Circulation in Computer Science

Vol.3, No.2, pp: (1-6), March 2018

https://doi.org/10.22632/ccs-2018-252-75

Development of Pure Sine Wave Inversion System

with Inbuilt Charging and Display Mechanisms
Raji A. Abimbola
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria

ABSTRACT wave inverter was designed and simulated to examine the

In recent years, Nigeria’s power generation output from all the response characteristics of the gain of the inverter to variation
available energy sources such as coal, natural gas, and water, in duty cycle [1]. A 600VA inverter with automatic change
is far from the expected number required to meet the energy over switch was designed and constructed [2]. A 500W pure
demand of her teeming populace. This culminates in long sine wave inverter which produced an output voltage of 220V
hours of power outages frequently experienced in many parts and 50Hz frequency was constructed elsewhere [3]. A 1kW
of the country. However, there appears to be no end in sight to power inverter was developed with monitoring and without
the problem. Alternatively, few citizens who can afford monitoring circuit [4]-[6] while an inverter of 1kVA rating is
generator have wittingly resulted to the use of this device to constructed and which converts 12V D.C. source from the
supply power. Generator set has unavoidable disadvantages battery that is charged by solar cell into an A.C. form [7]. By
of high maintenance or running cost, noise pollution, and using sinusoidal pulse width modulation switching technique,
release of dangerous gases that pose danger to human lives. [8] developed a single phase inverter circuit which produces
Evidently, that solution is risky and inadequate. Power pure sine wave A.C signal from renewable energy source,
inverter is an alternative and better means of generating suitable for powering light loads. On the other hand, [9]
electricity with little or no maintenance cost, environment or designed and constructed an inverter system which may be
eco- friendly and poses no risk to human health. It is in that made operated by using Radio Frequency remote control
connection that we develop in this work 2KVA sine wave system.
inversion system which produces sinusoidal A.C. signal It is developed in this work a 2kVA pure sine wave inversion
required in homes for lightning and powering electronic system that converts 12V D.C. input to 220V A.C output. The
gadgets like television, radio, refrigerator, Air conditioner etc. system is an upgrade on square wave, and modified sine wave
It is an improvement over square wave and modified sine inversion systems that have the drawback of the presence of
wave inversion systems that generate digital approximations harmonics which reduces the efficiency and causes premature
of A.C. signal. An interesting but new addition is the use of failure of the systems [10]. An interesting and unique feature
LCD display, interfaced with PIC16F688 microcontroller for of the inversion system is the use of HD44780 LCD interfaced
showing the design specifications of the inverter. with PIC16F688 microcontroller programmed using C-
programming language that displays the inverter input and
Keywords output voltages, the output frequency, gives information about
Alternating Current, Sine wave inverter, Square wave the designer, condition of the battery whether fully charged or
inverter. not as well as other design specifications.
1. INTRODUCTION 2. INVERTER OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
Nigeria as at today is generating less than 7000MW of Inverters are of different designs with varying waveforms.
electricity from all the available energy sources. This falls The simplest inverter design is the square wave inverter
short of the expected number required to cater for the suitable for applications such as lighting, and heating. It
population of over 180 million people. Lengthy hours of converts D.C. source into A.C. by using MOSFETS which
power outages due to load shedding are the recurring switch the voltage across the load, providing digital
occurrence in the country. Because of critical importance of approximation of the A.C. signal. The output waveform of
stable power supply to the socio-economic development in the square wave inverter is sketched in Fig. (1).
country, and failure of the generation, transmission and
distribution companies to generate and supply adequate
power, individuals, business outfits as well as corporate
organizations have resulted to the use of generating set which
is bedeviled with high cost of purchase and maintenance,
generation of unfriendly gases that are hazardous to human
health. Perhaps, that seems not to be the best solution to
power problems in Nigeria. An alternative and better solution
is the inverter which supplies A.C. voltage without
constituting any risk to the society with little or no
maintenance cost.
Over time, quite a number of researchers have expended
efforts in designing inverter of different power ratings. Few of
the available works will be cited in this paper. A 5kVA square Fig. 1: Output waveform of Square wave inversion system

Copyright © 2018 Raji A. Abimbola. This is an open-access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Circulation in Computer Science, Vol.3, No.2, pp: (1-6), March 2018
www.ccsarchive.org

The output voltage of square wave inverter is usually Oscillator Unit: This is a section or unit that generates 50Hz
accompanied with harmonics and high frequency noise that frequency in phase and out of phase. It changes the voltage to
reduce the efficiency and life span of the system. This form of pulse width with two output voltage levels; low and high
inversion may not be used to operate industrial inductive signal. The filter circuit in the unit helps to select the required
loads. frequency out of a mix of frequency.
Modified sine wave inverter on the other hand is a closer Driven Unit: This section transports the two generated output
approximation of sinusoidal A.C. signal than square wave signals from the oscillator unit to the Field Effect Transistor
inverter. It has three voltage levels in its output waveforms; (FET) bank. It makes sure that no signal is lost in transit from
the high, the low and zero with a dead zone sandwiched the oscillator unit to the FET bank.
between the high and pulse signals. Just like square wave
inverter, it has inherent drawback of harmonics. It has useful FET bank: The FET bank otherwise known as Field Effect
application for operating incandescent light bulb, microwave Transistor bank consists of many field effect transistors. The
oven. Figure (2) depicts the sketch of output wave form of FETs are divided into two equal paths in order to allow each
modified sine wave inverter [3]. of the signals from the driver passes through different paths.
At the end of this stage, the desired sine wave output
waveform is obtained which serves as input signal to the
transformer unit.
Output transformer Unit: This unit steps up the input
voltage of 12V to 220V A.C. It steps down the current being
generated at the FET bank to the required value suitable for
running electrical appliances. The transformer has 27 turns at
the primary and excited by 12V D.C source. The number of
turns at the secondary with 220V output voltage is determined
using an expression of the form
N1 V
 1 (1)
N2 V2
Fig. 2: Output waveform of Modified sine wave inverter.

A better and efficient inversion system is the pure sine wave provided N1  27 is the number of turns at the primary, N 2
inverter. It generates sinusoidal A.C. signal suitable for is the number of turns at the secondary, V1 ,V2  are the input
running most electrical appliances such as audio amplifier, and output voltages respectively.
television, radio receivers, air conditioners etc. Illustrated in
Fig. (3) is the sketch of output voltage of sine wave inverter. The number of turns at the secondary is obtained as
V2  N1 220  27
N2   (2)
V1 12

N2  500 turns

L.C.D. Unit: It indicates the condition of the battery when

fully charged and when low. The unit displays information
about the designer, design specifications as well as the voltage
level of the battery being charged. In realizing those
objectives, HD44780 LCD interfaced with PIC16F688
microcontroller is incorporated into the design. The HD44780
has 16 pins; 8 data pins, 3 control pins, three power lines as
well as two additional connections (LED+ and LED-). The
Fig. 3: Waveform of Pure Sine wave inverter source code used to program the microcontroller,
implemented using C-programming language is highlighted in
It is an improvement over square wave and modified sine the Appendix. The control pin examines whether the data
wave inverters, and the problems of harmonics and high transfer between the LCD module and an external PIC
frequency noise associated with the two aforesaid inverters microcontroller are character data or command. Data transfer
are non-existent which makes them suitable for running high from and to the LCD in this work is achieved using 4-bit
power industrial loads. mode. In this way, 4 input/output pins of the microcontroller
are saved.
3. INVERTER DESIGN
Figure (4) shows the block diagram of pure sine wave inverter Rectification Unit: This provides easy conversion of the
developed in this work. It depicts various units of the alternating current to direct current form required to charge
inversion system interconnected for the overall functioning the battery.
and performance of the device. The functions of each of these Automatic charging Unit: is the unit designed to charge the
units are discussed in what follows inverter battery automatically without individuals getting
Voltage Regulator Unit: The voltage from the D.C source involved. Its operation is such that when the A.C. supply is
(battery) passes through the voltage regulator unit which on, it switches off the inverter and begins to charge the
ensures that the voltage is within the required 12V value. battery. The charging unit has the delay circuit that puts off
the charging of the battery for few seconds usually 7 seconds.

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This is important to prevent the battery from being damaged Output Section: This section provides means by which the
by voltage surge. electrical appliance connected to the output of the device is
supplied with the required current, voltage and frequency. It is
Changeover Relay Unit: This is used to turn off the inverter the final stage of the inversion system.
when the supply from the mains is on and switches on the
inverter when the supply from the utility company is off.

Voltage Oscillator Driven FETs

Unit bank
Regulator Section

Output
Output
transformer
Battery L.C.D unit
unit
Ac Unit
input

Rectification Automatic Change over

unit charging relay unit
unit

Fig. 4: Block diagram of the inverter.

energized. 12V D.C. source was then connected and the bulb
4. DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION lightened brightly. The green LED was displayed which
Figure (5) shows the complete circuit diagram of the inversion
indicated that the components were working perfectly.
system developed in this work. The device is constructed by
mounting the components on the circuit board in line with the (ii) The inverter was kept on for some hours in order to
circuit diagram and the internal feature of the constructed discharge the battery through the bulb which served as the
device is depicted in Fig. 6. As shown in the said figure, the load. When the battery was fully discharged, the inverter gave
PIC16F688 microcontroller is interfaced with the LCD based buzzing sound. Thereafter the inverter was connected to the
display and the entire circuit is powered by Power supply unit. A.C. mains through which the discharged battery was
The circuit after assembly is housed in an enclosure made recharged. To ascertain that the battery was charging, yellow
from thin sheet of material coated with protective substance to LED incorporated in the inverter circuit for the purpose of
prevent electromagnetic interference. The material used for indicating whether the battery was charging or not, was
the enclosure is chosen because of its good electrical, thermal displayed. The voltage level of the battery was also checked
and mechanical strengths. It is of interest to note that in using digital multi-meter. The displayed red LED on the
arriving at the size of the case, the dimensions of different inverter indicated that the power supply for charging the
units of the inversion system is considered. The construction battery was from conventional source (the mains).
of the device has associated external accessories like output
sockets, switches, fuse, main cord etc (iii) When the battery was fully charged, the displayed yellow
LED produced no light but the red light was still on since the
5. TESTS AND RESULTS power from the mains was available.
A number of tests were carried on the inverter after (iv)The reliability of the designed inverter was assessed by
construction and implementation of design procedure which testing on AC loads like electric bulb, fan, and television. It
includes continuity test, short circuit test and general testing. was discovered that the duration of operation of the inversion
This was done in order to assess the functionality of the system depends on the number of loads connected to the
inverter and to ensure that the inverter when deployed output of the inverter
produces output voltage and frequency of 220V and 50Hz.
Each of the sections of the inversion system was tested using 6. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND
digital multi-meter to check whether those sections were fed SOLUTION
with the required voltage. Thereafter, we determined the During the inverter construction and testing, quite a number of
oscillating frequency of the inverter which undesirably was challenges were faced. These problems and solutions offered
obtained as 63Hz. The 10 k variable resistor which formed are highlighted in what follows
part of RC time constant network in the circuit was used to (i) It was discovered during testing that the number of
vary the frequency until the desirable 50Hz frequency was windings at the secondary of the transformer was more than
obtained. Other tests carried out include the required number of turns. This resulted in over-voltage
(i) 100W bulb was connected to the inverter output socket and which was noticeable from the output of the device. The
12V/15A fuse was inserted in the fuse holder and the bulb problem if left unaddressed will damage the external
failed to lighten up. This was because the inverter was not equipment that this inverter intends to power. The problem

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was solved by rewinding the secondary side of the (iii) During the testing of FET unit of the inversion system, it
transformer with predetermined number of turns (500 turns). was discovered that the gates of the FETs were not well
When this was carried out, the output voltage was reduced to connected to limiting resistors which resulted in high current
normal 220V output voltage. leaving the gates. Consequently, the FETs were damaged. The
damaged components were completely replaced with new
(ii) Short circuit problem occurred as a result of contact ones, and the connection of the gates to the limiting resistors
between soldered joints on the inverter circuit. The contact was properly soldered in order to avoid the occurrence of this
was separated. problem in future.

Fig. 5: Circuit diagram of 2kVA sine wave inversion system

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Fig. 6: Internal Feature of constructed device with LCD

7. CONCLUSION [3] Jim D., Dan E, and Jeremy S. (2007). DC/AC Pure Sine
Because of the presence of harmonics that accompanies the Wave Inverter. Worcester Polytechnic Institute Technical
output waveform of square and modified wave inversion note
systems which has devastating effect of shortening the life [4] Babarinde O.O, and Adeleke B.S., Adeyeye A.H.,
expectancy of connected devices, we develop in this work, Ogundeji O.A., and Ganiyu A.L (2014). Design and
2kVA sine wave inverter which produces sinusoidal output Construction of 1KVA Inverter. International Journal of
voltage necessary for running electrical products or Emerging Engineering Research and Technology, Vol. 2,
appliances. The device supplies energy by converting 12V Issue 3, 201-212.,
D.C. input source into 220V/50Hz A.C form without
constituting hazard to the environment. This in contrast to [5] Omitola O.O. Olatinwo S.O., and Oyedare T.R. (2014).
noisy generating set which generates poisonous and harmful Design and Construction of 1KW (100VA) Power
gas (carbon monoxide) that is hazardous to human health. A Inverter. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering,
novelty introduced in the design which to the best of my Vol. 5,No. 2, 1-13..
knowledge has not been considered in this manner before in [6] Narenda Shubhan T., Guarav N., Akshay D., and Ashish
the literature is the use of HD44780 LCD interfaced with T. (2017). Design of Automatic Electricity Inverter.
PIC16F688 microcontroller that serves the purpose of International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
displaying the inverter input and output voltages, the output and Communication Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 2, 478-
frequency, gives information about the designer, condition of 480.
the battery whether fully charged or not as well as other
design specifications. The inverter can power successfully [7] Bello M., Hamza A., and Sani A.M. (2015).
loads below the rated power. It is of interest to point out that Construction and Installation of 100W Inverter Using
over loading this device with loads beyond its rated output Solar Power System. 2nd International Conference on
will result to system breakdown. Further research work should Science, Technology and Management, 2860-2865.
explore developing inverter of higher power rating to meet
more energy demands of users. [8] Mohammed A.G., Yaseer S.A., and Mostafa R.M.
Design and Implementation of a Pure Sine Wave Single
8. REFERENCES Phase Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications. Retrieved
[1] Musa and Galadanci G.S.M. (2009). 5KVA Power March 11, 2017 from http://
Inverter Design and Simulation Based on Boost www.asee.org/documents/zone/zone1/2014/students/pdfs
Converter and H-Bridge Inverter Topology. Bayero /36.pdf.
Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1, 6-
[9] Alumona T.F., Nwalozie G.C., Ufoaroh S.U., and Alade
13. T.R. (2016).Design and Construction of an RF Remote
[2] Roland A. Design and Construction of 600VA D.C. to Control 5KVA Inverter System. International Journal of
A.C. Power Inverter with Automatic Load Transfer. Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol. 5, Issue
Retrieved October 10, 2017 from 4, 570-583
http://repository.regentghana.net:8080/jspui/bitstream/12 [10] Adejumobi I.A., Adebisi O.I., and Amatu J.E. (2017).
3456789/240/1/Design%20and%20Construction%20of% Harmonics Mitigation on Industrial Loads using Series
20600V%20A%20DC%20to%20AC%20Power%20Inve and Parallel Resonant Filters. Nigerian Journal of
rter%20With20%Automatic%20Load%20Transfer.pdf Technology, Vol. 36, No. 2, 611-620.

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9. APPENDIX Delay_ms(3000);

/* Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Blink Character Message on LCD Lcd_Out(1,1,Message5);
F84A @ 4MHz, PWRT Enabled, WDT OFF Lcd_Out(2,1,Message6);
*/ Delay_ms(3000);
// Define LCD module connections.
sbit LCD_RS at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB5_bit; Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
sbit LCD_D4 at RB0_bit; Lcd_Out(1,1,Message7);
sbit LCD_D5 at RB1_bit; Lcd_Out(2,2,Message8);
sbit LCD_D6 at RB2_bit; Delay_ms(3000);
sbit LCD_D7 at RB3_bit;
sbitLCD_RS_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbitLCD_EN_Direction at TRISB5_bit; do {
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB0_bit; // Read Voltage
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB1_bit; ADCON0 = 0b00000001;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB2_bit; ADC_Value1 = ADC_Read(0);
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB3_bit; VoltDisplay1 = ADC_Value1 * 1.46;
// End LCD module connection definition volt1[0] = VoltDisplay1/1000 + 48; // Add 48 to get the
ASCII character value
// Define Messages volt1[1] = (VoltDisplay1/100)%10 + 48;
char message1[] = "2KVA INVERTER"; volt1[3] = VoltDisplay1/10%10 + 48;
char message2[] = "DESIGNED BY:";
char message3[] = "RAJI A. A.";
// Other collaborators /*ADCON0 = 0b00000010;
char message4[] = "RANTI,YEKEEN"; ADC_Value2 = ADC_Read(1);
char message5[] = "OYEDEPO,TIJANI"; VoltDisplay2 = ADC_Value2 * 0.232;
char message6[] = "GBOLAHAN,OKEWOLA"; volt2[0] = ((VoltDisplay2/100)%10) + 48;
char message7[] = "Yinusa: "; volt2[1] = ((VoltDisplay2/10)%10) + 48;
char message8[] = "Ogundele"; volt2[2] = (VoltDisplay2%10) + 48;*/
char message9[] = "BATTERY V ="; Lcd_Out(1,1,Message9);
Lcd_Out(1,12,volt1);
char *CHECKER1 = "09.9"; Lcd_Out(1,16,"V");
char *CHECKER2 = "10.9"; Lcd_Out(2,2,Message10);
char *CHECKER3 = "13.5"; Lcd_Out(2,2,Message10);
char *CHECKER4 = "13.5"; Lcd_Out(2,2,Message10);
// End Message Delay_ms(1000);

void main() { if (volt1[0]<=CHECKER1[0] &&

ANSEL = 0b00000011; //All I/O pins are configured as volt1[1]<=CHECKER1[1] && volt1[3]<=CHECKER1[3]){
digital RELAY1 = 1;
TRISC = 0b00000000; // PORTC All Outputs }
TRISA = 0b00000011; // RA0,RA1 are inputs else RELAY1 = 0;
CMCON0 = 0x07; // Disable comparators Delay_ms(250);
RELAY1 = 0; //Switch Relay OFF
RELAY2 = 0; char message3
// RELAY3 = 0; void main() {
RELAY4 = 0; TRISB = 0b00000000; // PORTB All Outputs
Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD
Lcd_Init(); do {
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // CLEAR display Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // CLEAR display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
Lcd_Out(1,3,Message1); Lcd_Out(1,4,message1); // Write message1 in 1st row
Lcd_Out(2,3,Message2); Lcd_Out(2,1,message2); // Write message2 in 2nd row
Delay_ms(3000); Delay_ms(1000); // Wait for 1 sec
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); Delay_ms(1000); // Wait for 1 sec
Lcd_Out(1,1,Message3); } while(1); // Infinite Loop
Lcd_Out(2,1,Message4);

CCS | 2018 | ISSN 2456-3692 6

Published by: CSL Press, USA