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com/
CLASS-XII
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE (083) – PYTHON
INDEX

CHAPTER PAGE
CHAPTER NAME
NO. NO.

1 FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON 2

2 RECURSION 10

3 FILE HANDLING 13

4 CREATE & IMPORT PYTHON LIBRARIES 24

5 PROGRAM EFFICIENCY 28

6 DATA VISUALIZATION USING PYPLOT 32

7 DATA STRUCTURE –I (LINEAR LIST) 45

8 DATA STRUCTURE-II (STACK AND QUEUE) 55

By: Vikash Kumar Yadav

PGT-Computer Science
K.V. No.-IV ONGC Vadodara

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 CHAPTER-1
FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON
1.1 Definition: Functions are the subprograms that perform specific task. Functions are the
small modules.

1.2 Types of Functions:

There are two types of functions in python:
1. Library Functions (Built in functions)
2. Functions defined in modules
3. User Defined Functions

Built in functions

Functions defined in
Types of functions modules

User defined functions

1. Library Functions: These functions are already built in the python library.

2. Functions defined in modules: These functions defined in particular modules. When

you want to use these functions in program, you have to import the corresponding module
of that function.

3. User Defined Functions: The functions those are defined by the user are called user
defined functions.

1. Library Functions in Python:

These functions are already built in the library of python.
For example: type( ), len( ), input( ) etc.

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2. Functions defined in modules:
a. Functions of math module:
To work with the functions of math module, we must import math module in program.
import math
S. No. Function Description Example
1 sqrt( ) Returns the square root of a number >>>math.sqrt(49)
7.0
2 ceil( ) Returns the upper integer >>>math.ceil(81.3)
82
3 floor( ) Returns the lower integer >>>math.floor(81.3)
81
4 pow( ) Calculate the power of a number >>>math.pow(2,3)
8.0
5 fabs( ) Returns the absolute value of a number >>>math.fabs(-5.6)
5.6
6 exp( ) Returns the e raised to the power i.e. e3 >>>math.exp(3)
20.085536923187668

b. Function in random module:

random module has a function randint( ).
 randint( ) function generates the random integer values including start and end values.
 Syntax: randint(start, end)
 It has two parameters. Both parameters must have integer values.

Example:
import random
n=random.randint(3,7)

*The value of n will be 3 to 7.

3. USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS:

The syntax to define a function is:
def function-name ( parameters) :
#statement(s)

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Where:

 Keyword def marks the start of function header.

 A function name to uniquely identify it. Function naming follows the same rules of
writing identifiers in Python.
 Parameters (arguments) through which we pass values to a function. They are optional.
 A colon (:) to mark the end of function header.
 One or more valid python statements that make up the function body. Statements must
have same indentation level.
 An optional return statement to return a value from the function.

Example:

def display(name):

print("Hello " + name + " How are you?")

1.3 Function Parameters:

A functions has two types of parameters:
1. Formal Parameter: Formal parameters are written in the function prototype and function
header of the definition. Formal parameters are local variables which are assigned values from
the arguments when the function is called.
2. Actual Parameter: When a function is called, the values that are passed in the call are
called actual parameters. At the time of the call each actual parameter is assigned to the
corresponding formal parameter in the function definition.
Example :
def ADD(x, y): #Defining a function and x and y are formal parameters
z=x+y
print("Sum = ", z)
a=float(input("Enter first number: " ))
b=float(input("Enter second number: " ))
ADD(a,b) #Calling the function by passing actual parameters
In the above example, x and y are formal parameters. a and b are actual parameters.

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1.4 Calling the function:
Once we have defined a function, we can call it from another function, program or even the
Python prompt. To call a function we simply type the function name with appropriate
parameters.

Syntax:
function-name(parameter)
Example:
ADD(10,20)

OUTPUT:
Sum = 30.0

How function works?

def functionName(parameter):
… .. …
… .. …
… .. …
… .. …
functionName(parameter)

… .. …
… .. …

The return statement:

The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from where it was
called.
There are two types of functions according to return statement:
a. Function returning some value (non-void function)
b. Function not returning any value (void function)
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a. Function returning some value (non-void function) :
Syntax:
return expression/value
Example-1: Function returning one value
def my_function(x):
return 5 * x

Example-2 Function returning multiple values:

def sum(a,b,c):
return a+5, b+4, c+7
S=sum(2,3,4) # S will store the returned values as a tuple
print(S)

OUTPUT:
(7, 7, 11)
Example-3: Storing the returned values separately:
def sum(a,b,c):
return a+5, b+4, c+7
s1, s2, s3=sum(2, 3, 4) # storing the values separately
print(s1, s2, s3)
OUTPUT:
7 7 11

b. Function not returning any value (void function) : The function that performs some
operationsbut does not return any value, called void function.
def message():
print("Hello")

m=message()
print(m)

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 OUTPUT:
Hello
None

1.5 Scope and Lifetime of variables:

Scope of a variable is the portion of a program where the variable is recognized. Parameters
and variables defined inside a function is not visible from outside. Hence, they have a local
scope.

There are two types of scope for variables:

1. Local Scope

2. Global Scope

1. Local Scope: Variable used inside the function. It can not be accessed outside the function.
In this scope, The lifetime of variables inside a function is as long as the function executes.
They are destroyed once we return from the function. Hence, a function does not remember the
value of a variable from its previous calls.

2. Global Scope: Variable can be accessed outside the function. In this scope, Lifetime of a
variable is the period throughout which the variable exits in the memory.

Example:

def my_func():
x = 10
print("Value inside function:",x)

x = 20
my_func()
print("Value outside function:",x)

OUTPUT:

Value inside function: 10

Value outside function: 20

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Here, we can see that the value of x is 20 initially. Even though the function my_func()changed
the value of x to 10, it did not affect the value outside the function.

This is because the variable x inside the function is different (local to the function) from the
one outside. Although they have same names, they are two different variables with different
scope.

On the other hand, variables outside of the function are visible from inside. They have a global
scope.

We can read these values from inside the function but cannot change (write) them. In order to
modify the value of variables outside the function, they must be declared as global variables
using the keyword global.

Programs related to Functions in Python topic:

1. Write a python program to sum the sequence given below. Take the input n from the user.
1 1 1 1
1+ + + + ⋯+
1! 2! 3! 𝑛!
Solution:
def fact(x):
j=1
res=1
while j<=x:
res=res*j
j=j+1
return res
n=int(input("enter the number : "))
i=1
sum=1
while i<=n:
f=fact(i)
sum=sum+1/f
i+=1
print(sum)

2. Write a program to compute GCD and LCM of two numbers

def gcd(x,y):
while(y):
x, y = y, x % y
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 return x

def lcm(x, y):

lcm = (x*y)//gcd(x,y)
return lcm

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

print("The L.C.M. of", num1,"and", num2,"is", lcm(num1, num2))

print("The G.C.D. of", num1,"and", num2,"is", gcd(num1, num2))

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 CHAPTER-2
RECURSION
2.1 Definition: A function calls itself, is called recursion.
2.2 Python program to find the factorial of a number using recursion:
Program:
def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return n
else:
return n*factorial(n-1)

num=int(input("enter the number: "))

if num < 0:
print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers")
elif num = = 0:
print("The factorial of 0 is 1")
else:
print("The factorial of ",num," is ", factorial(num))
OUTPUT:
enter the number: 5
The factorial of 5 is 120

2.3 Python program to print the Fibonacci series using recursion:

Program:
def fibonacci(n):
if n<=1:
return n
else:

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 return(fibonacci(n-1)+fibonacci(n-2))

num=int(input("How many terms you want to display: "))

for i in range(num):
print(fibonacci(i)," ", end=" ")

OUTPUT:
How many terms you want to display: 8
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13

2.4 Binary Search using recursion:

Note: The given array or sequence must be sorted to perform binary search.

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Program:
def Binary_Search(sequence, item, LB, UB):
if LB>UB:
return -5 # return any negative value
mid=int((LB+UB)/2)
if item==sequence[mid]:
return mid
elif item<sequence[mid]:
UB=mid-1
return Binary_Search(sequence, item, LB, UB)
else:
LB=mid+1
return Binary_Search(sequence, item, LB, UB)

L=eval(input("Enter the elements in sorted order: "))

n=len(L)
element=int(input("Enter the element that you want to search :"))
found=Binary_Search(L,element,0,n-1)
if found>=0:
print(element, "Found at the index : ",found)
else:
print("Element not present in the list")

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 CHAPTER-3

FILE HANDLING

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

File:- A file is a collection of related data stored in a particular area on the disk.
Stream: - It refers to a sequence of bytes.
File handling is an important part of any web application.

3.2 Data Files:

Data files can be stored in two ways:
1. Text Files: Text files are structured as a sequence of lines, where each line includes a
sequence of characters.
2. Binary Files : A binary file is any type of file that is not a text file.

S.
Text Files Binary Files
No.

Stores information in the same format

1. Stores information in ASCII characters. which the information is held in
memory.

Each line of text is terminated with a

2. special character known as EOL (End of No delimiters are used for a line.
Line)

Some internal translations take place

3. when this EOL character is read or No translation occurs in binary files.
written.

Binary files are faster and easier for a

4. Slower than binary files. program to read and write the text
files.

3.3 Opening and closing a file:

3.3.1 Opening a file:
To work with a file, first of all you have to open the file. To open a file in
python, we use open( ) function.
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The open( ) function takes two parameters; filename, and mode. open( ) function returns a file
object.
Syntax:
file_objectname= open(filename, mode)

Example:
To open a file for reading it is enough to specify the name of the file:
f = open("book.txt")
The code above is the same as:
f = open("book.txt", "rt")
Where "r" for read mode, and "t" for text are the default values, you do not need to specify
them.

3.3.2 Closing a file:

After performing the operations, the file has to be closed. For this, a close( ) function is used to
close a file.
Syntax:
file-objectname.close( )

3.4 File Modes:

Text Binary
file File Description
mode Mode

‘r’ ‘rb’ Read - Default value. Opens a file for reading, error if the file does not
exist.

‘w’ ‘wb’ Write - Opens a file for writing, creates the file if it does not exist

‘a’ ‘ab’ Append - Opens a file for appending, creates the file if it does not exist

‘r+’ ‘rb+’ Read and Write-File must exist, otherwise error is raised.

‘w+’ ‘wb+’ Read and Write-File is created if does not exist.

‘a+’ ‘ab+’ Read and write-Append new data

‘x’ ‘xb’ Create - Creates the specified file, returns an error if the file exists

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In addition you can specify if the file should be handled as binary or text mode
“t” – Text-Default value. Text mode
“b” – Binary- Binary Mode (e.g. images)

3.5 WORKING WITH TEXT FILES:

3.5.1 Basic operations with files:

a. Read the data from a file
b. Write the data to a file
c. Append the data to a file
d. Delete a file

a. Read the data from a file:

There are 3 types of functions to read data from a file.
 read( ) : reads n bytes. if no n is specified, reads the entire file.
 readline( ) : Reads a line. if n is specified, reads n bytes.
 readlines( ): Reads all lines and returns a list.

Steps to read data from a file:

 Create and Open a file using open( ) function
 use the read( ), readline( ) or readlines( ) function
 print/access the data
 Close the file. Create and Open a file

Read or Write data

Print/Access data

Close the file

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Let a text file “Book.txt” has the following text:
“Python is interactive language. It is case sensitive language.
It makes the difference between uppercase and lowercase letters.
It is official language of google.”

Example-1: Program using read( ) function:

fin=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'r') fin=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'r')

str=fin.read( ) str=fin.read(10)
print(str) print(str)
fin.close( ) fin.close( )

OUTPUT: OUTPUT:
Python is interactive language. It is case sensitive Python is
language.
It makes the difference between uppercase and
lowercase letters.
It is official language of google.

Example-2: using readline( ) function:

fin=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'r')
str=fin.readline( )
print(str)
fin.close( )
OUTPUT:
Python is interactive language. It is case sensitive language.

Example-3: using readlines( ) function:

fin=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'r')
str=fin.readlines( )
print(str)
fin.close( )
OUTPUT:
['Python is interactive language. It is case sensitive language.\n', 'It makes the difference
between uppercase and lowercase letters.\n', 'It is official language of google.']

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  Some important programs related to read data from text files:
Program-a: Count the number of characters from a file. (Don’t count white spaces)
fin=open("Book.txt",'r')
str=fin.read()
L=str.split()
count_char=0
for i in L:
count_char=count_char+len(i)
print(count_char)
fin.close( )

Program-b: Count the number of words in a file.

fin=open("Book.txt",'r')
str=fin.read()
L=str.split()
count_words=0
for i in L:
count_words=count_words+1
print(count_words)
fin.close( )

Program-c: Count number of lines in a text file.

fin=open("Book.txt",'r')
str=fin.readlines()
count_line=0
for i in str:
count_line=count_line+1
print(count_line)
fin.close( )

Program-d: Count number of vowels in a text file.

fin=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'r')
str=fin.read()
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 count=0
for i in str:
if i=='a' or i=='e' or i=='i' or i=='o' or i=='u':
count=count+1
print(count)
fin.close( )

Program-e : Count the number of ‘is’ word in a text file.

fin=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'r')

str=fin.read()

L=str.split()

count=0

for i in L:

if i=='is':

count=count+1

print(count)

fin.close( )

b. Write data to a file:

There are 2 types of functions to write the data to a file.

 write( ):Write the data to a file. Syntax:

write(string) (for text files)

write(byte_string) (for binary files)

 writelines( ): Write all strings in a list L as lines to file.

To write the data to an existing file, you have to use the following mode:

"w" - Write - will overwrite any existing content

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Example: Open the file "Book.txt" and append content to the file:
fout= open("Book.txt", "a")
fout.write("Welcome to the world of programmers")
Example: Open the file "Book.txt" and overwrite the content:
fout = open("Book.txt", "w")
fout.write("It is creative and innovative")

Program: Write a program to take the details of book from the user and write the record
in text file.
fout=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'w')
n=int(input("How many records you want to write in a file ? :"))
for i in range(n):
print("Enter details of record :", i+1)
title=input("Enter the title of book : ")
price=float(input("Enter price of the book: "))
record=title+" , "+str(price)+'\n'
fout.write(record)
fout.close( )
OUTPUT:
How many records you want to write in a file ? :3
Enter details of record : 1
Enter the title of book : java
Enter price of the book: 250
Enter details of record : 2
Enter the title of book : c++
Enter price of the book: 300
Enter details of record : 3
Enter the title of book : python
Enter price of the book: 450

c. Append the data to a file:

This operation is used to add the data in the end of the file. It doesn’t overwrite the existing
data in a file. To write the data in the end of the file, you have to use the following mode:

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 "a" - Append - will append to the end of the file.

Program: Write a program to take the details of book from the user and write the record
in the end of the text file.
fout=open("D:\\python programs\\Book.txt",'a')
n=int(input("How many records you want to write in a file ? :"))
for i in range(n):
print("Enter details of record :", i+1)
title=input("Enter the title of book : ")
price=float(input("Enter price of the book: "))
record=title+" , "+str(price)+'\n'
fout.write(record)
fout.close( )

OUTPUT:
How many records you want to write in a file ? :2
Enter details of record : 1
Enter the title of book : DBMS
Enter price of the book: 350
Enter details of record : 2
Enter the title of book : Computer
Networking
Enter price of the book: 360

d. Delete a file: To delete a file, you have to import the os module, and use remove( )
function.
import os
os.remove("Book.txt")

Check if File exist:

To avoid getting an error, you might want to check if the file exists before you try to delete it:
Example
Check if file exists, then delete it:

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import os
if os.path.exists("Book.txt"):
os.remove("Book.txt")
else:
print("The file does not exist")

3.6 WORKING WITH BINARY FILES:

Binary files store data in the binary format (0’s and 1’s) which is understandable by the
machine. So when we open the binary file in our machine, it decodes the data and displays in a
human-readable format.

(a) Write data to a Binary File:

Example:
fout=open("story.dat","wb") # open file in write and binary mode
Norml_str= "Once upon a time"
encoded_str= Norml_str.encode ("ASCII") # encoding normal text
fout.write(encoded_str) # Write data in file
fout.close( )

Output:

(b) Read the data from Binary File:

Example:
fin=open("story.dat","rb") # open file in read and binary mode
str1= fin.read() # read the data from file
decoded_str=str1.decode("ASCII") # decode the binary data
print(decoded_str)
fin.close( )

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Output:
Once upon a time

3.7 tell( ) and seek( ) methods:

 tell( ): It returns the current position of cursor in file.
Example:
fout=open("story.txt","w")
fout.write("Welcome Python")
print(fout.tell( ))
fout.close( )

Output:
14

 seek(offset) : Change the cursor position by bytes as specified by the offset.

Example:
fout=open("story.txt","w")
fout.write("Welcome Python")
fout.seek(5)
print(fout.tell( ))
fout.close( )

Output:
5
3.8 File I/O Attributes

Attribute Description
name Returns the name of the file (Including path)
mode Returns mode of the file. (r or w etc.)
encoding Returns the encoding format of the file
closed Returns True if the file closed else returns False

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Example:
f = open("D:\\story.txt", "r")
print("Name of the File: ", f.name)
print("File-Mode : ", f.mode)
print("File encoding format : ", f.encoding)
print("Is File closed? ", f.closed)
f.close()
print("Is File closed? ", f.closed)

OUTPUT:
Name of the File: D:\story.txt
File-Mode : r
File encoding format : cp1252
Is File closed? False
Is File closed? True

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 CHAPTER-4
CREATE & IMPORT PYTHON LIBRARIES
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Python has its in-built libraries and packages. A user can directly import the libraries and its
modules using import keyword. If a user wants to create libraries in python, he/she can create
and import libraries in python.

4.2 How to create Libraries/Package in Python?

To create a package/Library in Python, we need to follow these three simple steps:
1. First, we create a directory and give it a package name. Name should be meaningful.
2. Then create the python files (Modules) which have classes and functions and put these .py
files in above created directory.
3. Finally we create an __init__.py file inside the directory, to let Python know that the
directory is a package.

Example:
Let’s create a package named Shape and build three modules in it namely Rect, Sq and Tri to
calculate the area for the shapes rectangle, square and triangle.
Step-1 First create a directory and name it Shape. ( In this case it is created under
C:\Users\ViNi\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32\ directory path.)
Step-2 Create the modules in Shape directory.
To create Module-1(Rect.py), a file with the name Rect.py and write the code in it.
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self):
print("Rectangle")

def Area(self, length, width):

self.l=length
self.w=width
print("Area of Rectangle is : ", self.l*self.w)

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To create Module-2(Sq.py), a file with the name Sq.py and write the code in it.
class Square:
def __init__(self):
print("Square")
def Area(self, side):
self.a=side
print("Area of square is : ", self.a*self.a)

To create Module-3 (Tri.py), a file with the name Tri.py and write the code in it.
class Triangle:
def __init__(self):
print("Trinagle")

def Area(self, base, height):

self.b=base
self.h=height
ar= (1/2)*self.b*self.h
print("Area of Triangle is : ", ar )

Step-3 Create the __init__.py file. This file will be placed inside Shape directory and can be
left blank or we can put this initialisation code into it.
from Shape import Rect
from Shape import Sq
from Shape import Tri
That’s all. Package created. Name of the package is Shape and it has three modules namely
Rect, Sq and Tri.

4.3 How to use the package in a program:

Following steps should be followed to use the created package.
Step-1 Create a file main.py in the same directory where Shape package is located.
Step-2 Write the following code in main.py file

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 from Shape import Rect
from Shape import Sq
from Shape import Tri

r=Rect.Rectangle( ) #Create an object r for Rectangle class

r.Area(10,20) # Call the module Area( ) of Rectangle class by passing argument

s=Sq.Square( ) #Create an object s for Square class

s.Area(10) # Call the module Area( ) of Square class by passing argument

t=Tri.Triangle( ) #Create an object t for Triangle class

t.Area(6,8) # Call the module Area( ) of Triangle class by passing argument

OUTPUT:
Rectangle
Area of Rectangle is : 200
Square
Area of square is : 100
Trinagle
Area of Triangle is : 24.0

4.4 Import the package in program:

Method-1
To use the package/library in a program, we have to import the package in the program. For
this we use import keyword.
If we simply import the Shape package, then to access the modules and functions of Shape
package, we have to write the following code:
Syntax:
Package-name.Module-name.function-name(parameter)
Example:
import Shape

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r=Shape.Rect.Rectangle( )
s=Shape.Sq.Square( )
t=Shape.Tri.Triangle( )

Method-2:
If we want to access a specific module of a package then we can use from and import
keywords.
Syntax:
from package-name import module-name
Example:
from Shape import Rect
r=Rect.Rectangle( )
s=Sq.Square( )
t=Tri.Triangle( )

Method-3:
If a user wants to import all the modules of Shape package then he/she can use * (asterisk).
Example:
from Shape import *
r=Rect.Rectangle( )
s=Sq.Square( )
t=Tri.Triangle( )

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 CHAPTER-5
PROGRAM EFFICIENCY
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Program efficiency is a property of a program related to time taken by a program for execution
and space used by the program. It is also related to number of inputs taken by a program.

Complexity: To measure the efficiency of an algorithm or program in terms of space and time.
The program which uses minimum number of resources, less space and minimum time, is
known as good program.

Complexity

Time Complexity Space Complexity

Time and space complexity depends on lots of things like hardware, operating system,
processors, size of inputs etc.

Time Complexity of an algorithm:

 Best case
 Average case
 Worst case

 Best case: The minimum number of steps that an algorithm can take for any input data
values.
 Average case: The efficiency averaged on all possible inputs. We normally assume the
uniform distribution.
 Worst case: The minimum number of steps that an algorithm can take for any input data
values.

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5.2 Estimation the complexity of a program:

Suppose you are given a list L and a value x and you have to find if x exists in List L.

Simple solution to this problem is traverse the whole List L and check if the any element is
equal to x.

def found(x, n, L):

for i in range(n):
if L[i]==x:
return True
else:
return False

Each of the operation in computer take approximately constant time. Let each operation
takes t time. The number of lines of code executed is actually depends on the value of x.
During analysis of algorithm, mostly we will consider worst case scenario, i.e., when x is not
present in the list L. In the worst case, the if condition will run n times where n is the length of
the list L. So in the worst case, total execution time will be (n∗t+t). n∗t for the if condition
and t for the return statement.

As we can see that the total time depends on the length of the list L. If the length of the list will
increase the time of execution will also increase.

5.2.1 Big O Notation:

Order of growth is how the time of execution depends on the length of the input.

In the above example, we can clearly see that the time of execution is linearly depends on the
length of the list.

Order of growth in algorithm means how the time for computation increases when you increase
the input size. It really matters when your input size is very large.

Order of growth provide only a crude description of the behaviour of a process.

For example, a process requiring n2 steps and another process requiring 1000n2 steps and
another process requiring 3n2+10n+17 steps. All have O(n2) order of growth. Order of growth
provides a useful indication of how we may expect the behavior of the process to change as we
change the size of the problem. Depending on the algorithm, the behaviour changes. So, this is
one of the most important things that we have to care when we design an algorithm for some
given problem.

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There are different notations to measure it and the most important one is Big O notation which
gives you the worst case time complexity.

Complexity of certain well known algorithms:

(a) Linear Search : O(n)
(b) Binary Search : O(log n)
(c) Bubble Sort : O(n2)

5.2.2 Wall Clock Time :

The wall-clock time is not the number of seconds that the process has spent on the CPU; it is
the elapsed time, including time spent waiting for its turn on the CPU (while other processes
get to run).
Performance of algorithm is inversely proportional to the wall clock time it records for a given
input size.

Normal Program (Without Recursion) Recursive Program

import time import time

start=time.time( ) def factorial(n):

num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) if n == 1:

factorial = 1 return n
if num < 0: else:

print("factorial does not exist for negative numbers") return n*factorial(n-1)

elif num == 0: start=time.time()

print("The factorial of 0 is 1") num=int(input("enter the number: "))

else: if num < 0:

for i in range(1, num + 1): print("factorial does not exist for negative numbers")
factorial = factorial*i elif num==0:

print("The factorial of",num,"is",factorial) print("The factorial of 0 is 1")

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 else:
end=time.time() print("The factorial of ",num," is ", factorial(num))

t=end-start end=time.time( )

print("Total time taken: ", t) t=end-start

print("Total time taken :", t)

OUTPUT: OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 5 enter the number: 5

The factorial of 5 is 120 The factorial of 5 is 120

Total time taken: 1.0168840885162354 Total time taken : 0.9867522716522217

Recursive program is taking less time than without recursion program. So, Program with
recursion is efficient. Therefore, we can conclude that Performance of algorithm is inversely
proportional to the wall clock time.

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 CHAPTER-6
DATA VISUALIZATION USING PYPLOT
6.1 NTRODUCTION:
Data visualization basically refers to the graphical or visual representation of information and
data using charts, graphs, maps etc.
 pyplot is an interface, which exists in matplotlib library.
 To draw the lines, charts etc. first of all we have to install matplotlib library in our
computer and import it in the python program.
 matplotlib is a package which is used to draw 2-D graphics.

6.1.1 Installing the matplotlib :

Step-1: Download the wheel package of matplotlib. To download go to the following url:
https://pypi.org/project/matplotlib/#files
Step-2: Now install it using following commands on command prompt:
python –m pip install –U pip
python –m pip install –U matplotlib

6.2 COMMONLY USED CHART TYPES:

1. Line Chart
2. Bar Chart
3. Pie Chart

6.2.1 Line Chart:

 A line chart displays information as a series of data points called “markers”.
 import the matplotlib library and pyplot interface.
 pyplot interface has plot( ) function to draw a line.
 To set the lables for x-axis and y-axis, xlabel( ) and ylabel( ) functions are used.
 Use show( ) function to display the line.

Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl #pl is alias for matplot.pyplot
x=[2, 8] # values of x1 and x2
y=[5, 10] #values of y1 and y2
pl.plot(x,y) # to create a line
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 pl.xlabel("Time") #label name for x-axis
pl.ylabel("Distance") #label name for y-axis
pl.show() #to show the line

Output:

Formatting the line chart:

a. Line : Change the line color, width and style
b. Marker : Change the marker Type, size and color

a. Change the line color, width and style:

Line color:
Syntax:
matplotlib.pyplot.plot(data1, data2, color-code)
Example:
matplotlib.pyplot.plot(x, y, ‘r’) #’r’ is color code for red colour

Different color code:

color code

Red ‘r’

Green ‘g’

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 Blue ‘b’

Yellow ‘y’

Magenta ‘m’

Black ‘k’

Cyan ‘c’

White ‘w’

Line width:
Syntax:
matplotlib.pyplot.plot(data1, data2, linewidth=value)
Example:
matplotlib.pyplot.plot(x, y, ‘c’, linewidth=6)

Line style:
Syntax:
matplotlib.pyplot.plot(data1, data2, linestyle = value)
Example:
matplotlib.pyplot.plot(x, y, ‘:’)

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Different types of line styles:

Line Style Style Name Lines

- Solid line (default) _______________

-- Dashed line -----------------------

: Dotted line ……………………

-. Dash-dot line

b. Change the marker type, size and color:

To change marker type, its size and color, you can give following additional optional
arguments in plot( ) function.

marker=marker-type, markersize=value, markeredgecolor=color

Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
x = [2, 8]
y = [5, 10]
pl.plot(x, y, 'b', marker='o', markersize=6, markeredgecolor='red')
pl.xlabel("Time")
pl.ylabel("Distance")
pl.show( )

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Some marker types for plotting:

marker description marker description

‘o’ circle marker ‘s’ square marker

‘x’ cross marker ‘*’ star marker

‘D’ diamond marker ‘p’ pentagon marker

The markersize is to be specified in points and markeredgecolor must be a valid color.

Note: color of the line and marker type can be written combined e.g. ‘ro’ means red color of
the line with circle marker. If you don’t specify the linestyle separately along with linecolor
and marker type combination. Example:

with combination of line color and marker type with combination of line color, marker type along
with linestyle

import matplotlib.pyplot as pl import matplotlib.pyplot as pl

x=[2,6,8] x=[2,6,8]
y=[5,7,10] y=[5,7,10]
pl.plot(x,y,'ro') pl.plot(x,y,'ro', linestyle='-')
pl.xlabel("Time") pl.xlabel("Time")
pl.ylabel("Distance") pl.ylabel("Distance")
pl.show( ) pl.show( )

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6.2.2 Bar Chart:
 A bar chart is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights.
 import the matplotlib library and pyplot interface.
 pyplot interface has bar( ) function to create a bar chart.
 To set the lables for x-axis and y-axis, xlabel( ) and ylabel( ) functions are used.
 Use show( ) function to display the bar chart.
There are two types of bar charts:
1. Single bar chart
2. Multiple bar chart

1. Single bar chart:

Program: To display the year-wise result of a school using bar chart.
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
year=['2015','2016','2017','2018'] # list of years
p=[98.50,70.25,55.20,90.5] #list of pass percentage
c=['b','g','r','m'] # color code of bar charts
pl.bar(year, p, width=0.2, color=c) # bar( ) function to create the bar chart
pl.xlabel("year") # label for x-axis
pl.ylabel("Pass%") # label for y-axis
pl.show( ) # function to display bar chart

OUTPUT:

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The bar( ) function has width argument to set the width of all bars. It has color argument also,
to change the color of bars.

Creating a horizontal bar chart:

For this we can use barh( ) function (bar horizontal). Swap the names of axis labels.
Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
year=['2015','2016','2017','2018']
p=[98.50,70.25,55.20,90.5]
c=['b','g','r','m']
pl.barh(year, p, color = c)
pl.xlabel("pass%")
pl.ylabel("year")
pl.show( )
OUTPUT:

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2. Multiple Bar Charts:
Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
import numpy as np # importing numeric python for arange( )
boy=[28,45,10,30]
girl=[14,20,36,50]
X=np.arange(4) # creates a list of 4 values [0,1,2,3]
pl.bar(X, boy, width=0.2, color='r', label="boys")
pl.bar(X+0.2, girl, width=0.2,color='b',label="girls")
pl.legend(loc="upper left") # color or mark linked to specific data range plotted at location
pl.title("Admissions per week") # title of the chart
pl.xlabel("week")
pl.ylabel("admissions")
pl.show( )

OUTPUT:

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Syntax for legend( ):
matplotlib.pyplot.legend(loc= ‘postion-number or string’)
Example:
matplotlib.pyplot.legend(loc= ‘upper left’)
OR
matplotlib.pyplot.legend(loc= 2)

Values for loc argument in legend( ):

location string location code

upper right 1

upper left 2

lower left 3

lower right 4

center 10

6.2.3 Pie Chart:

 A pie chart is a circular representation of data in the form of sectors.
 import the matplotlib library and pyplot interface.
 pyplot interface has pie( ) function to create a pie chart.
 Use show( ) function to display the bar chart.

Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
part=[12,9,69,10]
pl.pie(part)
pl.show( )

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Add Labels to slices of pie chart:
To display labels of pie chart, pie( ) function has labels argument.
Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
part=[12,9,69,10]
pl.pie(part, labels=['abc','pqr','xyz','def'])
pl.show( )

Add the percentage value to pie chart:

To view percentage of share in a pie chart, you need to add autopct argument in pie( )
function.
Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
part=[12,9,69,10]
pl.pie(part, labels=['abc','pqr','xyz','def'], autopct= ' %1.1f%% ' )
pl.show( )

OUTPUT:

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  autopct argument calculates automatic percentage for each share.
 autopct argument has a formatted string as a value. Example : %1.1f%%
 Syntax for formatted string is:
%<flag><width> . <precision><type>% %

o % symbol: In the starting and ending, the % symbol specifies that it is a special
formatted string. One more % after the type is to print a percentage sign after
value.
o flag: if digits of value are less than width, then flag is preceded to value.
o width: Total number of digits to be displayed (including the digits after decimal
point). If the value has more digits than the width specifies, then the full value is
displayed.
o precision: Number of digits to be displayed after decimal point.
o type: Specifies the type of value. f or F means float type value, d or i means
integer type value.

Example:
%07.2f%%
Where
% = starting and ending % specifies that it is a special formatted string
0= flag
7=width
2= digits after decimal point
f=float type
%= percentage sign to be displayed after value

Calculation of percentage for each share:

= (value * 100)/sum of all values
Example:
if a list being plotted contains values as: [12,25,10,32]

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then percentage of first share:
= (12*100)/(12+25+10+32)
= 1200/79
=15.19

Change the color of slices:

Add colors argument to pie( ) function.
Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
part=[12,9,69,10]
clr=['g','m','y','c'] # list of colors
pl.pie(part, colors=clr, labels=['abc','pqr','xyz','def'], autopct='%1.1f%%') # adding colors
pl.show( )

OUTPUT:

Exploding a slice:
Add explode argument to pie( ) function.
Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
part=[12,9,69,10]
clr=['g','m','y','c']
ex=[0, 0.2, 0, 0] # exploding 2nd slice with the distance 0.2 units

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pl.pie(part, colors=clr, labels=['abc','pqr','xyz','def'], autopct='%1.1f%%', explode=ex)
pl.show( )

OUTPUT:

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 CHAPTER-7
DATA STRUCTURE-I (LINEAR LIST)
7.1 INTRODUCTION:
Definition: The logical or mathematical model of a particular organization of data is called
data structure. It is a way of storing, accessing, manipulating data.

7.2 TYPES OF DATA STRUCTURE:

There are two types of data structure:
1. Linear data structure
2. Non-Linear data structure

DATA STRUCTURE

LINEAR DATA NON-LINEAR

STRUCTURE DATA STRUCTURE

LINKED
ARRAY STACK QUEUE TREE GRAPH
LIST

Fig: Types of data structure

1. Linear data structure: It is simple data structure. The elements in this data structure creates
a sequence. Example: Array, linked list, stack, queue.
2. Non-Linear data structure: The data is not in sequential form. These are multilevel data
structures. Example: Tree, graph.

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7.3 OPERATION ON DATA STRUCTURE:
There are various types of operations can be performed with data structure:
1. Traversing: Accessing each record exactly once.
2. Insertion: Adding a new element to the structure.
3. Deletion: Removing element from the structure.
4. Searching: Search the element in a structure.
5. Sorting: Arrange the elements in ascending and descending order.
6. Merging: Joining two data structures of same type. (not covered in syllabus)

7.4 ARRAY (LISTS) IN DATA STRUCTURE:

An array or list is the collection of elements in ordered way. There are two types of arrays:
1. One dimensional array (1-D Lists)
2. Multi-dimensional array (Nested Lists)

7.4.1. One Dimensional array: It is the collection of homogeneous elements in an order.

a. Traversing 1-D array (List):
L=[10,20,30,40,50]
n=len(L)
for i in range(n):
print(L[i])

Output:
10
20
30
40
50
b. Inserting Element in a list: There are two ways to insert an element in a list:
(i) If the array is not sorted
(ii) If the array is sorted

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(i) If the array is not sorted: In this case, enter the element at any position using insert( )
function or add the element in the last of the array using append( ) function.
Example:
L=[15,8,25,45,13,19]
L.insert(3, 88) # insert element at the index 3
print(L)
Output:
[15, 8, 25, 88, 45, 13, 19]

(ii) If the array is sorted: In this case, import bisect module and use the functions bisect( ) and
insort( ).
bisect( ) : identifies the correct index for the element and returns the index.
insort( ): Inserts the element in the list in its correct order.
Example:
import bisect
L=[10,20,30,40,50]
print("Array before insertion the element:", L)
item=int(input("Enter the element to insert in array: "))
pos=bisect.bisect(L,item) #will return the correct index for item
bisect.insort(L,item) #will insert the element
print("Element inserted at index: ", pos)
print("Array after insertion the element : ", L)

OUTPUT:
Array before insertion the value: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
Enter the element to insert in array: 35
Element inserted at index : 3
Array after insertion the element : [10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 50]
Note: bisect( ) works only with that lists which are arranged in ascending order.

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c. Deletion of an element from a List: To delete an element from a list we can use remove( )
or pop( ) method.
Example:
L=[10,15,35,12,38,74,12]
print("List Before deletion of element: ", L)
val=int(input("Enter the element that you want to delete: "))
L.remove(val)
print("After deletion the element", val,"the list is: ", L)

OUTPUT:
List Before deletion of element: [10, 15, 35, 12, 38, 74, 12]
Enter the element that you want to delete: 12
After deletion the element 12 the list is: [10, 15, 35, 38, 74, 12]

d. Searching in a List:
There are two types of searching techniques we can use to search an element in a list. These
are:
(i) Linear Search
(ii) Binary Search

(i) Linear Search: It is a simple searching technique.

Program:
L=eval(input("Enter the elements: "))
n=len(L)
item=eval(input("Enter the element that you want to search : "))
for i in range(n):
if L[i]==item:
print("Element found at the position :", i+1)

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 break
else:
print("Element not Found")

Output:
Enter the elements: 56,78,98,23,11,77,44,23,65
Enter the element that you want to search : 23
Element found at the position : 4

(ii) Binary Search: (Theory already discussed in the chapter recursion).

Program:
def BinarySearch(LIST,n,item):
LB=0
UB=n-1
while LB<=UB:
mid=int((LB+UB)/2)
if item<LIST[mid]:
UB=mid-1
elif item>LIST[mid]:
LB=mid+1
else:
return mid
else:
return -1
L=eval(input("Enter the elements in sorted order: "))
size=len(L)
element=int(input("Enter the element that you want to search :"))
found=BinarySearch(L,size,element)

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 if found>=0:
print(element, "Found at the position : ",found+1)
else:
print("Element not present in the list")

OUTPUT:
Enter the elements in sorted order: [12,23,31,48,51,61,74,85]
Enter the element that you want to search : 61
61 Found at the position : 6

Linear Search Vs Binary Search:

Linear Search Binary Search
Access of elements sequentially. Access of elements randomly.
Elements must be in sorted order i.e. ascending
Elements may or may not be in sorted order.
or descending order
Takes more time to search an element. Takes less time to search an element.
easy tricky
Efficient for small array. Efficient for larger array

e. Sorting: To arrange the elements in ascending or descending order. There are many sorting
techniques. Here we shall discuss two sorting techniques:
(i) Bubble sort
(ii) Insertion sort

(i) BUBBLE SORT: Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm. It is based on comparisons, in
which each element is compared to its adjacent element and the elements are swapped if they
are not in proper order.

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PROGRAM:

L=eval(input("Enter the elements:"))

n=len(L)

for p in range(0,n-1):

for i in range(0,n-1):

if L[i]>L[i+1]:

L[i], L[i+1] = L[i+1],L[i]

print("The sorted list is : ", L)

OUTPUT:

Enter the elements:[60, 24, 8, 90, 45, 87, 12, 77]

The sorted list is : [8, 12, 24, 45, 60, 77, 87, 90]
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(ii) INSERTION SORT: Sorts the elements by shifting them one by one and inserting the
element at right position.

PROGRAM:

L=eval(input("Enter the elements: "))

n=len(L)

for j in range(1,n):

temp=L[j]

prev=j-1

while prev>=0 and L[prev]>temp: # comparison the elements

L[prev+1]=L[prev] # shift the element forward

prev=prev-1

L[prev+1]=temp #inserting the element at proper position

print("The sorted list is :",L)

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 OUTPUT:

Enter the elements: [45, 11, 78, 2, 56, 34, 90, 19]

The sorted list is : [2, 11, 19, 34, 45, 56, 78, 90]

7.4.2. Multi-Dimensional array (Nested Lists): A list can also hold another list as its element.
It is known as multi-dimensional or nested list.
A list in another list considered as an element.
Example:
>>>NL=[10, 20, [30,40], [50,60,70], 80]
>>> len(NL)
5
>>>secondlist=[1,2,3,[4,5,[6,7,8],9],10,11]
>>> len(secondlist)
6

Accessing the elements from nested list:

Example-1:
>>> L=[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, [ 6, 7, 8 ], 9 ] ,10, 11]
>>> L[1]
2
>>> L[3]
[4, 5, [6, 7, 8], 9]
>>> L[3][1]
5
>>> L[3][2][0]
6
>>> L[3][2]
[6, 7, 8]
>>> L[3][2][1]
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 7
>>> L[3][3]
9

Example-2:
>>> L=["Python", "is", "a", ["modern", "programming"], "language", "that", "we", "use"]
>>> L[0][0]
'P'
>>> L[3][0][2]
'd'
>>> L[3:4][0]
['modern', 'programming']
>>> L[3:4][0][1]
'programming'
>>> L[3:4][0][1][3]
'g'
>>> L[0:9][0]
'Python'
>>> L[0:9][0][3]
'h'
>>> L[3:4][1]
IndexError: list index out of range

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 CHAPTER-8
DATA STRUCTURE-II (STACK AND QUEUE)
8.1 STACK IN PYTHON:
8.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
 Stack is a linear data structure.
 Stack is a list of elements in which an element may be inserted or deleted only at one
end, called the TOP of the stack.
 It follows the principle Last In First Out (LIFO).
 There are two basic operations associated with stack:
o Push : Insert the element in stack
o Pop : Delete the element from stack

Example: Stack Push and Pop operations

8.1.2 MENU BASED PROGRAMME FOR STACK:

class Stack:
def __init__(self):
self.items = [ ]

def isEmpty(self): # Checks whether the stack is empty or not

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 return self.items == [ ]

def push(self, item): #Insert an element

self.items.append(item)

def pop(self): # Delete an element

return self.items.pop( )

def peek(self): #Check the value of top

return self.items[len(self.items)-1]

def size(self): # Size of the stack i.e. total no. of elements in stack
return len(self.items)

s = Stack( )
print("MENU BASED STACK")
cd=True
while cd:
print(" 1. Push ")
print(" 2. Pop ")
print(" 3. Display ")
print(" 4. Size of Stack ")
print(" 5. Value at Top ")

choice=int(input("Enter your choice (1-5) : "))

if choice==1:
val=input("Enter the element: ")
s.push(val)
elif choice==2:
if s.items==[ ]:
print("Stack is empty")
else:
print("Deleted element is :", s.pop( ))
elif choice==3:
print(s.items)
elif choice==4:
print("Size of the stack is :", s.size( ))
elif choice==5:
print("Value of top element is :", s.peek( ))
else:
print("You enetered wrong choice ")

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 print("Do you want to continue? Y/N")
option=input( )
if option=='y' or option=='Y':
var=True
else:
var=False

8.1.3 STACK POLISH NOTATION:

To evaluate an expression, we use three types of polish notations:
1. Prefix notation : +AB
2. Infix notation : A+B
3. Postfix notation : AB+
The evaluation of expression depends upon order of the element and precedence of
an operator.

Precedence of Basic Arithmetic operators:

Precedence
Name of operator Symbol (Highest to
Lowest)

Exponentiation ↑ 1

Multiplication, division, division

floor and modulus
*, /, //, % 2

Addition and Subtraction +, - 3

8.1.4 Evaluation of an expression written in postfix notation:

Example-1: Evaluate the following expression:
P: 5 , 6, 2, +, *, 12, 4, /, -
Solution:

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 Element Operation Stack Result
5 Push 5
6 Push 5, 6
2 Push 5, 6, 2
+ Pop 5, 8 6+2=8
* Pop 40 5*8=40
12 Push 40, 12
4 Push 40, 12, 4
/ Pop 40, 3 12/4=3
- Pop 37 40-3=37

Example-2: Evaluate the following expression:

P: 4 , 5, +, 6, 11, -, *,15, /
Solution:
Element Operation Stack Result
4 Push 4
5 Push 4, 5
+ Pop 9 4+5=9
6 Push 9, 6
11 Push 9, 6, 11
- Pop 9, -5 6-11= -5
* Pop -45 9* -5 = -45
15 Push -45, 15
/ Pop -45/15 -45/15 = -3

Example-3: Evaluate the following expression:

P: True, False, True, OR, False, AND, NOT, OR
Solution:
Element Operation Stack Result
True Push True
False Push True, False
True Push True, False, True
OR Pop True, True False OR True= True
False Push True, True, False
AND Pop True, False True AND False= False
NOT True, True NOT False = True
OR Pop True True OR True = True

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 8.1.5 Infix to Postfix Conversion:
Example-1 : Convert the following infix expression into its equivalent postfix expression.
Y= ( A + B * ( C-D ) / E )
Symbol Stack Expression Description
( ( Push the symbol in stack
A ( A Move the element in expression
+ (+ A Operator, so push into stack
B (+ AB Move the element in expression
* (+* AB Operator, push into stack, * has higher precedence than
+, so can come after +
( (+*( AB Push the open parentheses symbol into stack
C (+*( ABC Move the element in expression
- (+*(- ABC Operator, push into stack
D (+*(- ABCD Move the element in expression
) (+* ABCD - Closing parentheses, so pop the elements of the stack up
to opening parentheses
/ (+/ ABCD - * Operator, / and * operators have the same precedence,
so associativity from left to write will take place and *
will pop from stack and / will push into stack
E (+/ ABCD - *E Move the element in expression
) ABCD - * E / + Closing parentheses, so pop the elements of the stack up
to opening parentheses

Example-2 : Convert the following infix expression into its equivalent postfix expression.
Y= ( A / B - ( C*D ↑ E ) + F )
Symbol Stack Expression Description
( ( Push the symbol in stack
A ( A Move the element into expression
/ (/ A Operator, so push into stack
B (/ AB Move the element into expression
- (- AB/ Operator, - has lower precedence than /. so, / will pop
from stack and – will push into stack.
( (-( AB/ Push the symbol into stack
C (-( AB/C Move the element into expression
* (-(* AB/C Operator, push into stack
D (-(* AB/CD Move the element into expression
↑ ( - ( *↑ AB/CD Operator, ↑ has higher precedence than *, so can come
after *.
E ( - ( *↑ AB/CDE Move the element into expression

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 ) (- AB/CDE↑ * Closing parentheses, so pop the elements of the stack up
to opening parentheses
+ (+ AB/CDE↑ * - Operator, - and + both have same precedence, to
associativity from left to right take place. – will pop
from stack then + will push into stack.
F (+ AB/CDE↑ * - F Move the element into expression

) AB/CDE↑ * - F + Closing parentheses, so pop the elements of the stack up

to opening parentheses

8.2 QUEUE IN PYTHON:

8.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
 Queue is a linear data structure.
 Queue is a list of elements in which insertion takes place at one end, called the REAR
and deletion takes place only at the other end, called the FRONT.
 It follows the principle First In First Out (FIFO).
 There are two basic operations associated with stack:
o Enqueue : Insert the element in queue
o Dequeue : Delete the element from queue

Remove Insert
10 20 30 40 50 60

front rear
8.2.2 MENU BASED PROGRAMME FOR QUEUE:

class Queue:
def __init__(Q):
Q.items = [ ]

def isEmpty(Q): # Checks whether the queue is empty or not

return Q.items == [ ]

def Enqueue(Q, item): #Insert an element

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 Q.items.append(item)
if len(Q.items)==1:
front=rear=0
else:
rear=len(Q.items)

def Dequeue(Q): # Delete an element

return Q.items.pop(0)

def peek(Q): #Check the value of rear

return Q.items[len(Q.items)-1]

def size(Q): # Size of the queue i.e. total no. of elements in queue
return len(Q.items)

q = Queue( )
print("MENU BASED QUEUE")
cd=True
while cd:
print(" 1. ENQUEUE ")
print(" 2. DEQUEUE ")
print(" 3. Display ")
print(" 4. Size of Queue ")
print(" 5. Value at rear ")

choice=int(input("Enter your choice (1-5) : "))

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 if choice==1:
val=input("Enter the element: ")
q.Enqueue(val)
elif choice==2:
if q.items==[ ]:
print("Queue is empty")
else:
print("Deleted element is :", q.Dequeue( ))
elif choice==3:
print(q.items)
elif choice==4:
print("Size of the queue is :", q.size( ))
elif choice==5:
print("Value of rear element is :", q.peek( ))
else:
print("You entered wrong choice ")

print("Do you want to continue? Y/N")

option=input( )
if option=='y' or option=='Y':
cd=True
else:
cd=False

8.3 CIRCULAR QUEUE:

A Circular Queue is a queue but circular in shape, therefore after the last position, the next
place in the queue is the first position.

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A Circular Queue can be seen as an improvement over the Linear Queue because:

1. There is no need to reset front and rear, since they reset themselves. This means that
once the front or rear reaches the end of the Queue, it resets itself to 0.
2. The rear and front can point to the same location - this means the Queue is empty.

Applications of Circular Queue:

 Job Scheduling
 Traffic Signals

7.3.1 MENU BASED PROGRAM FOR CIRCULAR QUEUE:

class CircularQueue:
def __init__(CQ): #Constructor
CQ.queue = [None]*7 # Create a list with None values with the size 7
CQ.front = 0
CQ.rear = 0
CQ.maxSize = 7
def C_enqueue(CQ, data): #Adding elements to the queue
CQ.queue[CQ.rear]=data

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 CQ.rear = (CQ.rear + 1) % CQ.maxSize

def C_dequeue(CQ): #Removing elements from the queue

CQ.queue.pop(CQ.front)
CQ.front = (CQ.front + 1) % CQ.maxSize

q = CircularQueue()
print("MENU BASED CIRCULAR QUEUE")
cd=True
while cd:
print("1. ENQUEUE")
print("2. DEQUEUE")
print("3. DISPLAY ")
print("4. Front Position ")
print("5. Rear Position ")
choice=int(input("Enter your choice (1-5) : "))

if choice==1:
val=input("Enter the element: ")
q.C_enqueue(val)
elif choice==2:
q.C_dequeue()
elif choice==3:
print(q.queue)
elif choice==4:
print("Front element position :", q.front)
elif choice==5:
print("Rear element position : ", q.rear)

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 else:
print("You entered invalid choice: ")

print("Do you want to continue? Y/N")

option=input( )
if option=='y' or option=='Y':
cd=True
else:
cd=False

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