7 STEPS TO THE PERFECT PICO SEARCH

Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

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EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE: 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

OVERVIEW
Searching for high-quality clinical research evidence can be a daunting task, yet it is an integral part of the
evidence-based practice process. One way to streamline and improve the research process for nurses and
researchers of all backgrounds is to utilize the PICO search strategy. PICO is a format for developing a good
clinical research question prior to starting one’s research. It is a mnemonic used to describe the four elements
of a sound clinical foreground question (Yale University’s Cushing/Whitney Medical Library).

In this white paper, we will explore the importance or evidence-based nursing practice, take a deeper dive
into the PICO process and provide an example of the PICO process in action through a case scenario. Whether
you are a librarian, a nurse or a nursing student, the chances are good that you will learn something new as
you read, 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search.

WHAT IS EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

“Evidence-based practice in nursing is using and carrying out nursing practices based on the best
available knowledge. Evidence-based practice integrates the nurse’s clinical expertise with the best
external research evidence, and takes into account patient preferences to deliver quality nursing care.”
-Victoria Schirm, Director of Nursing Research, Penn State University

Evidence-based nursing is a process founded on the collection,

interpretation, appraisal, and integration of valid, clinically
Best External
Research significant, and applicable research. It is not about developing
Evidence new knowledge or validating existing knowledge, but rather
translating existing evidence so that it can be applied to clinical
decision making. The expected standard in modern healthcare
systems, evidence-based nursing practice links research and theory
Nurse’s Clinical Evidence-Based
Expertise Practice to practice, providing clinicians with current, reliable research-
driven data to guide patient care decisions.

Research has shown that patient outcomes are substantially

improved when health care is based on evidence from well-
Patient designed studies versus tradition or clinical expertise alone.
Preferences
Better patient outcomes lead to more efficient performance,
which is crucial for hospitals with staffing challenges.

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 EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE: 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

WHAT IS THE PICO PROCESS?

PICO is a format for developing a good clinical research question prior to starting one’s research. It is a
mnemonic used to describe the four elements of a sound clinical foreground question. (Yale University’s
Cushing/Whitney Medical Library). The question needs to identify the patient or population we intend
to study, the intervention or treatment we plan to use, the comparison of one intervention to another (if
applicable) and the outcome we anticipate. These make up the four elements of the PICO model: Patient/
Problem, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome.

The PICO process starts with a case scenario from which a question is constructed that is relevant to the
case and is phrased in such a way as to facilitate finding an answer. Once a well-structured question is
formulated, researchers will be in a better position to search the literature for evidence that will support their
original PICO question.

7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

Formulate the Identify Plan the Search Execute Refine the Review the Assess the
PICO Question Keywords Strategy the Search Results Literature Evidence

1. Formulate the PICO Question 5. Refine the Results

2. Identify Keywords for each PICO Element 6. Review the Literature
3. Plan the Search Strategy 7. Assess the Evidence
4. Execute the Search

STEP 1: FORMULATE THE PICO QUESTION

Case Scenario:
You are a Registered Nurse working on a Urology unit. One of your patients is a 55-year-old man who is
recovering from abdominal surgery – specifically a laparoscopic prostatectomy. The patient complains
of abdominal pain and nausea. His abdomen is distended, and he has no bowel sounds. The physician
suspects a paralytic ileus and confirms the diagnosis based on the combination of clinical features and
imaging.

At the next Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Committee meeting, you discuss this case. The committee
decides to do a case study to determine if there is evidence to suggest that a simple intervention such as
chewing gum post-operatively can prevent a post-operative ileus following abdominal surgery.

Based on this scenario, our research question is: “In patients undergoing abdominal surgery, is there
evidence to suggest that chewing gum post-operatively compared with not chewing gum post-operatively
affects post-operative ileus?”

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EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE: 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

STEP 2: IDENTIFY KEYWORDS FOR EACH PICO ELEMENT

Population (P) – What individual or group are we interested in studying?
Intervention (I) – What is the action (intervention, treatment) we are considering taking?
Comparison (C) – To what other action (intervention, treatment) are we comparing the considered action?
Outcome (O) – What do we anticipate as an outcome?
“In patients undergoing abdominal surgery, is there evidence to suggest that chewing gum post-operatively
compared with not chewing gum post-operatively affects post-operative ileus?”

PICO ELEMENTS KEYWORDS

P (Patient or Population) Patients undergoing abdominal surgery
I (Intervention) Chewing gum
C (Comparison) Not chewing gum
O (Outcome) Affects post-operative ileus
Fig. 1

STEP 3: PLAN YOUR SEARCH STRATEGY

Plan a search strategy by:
• Determining which database(s) to search
• Identifying the major elements of your question CINAHL® Complete is just one of the information
• Translating natural language terms to subject resources a nursing researcher can utilize to
descriptors, CINAHL Headings, or synonyms execute a perfect PICO search. Considered to
be the definitive research tool for nursing and
Interface: EBSCOhost® Research Databases
allied health professionals, CINAHL Complete
Database: CINAHL® Complete provides fast and easy access to top nursing
Search Screen: Advanced Search and allied health journals, evidence-based care
sheets, quick lessons and continuing education
Synonyms, words or phrases that mean exactly modules. This database contains full text for
or nearly the same as another word or phrase, many of the most-used journals found in the
can help expand your search appropriately. For CINAHL® index. With CINAHL Complete, users
example: when searching the keyword ‘surgery’, can access a comprehensive scope of content
you might miss articles that instead describe a covering over 50 nursing specialties as well as
patient as ‘postoperative’ or in ‘recovery’. Adding allied health subjects including speech and
synonyms will help to expand your results to those language pathology, nutrition, physical therapy
articles that are still relevant but might not include and much more.
the words ‘abdominal surgery’. These are shown as
‘Search Strategies’ in the table below.

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EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE: 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

PICO ELEMENTS KEYWORDS SEARCH TERMS SEARCH STRATEGIES

P (Patient or Population) Patients undergoing Abdominal Surgery Abdominal surgery
abdominal surgery OR
Surgery
OR
Postoperative
OR
Recovery
I (Intervention) Chewing gum Chewing Gum Chewing Gum
OR
Gum
C (Comparison) Not chewing gum
O (Outcome) Affects post-operative ileus Postoperative Ileus Postoperative Ileus
OR
Paralytic Ileus
OR
Ileus
Fig. 2

STEP 4: EXECUTE THE SEARCH

Before you begin your search, you will want to ensure the Search Mode is set to Boolean/Phrase. The reason this is
important is because this option allows for “exact phrase” searching. For example, if you searched for the phrase,
Heart Disease, the system will search for records where the two words heart and disease appear together, as a
phrase, and not simply records where the two words appear separately.

To begin your search, first refer to Fig. 2 above. Each PICO Element (P, I, C, O) will be searched individually
using the correlating Search Strategy. After each search, you will clear the screen and start a new search before
beginning your next search.

• P (Patient or Population): Begin your search with the Patient or Population, which are those patients
undergoing abdominal surgery. As mentioned above, to increase your search results, try adding less
descriptive terms that have the same meaning, such as Surgery, Postoperative or Recovery. *Note: Be sure to
use the Boolean operator, “Or”, so that each result contains at least one of these search terms. Fig. 3 is an
example of this search strategy shown on EBSCOhost.

Fig. 3

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EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE: 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

• I (Intervention): Start a new search for the Intervention, which is Chewing Gum or Gum. Be sure to use the
Boolean operator, “Or”. Note the number of results.
• O (Outcome): You can now conduct a search for the Outcome, which is post-operative ileus. Add the
synonyms paralytic ileus or ileus. Your goal is to determine whether chewing gum postoperatively affects
postoperative ileus, positively or negatively. Click search and note the number of results.
• Combine searches: To complete your search, you will combine the Population (those patients undergoing
abdominal surgery); the Intervention (Chewing gum) and the Outcome (Post-operative ileus/paralytic
ileus). By using your database’s Search History, you should be able to combine these searches into one
search showing results from all three of your previous searches.

STEP 5: REFINE YOUR RESULTS

You can now refine you results by adding limiters. Applying limiters to your search will allow you to focus your
results to the most pertinent and relevant content ensuring that you aren’t wasting time wading through
content that may not be useful.

For example, you may wish to limit your results by Date and Type:

Published Date – Use this option to search for articles within a specified date range.
Evidence-Based Practice – You may wish to limit your articles to only those which are evidence-based. When
searching an EBSCOhost database for example, the Evidence-Based Practice limiter searches the Special Interest
field for the value “Evidence-Based Practice.” Applying this limiter allows you to limit results to:

• Articles from evidence-based practice journals

• Articles about evidence-based practice
• Research articles (including systematic reviews, clinical trials, meta analyses, etc.)
• Commentaries on research studies (applying practice to research)

Should you find that you are left with too few articles by limiting your results to Evidence-Based Practice, you
can instead choose any or all of the following publication types:
1. Case Study 3. Meta-Analysis 5. Research
2. Clinical Trial 4. Randomized Controlled Trial 6. Systematic Review

STEP 6: REVIEW THE LITERATURE

Once you have added limiters to your combined search and run the results again, choose and review articles
that are most relevant to your PICO question. Should you find an article that is particularly relevant to your
search but is not available to you in full text, check with your library to see if they can locate the full text of the
article for you.

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 EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE: 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

STEP 7: DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

The final step to the perfect PICO Meta-

Analysis
search is to determine the level of
evidence within each relevant article. Systematic
Reveiw
In searching for the best available
Randomized
evidence, a hierarchy exists regarding Controlled Trial
the level and strength of evidence
(see Fig. 4). As you review the journal Cohort Study
articles, select those that are based on
highest level of evidence, such as a Case Control Study

Meta-Analyses or a Systematic Review.

Case Report/Case Series

Fig. 4 Hierarchy of Evidence

STUDIES DEFINED
Meta-Analysis: A systematic review that uses quantitative methods to synthesize & summarize results.
Systematic Review: A summary of the medical literature that uses explicit methods to perform a
comprehensive literature search & critical appraisal of individual studies.
Randomized Controlled Trial: Participants are randomly allocated into experimental or control groups &
are followed over time for the variables/outcomes of interest.
Cohort Study: Identifies participants who currently have a certain condition or receive a treatment and are
followed over time & compared with another group of people who are not affected by the condition.
Case Control Study: Identifies participants who have a certain outcome (cases) & participants without that
outcome (controls).
Case Report/Case Series: A report on one or more participants with a particular outcome.
(Adapted from CEBM - Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine)

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Conclusion
Fostering a culture of evidence-based nursing practice within a hospital in no easy task. It
involves the integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence
(Sackett D, 2002). The actual search for high quality clinical research evidence can be
overwhelming to many. By utilizing the PICO format, the search process will be streamlined
and will yield the best available evidence to support clinical decisions and explore alternative
treatments and procedures.

About the Author

Kathy A. Jensen, MHA, RN

EBSCO Health
10 Estes Street | Ipswich, MA 01938
T: 978-356-6500 x 2879
E: [email protected]

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EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE: 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search

References

1. Conner, Brian T. (June 2014). Differentiating research, evidence-based practice, and quality improvement.
American Nurse Today, Vol. 9 No. 6.

2. Houser, J. (2018). Nursing Research: Reading, Using And Creating Evidence. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones
& Bartlett Learning.

3. Melnyk, B.M. (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3–7.

4. Schub, E. B., & Walsh, K. C. (2017). Evidence-Based Nursing Practice: Implementing. CINAHL Nursing Guide.

5. Yensen, J. (2013). PICO Search Strategies. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics (OJNI), 17 (3).