Kebutuhan Energi Dan Protein
Kebutuhan Energi Dan Protein
Kebutuhan Energi Dan Protein
Ledin, I.
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Summary
Different systems for calculating energy and protein requirements for goats and sheep are compared and
discussed. It is suggested that the Langston University system or the recommendations of Mandal et al.
(2004) should be used for goats and the recommendations of Paul et al (2003) for growing sheep. For
pregnant and lactating sheep in the tropics there are no recent recommendations, which is why
recommendations for temperate regions must be used.
Introduction
Several different methods have been used to estimate the nutrient requirements of livestock.
Well known methods are respiration calorimetry, which requires metabolism cages with
possibilities to measure gas flow, and comparative slaughter of animals at different weights and
ages. Both these methods have disadvantages e.g. high costs of equipment and labour and
unnatural conditions for the animals in the calorimetry method and that some assumptions must
be made e.g. constant rate of energy retention between slaughtering occasions for the slaughter
method (Luo et al., 2004)
Another common method is to use body weight gain (BWG) as a measure of retention
and to relate BWG to energy or protein intake using regression equations. Factors disturbing
these relations are e.g gut fill and variations in the composition of the gain. The advantage is
that the data can be recorded in normal production situations (Luo et al., 2004). The degree of
explanation of the regression line, the coefficient of variation, reliability and application of the
requirements obtained in such an analysis, will depend on the number of experiments that are
providing data as the base for the calculations, and whether factors as breed, production type or
age can be considered.
In the following some classical systems for requirements of goats and sheep will be
compared with other and some more recent calculations and systems.
Energy requirements
Since respiration calorimetry is a costly and labour demanding method the number of
experiments using this method is limited. As a result the systems based on respiration
calorimetry are constructed based on a few studies only. According to Luo et al. (2004), the
values in NRC (1981) for maintenance were obtained as a mean from 10 different publications
dating from 1950-1980 and the requirements for growth was based on only three experiments
published in 1967 to 1979. Similarly AFRC (1998) used 17 different publications from 1960 to
1990 to estimate requirement for maintenance. Since the results of the experiments may vary
with genotype and age of the goats the coefficients of variance for the values derived are high.
The newest system for nutrient requirements for goats has been constructed by Luo et al.
(2004) at Langston University in the US. This is a system using regressions to predict the
requirements. The databases for different production stages and types of animal are based on a
varying number of experiments. E.g. the database for growing animals and lactating animals is
based on 70 and 44 publications, respectively. This system is built as a database where by
giving certain information to the system you can use different calculators and get the
requirements for goats in all production stages. The system recognises 3 genotypes; meat, milk
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and indigenous goats, which is also an improvement compared to earlier systems. The
background data, calculations, estimations and references list can be found in Nsahlai et al.
(2004) and Luo et al. (2004).
In Table 1 the energy recommendations from NRC (1981), Devendra and McLeroy
(1982), Nsahlai et al. (2004), Luo et al. (2004) and and a new estimation from Mandal et al.
(2004) for Indian goat breeds are compared for some animals at different weights and at
different stages of production. This new estimation of Mandal et al. (2004) is also a system
based on regressions, including 25 experiments with 93 different dietary treatments. The
requirements for growing goats, presenting different growth rates at different BW, is given in
more detail in Table 2 (Mandal et al., 2004).
The recommendations of NRC are in general higher than for the other systems, which
are both for goats in tropical areas or indigenous goats, while NRC is for goats in temperate
areas. AFRC (1998) is not included in the comparison since the requirements in this system are
not given directly, but some assumptions concerning degree of concentration of the feed,
metabolisability etc. must be made to estimate the requirements. Also AFRC is considered to be
giving minimum levels, since it is based on calorimetry and is also meant for goats in temperate
conditions.
Protein requirements
The protein requirements for goats according to different systems are presented in Table 3. In
this case the recommendations according to NRC are not consistently higher. The requirements
for lactation and growth are higher in Nsahlai et al. (2004) and Luo et al. (2004), but
requirements for maintenance and pregnancy are lower than both NRC (1981) and Devendra
and McLeroy (1982). In the system of Mandal et al. (2004) the protein requirements for growth
are considerably higher than in the other systems.
Energy requirements
Compared to goats there are numerous systems for sheep, and since they have often been
elaborated at the same time or together with systems for cattle they are also very sophisticated
and based on a larger number of experiments. The estimates are given in different units, for
example net energy, metabolizable energy or digestible energy. In order to be able to compare
these systems it is necessary to make a number of assumptions concerning the feed and the diets,
and the reliability of these assumptions can be questioned. Also the recommendations are often
for sheep with higher body weights than tropical breeds in general.
The comparison for growing sheep has therefore been made with NRC (1985) and two
other systems; Kearl (1982), which has been commonly used in India for tropical sheep, and a
new estimation from Paul et al. (2003), also for Indian sheep. This new estimation for growing
sheep is based on regressions, including 19 experiments with 53 different dietary treatments.
Since NRC (1985) starts the tables at 10 kg BW and 200 g gain per day this is the level that has
been compared (Table 4).
In general the energy requirements according to Paul et al. (2003) are intermediate
between NRC (1985) and Kearl (1982), which are higher and lower, respectively. The
requirements for growing sheep, presenting different growth rates at different BW, is given in
more detail in Table 4 (Paul et al., 2003).
The energy requirements for mature, pregnant or lactating animals are given in Table 5,
comparing some international systems and the Swedish system (Spörndly, 1995). All three
systems are intended for sheep in temperate areas and to be able to compare some extrapolations
and estimations must be made. ARC (1980) is considered to be a minimum level.
Protein requirements
Protein requirements are still more difficult to compare. NRC (1985) gives the
recommendations in CP, the Swedish system in DCP and ARC in rumen degradable and
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undegradable protein. The Swedish recommendations for pregnancy and lactation are much
higher than for the other systems.
Discussion
How necessary is it to know exactly the nutrient requirements for small ruminants in the feeding
systems in the tropics? In view of the fact that the knowledge of the nutrient value, especially
the energy value, of the feeds, are only estimates for most tropical feeds, and that there is also a
lack of information on digestibility, degradability and metabolisability of protein in tropical
feeds, it is debateable whether a very high precision is necessary. In practical feeding the
roughages; foliages, straws, grasses etc., are often fed ad libitium to ensure a high feed intake.
And intake is a very important factor when using tropical feeds, maybe the most important
factor, when diets are formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of the animals.
The new system launched as a database by Langston University is well organized and
contains corrections for most of the different conditions that can be foreseen. It can be
considered to be a good approximation for goats in tropical regions and can be recommended
for lactating and pregnant animals until further improvements can be made. For growing
animals the Langston University system but also the estimation by Mandal et al. (2004) can be
recommended
For sheep the situation is different. There are many systems to choose between and e.g.
the system used in the tropical areas of Australia may be possible to use. The breeds are,
however, different and the level of production probably higher. The systems from temperate
countries are most often based on breeds with higher BW and growth rates, and are using
sophisticated calculations and factors and units that in most cases are not available for tropical
feeds.
The recommendations for Indian sheep breeds should be possible to use when the
growth performance of sheep breeds in SE Asia is studied and adjustments can be done when
more data is available. The recommendations for pregnant and lactating sheep from temperate
regions should only be used as a guide. These recommendations have to be tested in tropical
conditions.
References
ARC, 1980. The nutrient requirement of ruminant livestock. Technical review by and Agriculture
Research Council Working party. Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau, Farnham Royal, UK.
Devendra, C. and G.B. McLeroy., 1982. Goat and sheep production in the tropics. Intermediate Tropical
Agriculture Series. Longman, London, 271 pp.
Kearl, L.C., 1982. Nutrient requirements of ruminants in developing countries. International Feedstuffs
Institute, Utah Agriculture Experimental Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.
Luo, J., A.L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, I.V. Nsahlai, Z.B. Johnson, J.E. Moore, M.L. Galyean, F.N. Owens and
C.L. Ferrell., 2004. Prediction of metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of
preweaning, growing and mature goats. Small Rumin. Res. 53: 231-252.
Mandal, A.B., S.S. Paul, G.P. Mandal, A. Kannan and N.. Patak. 2004. Deriving nutrient requirements of
growing Indian goats under tropical conditions. Small Rum. Res. In press.
NRC, 1981. Nutrient requirement of goats. Angora, dairy and meat goats in temperate and tropical
countries. In: Nutrient requirements of domestic animals number 15. National Academy Press,
Washington DC, USA.
NRC, 1985. Nutrient requirements for sheep. 6th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington
DC, USA.
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Nsahlai, I.V., A.L. Goetsch, J. Luo, Z.B. Johnson, J.E. Moore, T. Sahlu, C.L. Ferrell, M.L. Galyean and
F.N. Owens., 2004. Metabolizable energy requirements of lactating goats. Small Rumin. Res. 53: 253-
273.
Paul, S.S., A.B. Mandal, G.P. Mandal, A. Kannan and N.N. Pathak., 2003. Deriving nutrient requirements
of growing Indian sheep under tropical conditions usin performance and intake data emanated from
feeding trials conducted in different research institutes. Small Rumin. Res. 50: 97-107.
Spörndly, R. 1995. Feeding tables for ruminants (In Swedish). Rapport 235, 97 pp
Sutton, J.D., 1998. The nutrition of goats. Report AFCR Technical Committee on responses to nutrients
10: 118 pp
Table 2. Daily nutrient requirement of growing male sheep (after Paul et al., 2003) and goats (after
Mandal et al., 2004) under tropical conditions
Sheep Goats