The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell through selective permeability. There are three main types of transport across the cell membrane:
1. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient without energy.
2. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP.
3. Bulk transport involves endocytosis and exocytosis to move larger particles and vesicles into and out of the cell.
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell through selective permeability. There are three main types of transport across the cell membrane:
1. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient without energy.
2. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP.
3. Bulk transport involves endocytosis and exocytosis to move larger particles and vesicles into and out of the cell.
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell through selective permeability. There are three main types of transport across the cell membrane:
1. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient without energy.
2. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP.
3. Bulk transport involves endocytosis and exocytosis to move larger particles and vesicles into and out of the cell.
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell through selective permeability. There are three main types of transport across the cell membrane:
1. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient without energy.
2. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP.
3. Bulk transport involves endocytosis and exocytosis to move larger particles and vesicles into and out of the cell.
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Transport across the
Cell Membrane (Transport Mechanisms) Prepared by: Ms. Angelica A. Azores The Plasma Membrane
Gateway to the Cell
Photograph of a Cell Membrane Cell Membrane 4
The cell membrane
is flexible and allows a unicellular organism to move. Homeostasis Balanced internal condition of cells Also called equilibrium Maintained by plasma membrane controlling what enters & leaves the cell Functions of Plasma Membrane ü Protective barrier ü Regulate transport in & out of cell (selectively permeable) ü Allow cell recognition ü Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton ü Maintains homeostasis of cell Functions of Plasma Membrane ü Provide a binding site for enzymes ü Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions) üContains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) ü Structure of the Cell Membrane Membrane Components
Phospholipids Proteins Cholesterol (peripheral and integral) Carbohydrates (glucose) Phospholipids Make up the cell membrane Contains 2 fatty acid chains that are nonpolar Head is polar & contains a –PO4 group & glycerol FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can
move side-to-side within the layer, like it’s a liquid. MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above. Cell Membrane
Polar heads are hydrophilic “water loving”
Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic “water fearing” Makes membrane “Selective” in what crosses Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is Hydrophobic
made of 2 layers of molecules pass easily; phospholipids called the hydrophilic DO NOT lipid bilayer Solubility Materials that are soluble in lipids can pass through the cell membrane easily. Semipermeable Membrane
Small molecules and larger hydrophobic
molecules move through easily. e.g. O2, CO2, H2O Semipermeable Membrane
Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than
water, and large molecules such as proteins do not move through the membrane on their Types of Transport Across Cell 3 types: active transport, passive transport, Membranes and bulk transport Passive Transport A process that does not require energy to move molecules from a HIGH to LOW concentration
Ø Diffusion Ø Ø Facilitated Diffusion •Diffusion is the movement of small particles across a selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane until equilibrium is reached. These particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. outside of cell
inside of cell Diffusionis movement of solute molecules from high concentration to low concentration 1. Passive Transport There are two types of diffusion
cell membrane • The cell membrane has limited permeability to small polar molecules, water, and ions • The motion of water across the membrane is known as osmosis DIFFUSION
HIGH to LOW concentration
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane Water diffuses across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Semi-permeable membrane is permeable to water, but not to sugar Passive Transport
Osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high to low concentration of water
- movement of water toward an area of high solute
concentration - in osmosis, only water is able to pass through the membrane - Osmosis moves water through aquaporins Osmosis Osmoticconcentration is determined by the concentration of all solutes in solution
Relative Osmotic Concentrations
• Hypertonic solutions: have a higher relative
solute concentration • Hypotonic solutions: have a lower relative solute concentration • Isotonic Solutions: have equal relative solute concentrations 1. Passive Transport 2. Facilitated Diffusion 3.
• Substances must pass through
transported proteins to get through the cell membrane • The cell membrane is selectively permeable • Facilitated Diffusion is the movement of larger molecules like glucose through the cell membrane – larger molecules must be “helped” •
Proteins in the cell membrane form channels for large
molecules to pass through Proteins that form channels (pores) are called protein channels Glucose molecules outside of cell
inside of cell Facilitated Diffusion Selective permeability: integral membrane proteins allow the cell to be selective about what passes through the membrane. - Channel proteins have a polar interior allowing polar molecules to pass through. - Carrier proteins bind to a specific molecule to facilitate its passage. Channel Proteins Channel proteins include: - ion channels allow the passage of ions (charged atoms or molecules) which are associated with water - gated channels are opened or closed in response to a stimulus – the stimulus may be chemical or electrical ion channels Channel Proteins Ion channels allow the passage of ions (charged atoms or molecules) across the membrane A concentration gradient of ions across the membrane creates a membrane potential - a membrane potential is a charge difference between the two sides of the membrane ion channels + + + + + + + +
+ + Carrier Proteins Carrierproteins bind to a specific molecule to facilitate its passage. Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.
Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute
relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.
Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute
as another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic. Organisms can maintain osmotic balance in different ways: 1. Some cells use extrusion in which water is ejected through contractile vacuoles.
2. Isosmotic regulation involves keeping cells
isotonic with their environment.
3. Plant cells use turgor pressure to push the
cell membrane against the cell wall and keep the cell rigid. B. Active Transport Active transport is the movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration. Energy is required as molecules must be pumped against the concentration gradient. Proteins that work as pumps are called protein pumps. Ex: Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding blood vessels to be carried to the lungs for exhale. Blood vessels are high in carbon dioxide compared to the cells, so energy is required to move the carbon dioxide across the cell membrane from LOW to HIGH concentration. outside of cell Carbon Dioxide molecules
inside of cell ANALOGY:
ENERGY NEEDED: Active Transport
NO ENERGY NEEDED: Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion 2. Active Transport Active transport Requires energy – ATP is used directly or indirectly to fuel active transport Able to moves substances against the concentration gradient - from low to high concentration - allows cells to store concentrated substances Requires the use of carrier proteins Active Transport Carrier proteins used in active transport include: -uniporters – move one molecule at a time -symporters – move two molecules in the same direction -antiporters – move two molecules in opposite directions 1. Solute Pumping Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump An active transport antiport mechanism Uses an antiporter to move 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell ATP energy is used to change the conformation of the carrier protein The affinity of the carrier protein for either Na+ or K+ changes so the ions can be carried across the membrane Active Transport Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump Used by animal cells to maintain a high internal concentration of K+ ions and a low internal concentration of Na+ ions Maintains a concentration gradient that is used to power many other important physiological process Active Transport Coupled transport Uses the energy released when a molecule moves by diffusion to supply energy to active transport of a different molecule A symporter is used Glucose-Na+ symporter captures the energy from Na+ diffusion to move glucose against a concentration gradient 2. Bulk Transport Bulk transport of substances is accomplished by: 1. Endocytosis – movement of substances into the cell 2. Exocytosis – movement of materials out of the cell Ex: White Blood Cells, which are part of the immune system, surround and engulf bacteria by endocytosis. Bulk Transport Endocytosis occurs when the plasma membrane envelops food particles and liquids. 1. phagocytosis – the cell takes in particulate matter 2. pinocytosis – the cell takes in only fluid 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis – specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor Bulk Transport Exocytosis occurs when material is discharged from the cell. • Vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents to the exterior of the cell • Used in plants to export cell wall material • Used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes Let’s Try and Think! 1. What did you learn today? 2. How do you relate the Cell Transport to real life situation? Make an analogy.
