Bandwidth enhancement patch antenna

1. 1. A Presentation on Bandwidth Improvement and miniaturization of Microstrip Antennas 1

2. 2. References 2 Miniaturization  Improving bandwidth  General characteristics  Basic
principles of operation  Feeding methods  Overview of microstrip antennas Outline
3. 3. Reducing surface waves and lateral radiation 3 Miniaturization  Improving bandwidth 
Circular patch  Circular polarization  Input Impedance  Radiation pattern  CAD Formulas 
General characteristics  Basic principles of operation  Feeding methods  Overview of microstrip
antennas Outline
4. 4. One of the most useful antennas at microwave frequencies (fOverview of Microstrip Antennas
Also called “patch antennas” > The patch may be in a variety of shapes, but rectangular and circular
are the most common. 4 Microstrip line feed Coax feed It usually consists of a metal “patch” on top
of a grounded dielectric substrate. 1 GHz).
5. 5. Overview of Microstrip Antennas 5 Common Shapes Rectangular Square Circular Elliptical
Annular ring Triangular
6. 6. Became popular starting in the 1970s. 6 Overview of Microstrip Antennas History Invented by
Bob Munson in 1972 (but earlier work by Dechamps goes back to1953). 
7. 7. Patterns are somewhat hemispherical, with a moderate directivity (about 6-8 dB is typical). 7
Overview of Microstrip Antennas Easy to use in an array or incorporate with other microstrip circuit
elements.  Easy to feed (coaxial cable, microstrip line, etc.).  Easy to fabricate (use etching and
photolithography).  Low profile (can even be “conformal,” i.e. flexible to conform to a surface).
Advantages of Microstrip Antennas
8. 8. Cannot handle extremely large amounts of power (dielectric breakdown). * Conductor and
dielectric losses become more severe for thinner substrates. ** Surface-wave losses become more
severe for thicker substrates (unless air or foam is used). 8 Overview of Microstrip Antennas Only
used at microwave frequencies and above (the substrate becomes too large at lower frequencies). 
Efficiency may be lower than with other antennas. Efficiency is limited by conductor and dielectric
losses*, and by surface-wave loss**.  Low bandwidth (but can be improved by a variety of
techniques). Bandwidths of a few percent are typical. Bandwidth is roughly proportional to the
substrate thickness and inversely proportional to the substrate permittivity. Disadvantages of
Microstrip Antennas
9. 9. GPS antennas 9 Applications include: Overview of Microstrip Antennas Cell phone antennas 
Microwave communications  Satellite communications Applications
10. 10. 8 corporate-fed / series-fed array2 array 2-D 8X8 corporate-fed array 4 Overview of Microstrip
Antennas 10 Arrays Linear array (1-D corporate feed) 2
11. 11. Wraparound Array (conformal) 11 Overview of Microstrip Antennas The substrate is so thin that
it can be bent to “conform” to the surface.
12. 12. x y h L W Note: L is the resonant dimension. The width W is usually chosen to be larger than L
(to get higher bandwidth). However, usually W < r 12 Overview of Microstrip Antennas Rectangular
patch W = 1.5L is typical.2L (to avoid problems with the (0,2) mode).
13. 13. r 13 Overview of Microstrip Antennas The location of the feed determines the direction of current
flow and hence the polarization of the radiated field.Circular Patch x y h a
14. 14. Feeding Methods Some of the more common methods for feeding microstrip antennas are shown.
14 The feeding methods are illustrated for a rectangular patch, but the principles apply for circular and
other shapes as well.
15. 15. h z Feeding MethodsCoaxial Feed A feed along the centerline is the most common (minimizes
higher-order modes and cross-pol). x y L W Feed at (x0, y0) Surface current 15 x r
16. 16. 0 0,x y (The resistance varies as the square of the modal field shape.)  h z Feeding Methods x y L
W  x r       Not easily compatible with arrays Coaxial Feed 2 0 cosedge x R R L 
Significant probe inductance for thicker substrates  Significant probe (feed) radiation for thicker
 substrates  Easy to obtain input match by adjusting feed position Disadvantages:  Directly
compatible with coaxial cables  Simple 16 Advantages:
17. 17. For deep notches, patch current and radiation pattern may show distortion 17 Inset Feed
Microstrip line Feeding Methods Significant line radiation for thicker substrates  Easy to obtain
input match Disadvantages:  Easy to use with arrays  Allows for planar feeding  Simple
Advantages:
18. 18. The coefficients A and B depend on the notch width S but (to a good approximation) not on the
line width Wf . Y. Hu, D. R. Jackson, J. T. Williams, and S. A. Long, “Characterization of the Input
Impedance of the Inset-Fed Rectangular Microstrip Antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation,
Vol. 56, No. 10, pp. 3314-3318, Oct. 2008. 18 L W Wf S x0 Feeding Methods Inset Feed     
   Recent work has shown that the resonant input resistance varies as 2 02 cos 2 in x R A B L
19. 19. Alignment is important for input match Patch Microstrip line 19 Feeding Methods Proximity-
coupled Feed (Electromagnetically-coupled Feed) Requires multilayer fabrication  Less line
radiation compared to microstrip feed Disadvantages:  Allows for planar feeding Advantages:
20. 20. Requires full-wave design Patch Microstrip li Requires accurate gap fabrication  Can allow for
a match even with high edge impedances, where a notch might be too large (e.g., when using high
permittivity) Disadvantages:  Allows for planar feeding Advantages: ne Gap 20 Feeding Methods
Gap-coupled Feed
21. 21. Alignment is important for input match Patch Microstrip line Slot 21 Feeding Methods Aperture-
coupled Patch (ACP) Requires multilayer fabrication  Allows for use of different substrates to
optimize antenna and feed-circuit performance Disadvantages:  Higher bandwidth is possible since
probe inductance is eliminated (allowing for a thick substrate), and also a double-resonance can be
created  Feed-line radiation is isolated from patch radiation  Allows for planar feeding
Advantages:
22. 22. We use the cavity model to explain the operation of the patch antenna. 22 Y. T. Lo, D. Solomon,
and W. F. Richards, “Theory and Experiment on Microstrip Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat., vol. AP-27, no. 3 (March 1979): 137–145. ˆnh PMC z The basic principles are illustrated
here for a rectangular patch, but the principles apply similarly for other patch shapes. Basic
Principles of Operation
23. 23. If the antenna is excited at a resonance frequency, a strong field is set up inside the cavity, and a
strong current on the (bottom) surface of the patch. This produces significant radiation (a good
antenna). Note: As the substrate thickness gets smaller the patch current radiates less, due to image
cancellation. However, the Q of the resonant mode also increases, making the patch currents stronger
at resonance. These two effects cancel, allowing the patch to radiate well even for small substrate
thicknesses. 23 Main Ideas: In a cavity, only certain modes are allowed to exist, at different
resonance frequencies.  The patch acts approximately as a resonant cavity (with short-circuit (PEC)
walls on top and bottom, open-circuit (PMC) walls on the edges). Basic Principles of Operation
24. 24.  hsJ z 1 sJ h  These two effects cancel, allowing the patch to radiate well even for thin
substrates. 24 A microstrip antenna can radiate well, even with a thin substrate. x r However, the Q
of the resonant cavity mode also increases, making the patch currents stronger at resonance.  As the
substrate gets thinner the patch current radiates less, due to image cancellation (current and image are
separated by 2h). Basic Principles of Operation
25. 25. The bandwidth of a rectangular patch is proportional to the patch width W (but we need to keep
Wr (a foam substrate gives a high bandwidth).  The bandwidth is inversely proportional to 0 , the
probe inductance (for a coaxial feed) becomes large enough so that matching is difficult.  However,
if h is greater than about 0.05  The bandwidth is directly proportional to substrate thickness h.
General Characteristics < 2L ; see the next slide). Bandwidth 25
26. 26. General Characteristics         W = 1.5 L is typical. 02 01 1 1 2r c f f W L       
Width Restriction for a Rectangular Patch fc f10f01 f02 01 1 2 r c f W 2W L        02 2 2 r c f
W        10 1 2 r c f L                26 2 2 2 mn r c m n f L W
27. 27. By using special feeding techniques (aperture coupling) and stacked patches, bandwidths of 100%
have been achieved. 27 General Characteristics By using a thick foam substrate, bandwidth of about
10% can be achieved. r = 2.2) the bandwidth is about 3%. 0 = 0.02), and a typical substrate
permittivity ( For a typical substrate thickness (h /Some Bandwidth Observations
28. 28. 2.2 General Characteristics  10.8rr = 2.2 or 10.8 Results: Bandwidth The discrete data points
are measured values. The solid curves are from a CAD formula (given later). 28 0/h r 2.2 = 10.8 W/
L = 1.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 BANDWIDTH(%) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 h
/
29. 29. 29 General Characteristics Radiation efficiency is the ratio of power radiated into space, to the
total input power. r r tot P e P  Surface-wave excitation  Dielectric loss  Conductor loss  The
radiation efficiency is less than 100% due to Radiation Efficiency
30. 30. Conductor loss is usually more important than dielectric loss for typical substrate thicknesses and
loss tangents. 30 Some observations: General Characteristics Radiation Efficiency (cont.) Conductor
loss increases with frequency (proportional to f 1/2) due to the skin effect. It can be very serious at
millimeter-wave frequencies.  Conductor and dielectric loss is more important for thinner substrates
(the Q of the cavity is higher, and thus more seriously affected by loss). 
31. 31. 0.02. General Characteristics Radiation Efficiency (cont.)0 r = 2.2, the radiation efficiency is
maximum for h /  For a typical substrate such as  For a foam substrate, a high radiation efficiency is
obtained by making the substrate thicker (increasing the bandwidth). There is no surface-wave power
to worry about.  Surface-wave power is more important for thicker substrates or for higher-substrate
permittivities. (The surface-wave power can be minimized by using a thin substrate or a foam
substrate.) 31 
32. 32. Note: For radiation patterns, it is usually more convenient to place the origin at the middle of the
patch (this keeps the formulas as simple as possible). x y L W E plane H plane Probe Js H-plane: co-
pol is E32 General Characteristics Radiation Pattern E-plane: co-pol is E
33. 33. varies as Js 33 x y L W E plane H plane Edge diffraction is the most serious in the E plane.
General Characteristics Radiation Patterns Space wave cosE
34. 34. -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 -40 -30 -30 -20 -20 -10 -10 E-plane pattern Red:
infinite substrate and ground plane Blue: 1 meter ground plane Note: The E-plane pattern “tucks in”
and tends to zero at the horizon due to the presence of the infinite substrate. 34 General Characteristics
Radiation Patterns
35. 35. The directivity is higher for lower permittivity, because the patch is larger. 35 General
CharacteristicsThe directivity is fairly insensitive to the substrate thickness. Directivity
36. 36. Improving Bandwidth Some of the techniques that have been successfully developed are
illustrated here. 36 The literature may be consulted for additional designs and variations.
37. 37. L-shaped probe: Capacitive “top hat” on probe: Top view 37 Improving Bandwidth Probe
Compensation As the substrate thickness increases the probe inductance limits the bandwidth – so we
compensate for it.
38. 38. Increased bandwidth is due to the thick foam substrate and also a dual-tuned resonance
(patch+slot). 38 Improving Bandwidth Note: There is no probe inductance to worry about here.
Bandwidths greater than 25% have been achieved. SSFIP: Strip Slot Foam Inverted Patch (a version
of the ACP). Microstrip substrate Patch Microstrip line Slot Foam Patch substrate
39. 39. Bandwidths of 100% have been achieved using an ACP feed. Microstrip substrate Driven patch
Microstrip line Slot Patch substrates Parasitic patch 39 Improving Bandwidth Stacked Patches
Bandwidths of 25% have been achieved using a probe feed.  Bandwidth increase is due to thick low-
permittivity antenna substrates and a dual or triple-tuned resonance. 
40. 40. Bandwidth (S11 = -10 dB) is about 100% Stacked patch with ACP feed 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency (GHz) -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 ReturnLoss(dB) Measured Computed 40 Improving
Bandwidth Stacked Patches
41. 41. Stacked patch with ACP feed 0 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 180170160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
50 40 30 20 100-10-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80-90-100-110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160-170 4 GHz 13
GHz Two extra loops are observed on the Smith chart. 41 Stacked Patches Improving Bandwidth
42. 42. Radiating Edges Gap Coupled Microstrip Antennas (REGCOMA). Non-Radiating Edges Gap
Coupled Microstrip Antennas (NEGCOMA) Four-Edges Gap Coupled Microstrip Antennas
(FEGCOMA) Bandwidth improvement factor: REGCOMA: 3.0, NEGCOMA: 3.0, FEGCOMA: 5.0?
42 Improving Bandwidth Parasitic Patches
43. 43. Radiating Edges Direct Coupled Microstrip Antennas (REDCOMA). Non-Radiating Edges Direct
Coupled Microstrip Antennas (NEDCOMA) Four-Edges Direct Coupled Microstrip Antennas
(FEDCOMA) Bandwidth improvement factor: REDCOMA: 5.0, NEDCOMA: 5.0, FEDCOMA: 7.0
43 Improving Bandwidth Direct-Coupled Patches
44. 44. The introduction of a U-shaped slot can give a significant bandwidth (10%-40%). (This is due to a
double resonance effect, with two different modes.) 44 Improving Bandwidth U-Shaped Slot
45. 45. A 44% bandwidth was achieved. 45 Improving Bandwidth Double U-Slot
46. 46. A modification of the U-slot patch. A bandwidth of 34% was achieved (40% using a capacitive
“washer” to compensate for the probe inductance). 46 Improving Bandwidth E Patch
47. 47. Multi-Band Antennas A multi-band antenna is sometimes more desirable than a broadband
antenna, if multiple narrow-band channels are to be covered. 47
48. 48. Dual-band E patch High-band Low-band Low-band Feed Dual-band patch with parasitic strip
Low-band High-band Feed 48 Multi-Band Antennas
49. 49. Miniaturization • High Permittivity • Quarter-Wave Patch • PIFA • Capacitive Loading • Slots •
Meandering Note: Miniaturization usually comes at a price of reduced bandwidth! 49
50. 50. Size reduction Miniaturization High Permittivity (Same aspect ratio)  / 2W W  / 2L L 
(Bandwidth is inversely proportional to the permittivity.) 50 4r The smaller patch has about one-
fourth the bandwidth of the original patch. L W 1r
51. 51. Note: 1/2 of the radiating magnetic current Miniaturization Quarter-Wave patch  Short-circuit
vias 51 W / 2L L       2Q Q  / 4r rP P  Neglecting losses: / 2s sU UL W Ez = 0 The new
patch has about one-half the bandwidth of the original patch. 0 s r U Q P
52. 52. Miniaturization Smaller Quarter-Wave patch W / 2L L W  A quarter-wave patch with the
same aspect ratio W/L as the original patch Width reduction L W Ez = 0 Short-circuit vias / 2L L
The new patch has about one-half the bandwidth of the original quarter- wave patch, and hence one-
fourth the bandwidth of the regular patch. (Bandwidth is proportional to the patch width.) 52 / 2W W
53. 53. Use fewer vias Miniaturization Quarter-Wave Patch with Fewer Vias  W / 2L L W L Fewer
vias actually gives more miniaturization! (The edge has a larger inductive impedance: explained on
the next slide.) 53 L L
54. 54. A single shorting strip or via is used. This antenna can be viewed as a limiting case of the via-
loaded patch, or as an LC resonator. Feed Shorting strip or via Top view 54 Miniaturization Planar
Inverted F (PIFA)
55. 55. Miniaturization PIFA with Capacitive Loading The capacitive loading allows for the length of
the PIFA to be reduced. Feed Shorting plate Top view 55 0 1 LC
56. 56. The patch has a monopole-like pattern Feed c b Patch Metal vias 2a The patch operates in the (0,0)
mode, as an LC resonator 56 Miniaturization Circular Patch Loaded with Vias
57. 57. 90o 57 Miniaturization Slotted PatchThe slot forces the current to flow through a longer path,
increasing the effective dimensions of the patch. Top view Linear CP 0o
58. 58. Meandering forces the current to flow through a longer path, increasing the effective dimensions
of the patch. Feed Via Meandered quarter-wave patch Feed Via Meandered PIFA 58 Miniaturization
Meandering
59. 59. References General references about microstrip antennas: Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook,
R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. J. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Editors, Artech House, 2001. Microstrip Patch
Antennas: A Designer’s Guide, R. B. Waterhouse, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. Advances in
Microstrip and Printed Antennas, K. F. Lee, Editor, John Wiley, 1997. Microstrip Patch Antennas, K.
F. Fong Lee and K. M. Luk, Imperial College Press, 2011. Microstrip and Patch Antennas Design, 2nd
Ed., R. Bancroft, Scitech Publishing, 2009. 59
60. 60. References (cont.) General references about microstrip antennas (cont.): Millimeter-Wave
Microstrip and Printed Circuit Antennas, P. Bhartia, Artech House, 1991. The Handbook of
Microstrip Antennas (two volume set), J. R. James and P. S. Hall, INSPEC, 1989. Microstrip Antenna
 Theory and Design, J. R. James, P. S. Hall, and C. Wood, INSPEC/IEE, 1981. Microstrip Antennas:
The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert,
Editors, Wiley/IEEE Press, 1995. CAD of Microstrip Antennas for Wireless Applications, R. A.
Sainati, Artech House, 1996. 60
61. 61. Computer-Aided Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antennas, D. R. Jackson, S. A. Long, J. T.
Williams, and V. B. Davis, Ch. 5 of Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, K. F. Lee, Editor,
John Wiley, 1997. More information about the CAD formulas presented here for the rectangular patch
may be found in: References (cont.) Microstrip Antennas, D. R. Jackson, Ch. 7 of Antenna
Engineering Handbook, J. L. Volakis, Editor, McGraw Hill, 2007. 61
62. 62. References devoted to broadband microstrip antennas: Compact and Broadband Microstrip
Antennas, K.-L. Wong, John Wiley, 2003. Broadband Microstrip Antennas, G. Kumar and K. P. Ray,
Artech House, 2002. Broadband Patch Antennas, J.-F. Zürcher and F. E. Gardiol, Artech House, 1995.
References (cont.) 62
63. 63. 63
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53. Use fewer vias Miniaturization