088 16 4.5 – 10
MHz
80286 16 10 – 20
MHz
80386 32 20 – 40
MHz
80486 32 40 – 133
MHz

13
GENERATION OF PROCESSORS

Processor Bits Speed

Pentium 32 60 – 233
MHz
Pentium 32 150 – 200
Pro MHz
Pentium II, 32 233 – 450
Celeron , MHz
Xeon
Pentium 32 450 MHz –
III, Celeron 1.4 GHz
, Xeon
Pentium IV, 32 1.3 GHz –
Celeron , 3.8 GHz
Xeon
Itanium 64 800 MHz –
3.0 GHz
14
Intel 4004
 Introduced in 1971.

 It was the first microprocessor


by Intel.

 It was a 4-bit µP.

 Its clock speed was 740KHz.

 It had 2,300 transistors.

 It could execute around


60,000 instructions per
second.

15
Intel 4040
Introduced in 1971.
It was also 4-bit µP.

16
8-bit Microprocessors

17
Intel 8008
Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
500 KHz.
Could execute
50,000 instructions
per second.

18
Intel 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
2 MHz.
It had 6,000
transistors.

19
Intel 8085 Introduced in 1976.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.

20
16-bit Microprocessors

21
 Introduced in 1978.

INTEL 8086  It was first 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz


and 10 MHz, depending on the
version.

 Its data bus is 16-bit and address


bus is 20-bit.

 It had 29,000 transistors.

 Could execute 2.5 million


instructions per second.

 It could access 1 MB of memory.

 It had 22,000 instructions.

 It had Multiply and Divide


instructions.
22
INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.

 It was also 16-bit µP.

 It was created as a
cheaper version of
Intel’s 8086.

 It was a 16-bit processor


with an 8-bit external
bus.
23
INTEL 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
 80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an
8-bit external data bus.

24
INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8
MHz.
 Its data bus is 16-bit
and address bus is 24-
bit.
 It could address 16 MB
of memory.
 It had 1,34,000 25
transistors.
32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

26
 Introduced in 1986.

INTEL 80386  It was first 32-bit µP.


 Its data bus is 32-bit
and address bus is 32-
bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.
 It had 2,75,000
transistors.
 Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 33 MHz
depending upon the
27
various versions.
Introduced in 1989.
INTEL 80486

 It was also 32-bit µP.


 It had 1.2 million
transistors.
 Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 100
MHz depending upon
the various versions.
 8 KB of cache memory
was introduced.

28
 Introduced in 1993.
INTEL PENTIUM
 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was originally named


80586.

 Its clock speed was 66


MHz.

 Its data bus is 32-bit


and address bus is 32-
bit.

29
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 21 million
transistors.
 Cache memory:
 8 KB for instructions.

 8 KB for data.

30
INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
 Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.

31
INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
 Introduced in 1998.

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was designed for


servers.

 Its clock speed was 400


MHz to 450 MHz.

32
INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
 It had 9.5 million
transistors.

33
INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 Its clock speed was from


1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.

 It had 42 million
transistors.

34
 Introduced in 2006.
INTEL DUAL CORE
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.

35
36
64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

37
Intel Core 2 Intel Core i3

38
INTEL CORE I5 INTEL CORE I7

39
Basic Terms
• Bit: A digit of the binary number { 0 or 1 }
• Nibble: 4 bit Byte: 8 bit word: 16 bit
• Double word: 32 bit
• Data: binary number/code operated by an
instruction
• Address: Identification number for memory
locations
• Clock: square wave used to synchronize various
devices in µP
• Memory Capacity = 2^n ,
n->no. of address lines
40
BUS CONCEPT
• BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data ,
address & control signals.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES:
1.DATA BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
data.
2. ADDRESS BUS: group of conducting lines that
carries address.
3.CONTROL BUS: group of conducting lines that
carries control signals {RD, WR etc}
CPU BUS: group of conducting lines that directly
connected to µP
SYSTEM BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
data , address & control signals in a µP system
41

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