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Plain Old Telephone Connectivity - Beginning of Local Telephone Network - Switching - Trunking - Creation of PSTN - Public Switched

The document discusses the evolution of the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It describes how the PSTN began as local telephone networks that grew together through switching and trunking to form the PSTN. It then provides details on the typical structure of the PSTN, including local exchanges, transit exchanges, and the long distance and international networks. Finally, it discusses some key terminology used in PSTNs such as tandem exchanges, main distribution frames, and telephone density.

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Mohammad Mostofa Kamal Kowshik
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64 views22 pages

Plain Old Telephone Connectivity - Beginning of Local Telephone Network - Switching - Trunking - Creation of PSTN - Public Switched

The document discusses the evolution of the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It describes how the PSTN began as local telephone networks that grew together through switching and trunking to form the PSTN. It then provides details on the typical structure of the PSTN, including local exchanges, transit exchanges, and the long distance and international networks. Finally, it discusses some key terminology used in PSTNs such as tandem exchanges, main distribution frames, and telephone density.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Mostofa Kamal Kowshik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POTS (Plain Old Telephone Systems)

• Plain Old Telephone Connectivity

• --Beginning of local telephone network


• --Switching
• --Trunking
• Creation of PSTN---Public Switched
Telephone Network
Growth of Telecom Connectivity

A method for interconnecting six telephone parties. Each party


has access to any of the other five.
Connectivity of local networks through different physical mediums
Public Switched Telephone Network
• The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is the network of
the world's public circuit-switched networks, in much the same way
that the Internet is the network of the world's public IP-based packet-
switched networks.

• Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the


PSTN is now almost entirely digital.

• The PSTN is largely governed by technical standards created by the


ITU-T (former CCITT), and uses E.163/E.164 addresses (known
more commonly as telephone numbers for addressing.
The Evoluation of PSTN
A typical PSTN structure
Structure of PSTN

LOCAL
EXCHANGE
END
OFFICE
EXCHANGE

SWITCHING
LOCAL LOOP OFFICE
SUBSCRIBER LOOP

SUBSCRIBER LINE TOLL NETWORK


LONG DISTANCE NETWORK
SUBSCRIBER TERMINAL
TRUNK NETWORK

SUBSCRIBER SUBSCRIBER (OR


USER
CUSTOMER LOCAL) NETWORK
PSTN Structure
Local Exchanges
-subscribers, subscribers’ loop through cables
New developments through WLL
Transit or Tandem Exchanges
-No subscribers
International Gateway Exchanges
Long distance Network
-National Connectivity through national backbone, built
over microwave RRL or optical fiber. For big and/or
difficult terrain, satellite.
International Network
-Overseas Connectivity through satellite or optical fiber
SLs Ss
TG
E C
TG

TG
TG3

TG4

TG2
TG1
A B
SLp

Sp SLq SLr
Sq
Sr

Local Exchange Intermediate Exchange

Partial View of PSTN


Sp A Sq
(a)
SLp SLq

A B
Sp T1 Sr
(b)
SLp SLr

A D C
(c) Sp T2 T3 Ss

SLp SLs

Connections involving Subscriber Sp


A B
Sp T1 Sr
SLp SLr

Signals
Signals

Sp A B
SLp T1 SLr Sr

Signal Signal

Signal
Signal

Sp A B
SLp T1 SLr Sr

Setup of a connection
Local Exchange
Subscriber

Subscriber line

Exchange switch
STAR NETWORK

Geographically optimized size

Local exchange
-provides connections within its own area
-gateway to other parts of area

Lowest level

Second level

Third level
Heighest level
Local exchange
X
The whole country is
covered
X X
X

X X

International
X
switch

Only transit exchange


(no subscribers)

* Star * Mesh
-efficient and cheapest - reliable
-unreliable - complex and expensive
-simple structure

SWITCHING HIERARCHY
International Switching Exchange
X

Transit X X Transit

Mesh structure Alternative routes

X X

Local Final route

O O

STAR
Structure

Subscribers Terminal exchange


CENTRAL OFFICE OF LOCAL TELEPHONE COMPANY

INTER-
MAIN
LOCAL MEDIATE TRUNKS
DISTRI- MULTIPLEX
OFFICE DISTRI- TO
BUT ION EQUIPMENT
TELEPHONE BUT ION OT HER
FRAME (MUX)
SWITCH FRAME OFFICES
(MDF)
(IDF)

General arrangement of a local telephone switching office.


Some Terminology in PSTN
• Tandem Exchange
• Main Distribution Frame
• Cross-Connect Point
• Main Cable
• Distribution Cable
• Dropwire
• Telephone Density/Penetration
Tandem Exchange
An exchange used for connecting local exchanges within a multi-
exchange area. Tandem exchanges can themselves be interconnected.

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)


The connection frame in a telephone exchange on which the local
cable pairs and exchange multiple both terminate. It is arranged so that any
cable pair can be cross-connected to any exchange multiple number.

Cross Connection Point (CCP)


In the local cable network, equipment which enables, by use of
jumper wire or equivalent, an incoming pair to be connected to any of the
outgoing pairs.
Main Cable
Cable, usually of a large number or pairs, connecting the exchange to
a cross-connection point.

Distribution Cable
Cable serving a distribution point or cable between two cross
connection points.

Dropwire
A particular type of subscriber’s lead-in comprising a pair of wires
usually laid.
Telephone Density, Line Density or Penetration
The number of telephones (or lines) relative to a characteristic
element such as number of inhabitants (telephones per 100 inhabitants),
number of households, business premises, area units, income groups., etc
used generally for planning purposes.
AT&T PSTN Office Classification Hierarchy
Formation of Global Telecommunications Network

Telecommunication
Network

International
National Networks
Network

Public Network Private Networks

Cellular Mobile
Fixed Networks
Networks

LATA Networks IC Networks

LATA—Local Access and Transport Area


Fixed Network----PSTN; IC--Interconnection

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