CHAPTER 1

IT’S ENGLISH TIME

OBSERVING AND ASKING QUESTION 1
A. GREETING
Formal Situation Lees Formal situation
 Good morning (0.00 until 12.00 am)  Hello
 Good afternoon (06.00 until pm)  Hi
 Good noon/day (12.00 o’clock pm)  How are you?
 Good evening (06.00 until 09.00 pm)  Nice to see you
 Good night (to go bed-06.00 pm to mid night again.
time)

B. ASKING SOMEONE’S CONDITION :

Asking someone condition Respons
 How are you getting on?  Very well, thank you
 How’s life?  Fine thanks
 How’s life treating you?  Just fine
 How’s everting you?  Not too bad, thanks
 How are you doing?  Pretty well
 How are things going?
 How are you?

C. TAKING LEAVE PEOPLE

 Good bye (formal)
 Bye-bye (informal)
 So
 Till we meet again
 See you night
 Cheerio (used for closed friend)
 See you later
D. INTRODUCTION
Introducing oneself Introducing people Responding to
introductions
 I am ……(Mr./  Let me introduce  It’s nice to meet
Miss./ Mrs + family you to …? you
name)  I’d like you to meet  Nice meeting you
 Let me introduce …  (I’m) pleased to
myself to you  I’d like to introduce meet you
 I’d like to introduce you to…  Happy to meet you.
myself, my name is  I don’t think you  Glad to know you.
… have met…,do you?  How do you do?
 Allow me to  You haven’t met…,  It’s an honour to
introduce myself to have you? know you
you  Have you met…?  It’s my pleasure to
 Do you know…? know you
 This is…
OBSERVING AND ASKING QUESTION 2
Asking Attention Giving attention
Excuse me! I see
Listen to me! Tell me more about it.
Look at me! Really?
Look here. What happens next?
Look! And then what?
Hey1 Is that all?
Hello! That’s alright
Attention, please! I see. Tell me more about it.
Can I get the attention, please? Oh, yes. Really
Excuse me, I wonder if I could trouble Mmm…. Oh, my God! What happens
you…. next
May I have your attention, please? A ha… And then what?
 Sorry to trouble you. How interesting! What’s next?
Sorry to brother you. I know what you mean. Is that all
Look what I’ve got here Oh, oh! Indeed!
Wel, well, well … Oh, no!

OBSERVING AND ASKING QUESTION 3

Expression of Asking Opinion Giving opinion
How is your opinion? ( bagaimana In my opinion (menurut pendapatku)
pendapatmu? ) What do you think about …? I personally believe (saya sendiri yakin)
(bagaimana pendapatmu?) As far I know (sejauh yang aku tau)
What do you think of…? (apa yang kau I tend to think that (Aku cenderung berfikir
pikirkan tenteng…?) bahwa)
What is your opinion? ( apa pendapat mu?) In my view (menurut pandangan ku)
How do you think of my idea?(bagaimana From my point of view (dari pendapatku)
menurutmu dengan ideku?) The way I see is that ( caraku melihat ini
Please give me your opinion? (tolong yaitu)
berikan aku pendapatmu) What I have in my mind is (yang aku
What is your comment? ( apa komentarmu?) pikirkan adalah)
Give me your comment (beri aku
komentarmu?)
What your view on? 9bagaimana
pandanganmu mengenai?)
Do you of have any idea? (kamu puya
pendapat tentang?)
What is you idea? (apa idemu?)
Do you have any idea?( kamu puya idea?)
How about …?( bagaimana
dengan/tantang…?)
Do you like that? ( kamu meyukainya)
Do you think is it good? (apakah kamu
bergfikir ini bagus?)
 CHAPTER 2
WE CAN DO IT AND WE WILL DO IT
OBSERVING AND ASKING QUESTION 1
Grammar Learning
“Can” is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express
ability
Opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:
o I can swim. (ability)
o We can stay in hotel near the temple.(opportunity)
o She cannot stay out after 10 PM. (permission)
o Could you please make it bigger? (request)
o Any child can grow up to be president.(Possibility)
Modal use Positive Forms Negative Forms
1= Present 2= Past 3= 1 = Present 2= Past 3 =
Future Future
1 I can speak English. 1 I can’t speak Swahili.
Can 2 “COULD” 2 “COULD”
General ability I could speak English when I couldn’t speak Swahili.
I `was a kid.
3 “BE ABELE TO” 3 “BE ABLE TO”
I will be able to speak I won’t be able to speak
English by the time I finish Swahili.
my course.
1 With a burst of 1 Even with a burs of
adrenaline, people can pick adrenaline, people can’t
up cars. pick up something that
heavy.
 Can 2 “BE ABLE TO” 2 “ BE ABLE TO”
Ability during a specific Whit a sudden burst of Even the weight lifter,
event adrenaline, he was able to wasn’t able to lift the car
lift the car off the child’s off the child’s leg.
leg. 3 “BE ABLE TO”
3 “BE ABLE TO” Even three men working
Whit a sudden burst of together won’t be able to
adrenaline, he will be able lift the car.
to the car. 1 I don’t have any time. I
1 I have some free time. I can’t help her now.
can help her now.
Can opportunity 2 “BE ABLE TO” 2“BA ABLE TO”
I had some free time I didn’t have time
yesterday. I was able to yesterday. I wasn’t able to
help her at that time. help her at that time
3 I’ll have some free time 3 I won’t have any time
tomorrow. I can help her later . I can’t help her then.
then

OBSERVING AND ASKING QUESTION2

Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Forms Also Use
Will The English teacher The English teacher shall
Future will be replaced by will not be replaced
Action someone from anther someone from
Prediction school. another school.
Dani will be there by I will not be there. He
8:00. has to meet someone
I will do everything else.
for. I will never forget
you.
 Will I will study better than I will never give up shall
Volunteering, before. the fight for freedom.
Promising There’s no need to
worry

OBSERVING AND ASKING QUESTION3

Singular and plural nouns(part 1)
Regular nouns
Most singular nouns from the plural by adding -s.
Examples
Singular Plural
Book Books
House Houses
School Schools
Teacher Teachers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

Examples
Singular Plural
Bus Buses
Wish Wishes
Pitch Pitches
Box Boxes
A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding
-ies.

Examples
Singular Plural
City Cities
Spy Spies
 Baby Babies
Daisy Daisies

Singular and Plural Nouns

The difference between singular and plural nouns is easy to spot. When a noun indicates one
only, it is a singular noun. When a noun indicates more than one, it is plural.
Singular Noun
- We can use a, an, or the, that, this before singular nouns.
- Use’ a’ or’ an’ when the noun you are talking about does not refer to something specific.
- We use a before singular noun beginning with consonant: a book, a pencil, a dictionary,
etc.
- We use an before singular noun beginning with vowel: an apple, an umbrella, an orange,
etc.
- Some nouns that start with a consonant have a vowel sound. We use ‘an’.
An hour. It starts with the sound /a?/. It is a vowel sound.
- Some nouns that start with a vowel have a consonant sound. We use ‘a’.
a university.
University’ starts whit the sound /j/. It is a consonant sound.
 Definite Article: the
There is only one definite article: ‘the’.
- Use ‘the’ when the noun you are talking about refers to something specific, or the person
you are speaking to knows what you are referring to.
The cat is on the chair.
(It means that I am talking about a specific cat. You know which cat I am talking about.)
- We also use ‘the’ when we are talking about unique objects or places.
The Borobudur Temple is in Indonesia.
(It means that there is only one Borobudur in the word and it is Indonesian and it is
uniquen).
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
(There is only Earth and one Sun.)
- We can use ‘the’ with singular and plural nouns
 The cat
The cants.
Example:
The following sentences contain singular nouns examples.
1. The boy had a baseball in his hand.
2. My house prefers to wear an English saddle.
3. I have a motorcycle.
4. There is only an apple is one the table.
5. I have been here for an hour.
Plural Noun Examples
The following sentences contain plural noun examples.
1. The boys were throwing baseballs back and forth between bases.
2. Our horses are much happier wearing lightweight English saddles.
 CAHATER 3
WE KNOW WHAT TO DO
OBSERVING AND ASKING QUESTION 1
Grammar Learning
Using “Should”
Should is used to give advice and suggestion
Asking for Offering Responding to
- What do you think I - Can I offer you some - What a good idea
should do? advice? - What a good
- Any other - Can I make suggestion
suggestions? suggestion? - That sounds good
- Do you have any - Can I give you some - That sound like a
recommendation? advice? good idea
- I need you advice. - You should …
- What do you suggest? - You shouldn’t …
- You ought to….
- I think you should..
- It might be a good
idea to…
- Take my advice!
- I recommend that you.

OBSERVNG AND ASKING QUESTION 2

How to use “Mustn’t
“Must” is a modal verb most commonly used to express certainty. it can also be used to express
necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible from
“have to” “Must not” can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very sever; speakers prefer
to used softer modal verbs such as “should not” or “ought not” to dissuade rather than prohibit.
Examples:
o This must be the right address! certainty
o Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. Necessity
o You must pass some medicine for that cough. Strong recommendation
o Jenny, you must not play in the street! Prohibition
Using “Must” in Present, Past and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to
learn how “must” behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Also use:
Must certainty 1 = Present 2 = Past 1 = Present 2 = Past 3 Have to
3= Future = Future
1 That must be Jerry. 1 That must not be
They said he was tall Jerry. He is supposed
whit bright red hair. to have red hair.
2 That must have 2 That must not have
been the right been the right
restaurant. There are restaurant. I guess
no other restaurants there is another one
on this street. around here
3 NO FUTURE somewhere
FOREM 3 NO FUTURE
FROM.
Must not prohibition You must not swim in
that river. It’s full of
crocodiles.
You must not forget
to take your are in the
tropics
 Prohibition usually
refer to the near
future.
Must strong 1 You must take 1 You mustn’t drink Should
recommendation some time off and get so much.
(Americans prefer some rest. 2 SHIFT TO
the from “should”) 2 SHIFT TO “SOULD”
“SOULD” You shouldn’t have
You should have drunk so much.
taken some time off That caused the
last week to get some accident.
rest. 3 SHIFT TO
3 SHIFT TO “SOULD”
“SOULD” You shouldn’t drink
You should take at the party.
some time off next You are going to be
week to get some the designated
rets. deriver.
Must necessity 1 You must have a 1 SHIFT TO “HAVE
(Americans prefer permit to enter the TO”
the from “ have to.”) national park. We don’t have to get
2 SHIFT TO “Have a permit to enter the
To” national park.
We had to have a 2 SHIFT TO “HAVE
permit to enter the TO”
park. We didn’t have to get
3 We must get a permit to enter the
permit to enter the national park.
next week. 3 SHIFT TO “HAVE
TO”
 We won’t have to get Have to
a permit to enter the
national park.

REMEMBER: “MUST not” vs. “Don not have to”

“Must not” suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. “Do not have to”
suggests that someone is not required to do something.
Examples:
 You must not eat that. It is not allowed.
 You don’t have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.
Singular and Plural (part 2)
Irregular nouns
There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.
Examples:
Singular Plural
Woman Women
Man Men
Child Children
Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet
Person People
Leaf Leaves
Mouse Mice
Goose Geese
Half Halves
Knife Knives
Wife Wives
Life Lives
Elf Elves
Loaf Loaves
 Potato Potatoes
Tomato Tomatoes
Cactus Cacti
Focus Foci
Fungus Fungi
Nucleus Nuclei
Syllabus Syllabi/syllabuses
Analysis Analyses
Diagnosis Diagnoses
Oasis Oases
Thesis Theses
Crisis Crises
Phenomenon Phenomena
Criterion Criteria
Datum Data

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
Examples :
Singular Plural
Sheep Sheep
Fish Fish
Deer Deer
Species Species
Aircraft Aircraft
Irregular verb/noun agreement
Some nouns have a plural from but take a singular verb.
Plural nouns used with a singular verb Sentence
News The news is at 6.30 p.m.
Athletics Athletics is good four you people.
Linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.
Darts Darts is a popular game in England
Billiards Billiards is played all over the world.

Some nouns have a fixed plural from and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular, or
they have a different meaning in the singular. Nouns like this include: trousers, jeans, glasses,
savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts,
goods, wits.
Plural noun with plural verb Sentence
Trousers My trousers are too tight.
Jeans Her jeans are black.
Glasses Those glasses are his.
 ENGLISH TASK

NAME : PANDE NYOMAN GUNAWIJA.

NO : 28.
CLASS : VIII H/ 8H.

SMP NEGERI 1 KEDIRI.