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Power System Security: Contingency Analysis

Contingency analysis involves studying the performance of a power system under different outage scenarios to identify potential overloads or violations and ensure the system can be operated securely following a single contingency. It evaluates how generation and transmission outages may impact line flows and voltages to identify any violations of reliability standards. Power flow modeling tools can be used to automate contingency analysis and identify corrective actions needed to restore the system to a secure state.

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283 views24 pages

Power System Security: Contingency Analysis

Contingency analysis involves studying the performance of a power system under different outage scenarios to identify potential overloads or violations and ensure the system can be operated securely following a single contingency. It evaluates how generation and transmission outages may impact line flows and voltages to identify any violations of reliability standards. Power flow modeling tools can be used to automate contingency analysis and identify corrective actions needed to restore the system to a secure state.

Uploaded by

cdk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Power System Security:

Contingency Analysis
ECG 740

1
Background
• Power System Security involves practices designed to
keep the system operating when components fail.
• Most power systems are operated such that any single
initial failure event will not leave other components
heavily overloaded.
• The above is referred to as the NERC (n-1) rule!, i.e., no
single outage will result in flow or voltage violations.
• System security can be broken down into 3 major
functions: a) system monitoring – Chap. 9, b)
contingency analysis, Chap. 7, c) security-constrained
OPF – Chap. 8.
2
Difference between reliability and security

Reliability of a power system refers to the probability of


satisfactory operation over the long run. It denotes the
ability to supply adequate electric service on a nearly
continuous basis, with few interruptions over an extended
time period. (IEEE Paper on Terms & Definitions, 2004)

Security is a time-varying attribute which can be judged by


studying the performance of the power system under a
particular set of conditions. Reliability, on the other hand, is
a function of the time-average performance of the power
system; it can only be judged by consideration of the
system’s behavior over an appreciable period of time.
3
Requirements of Reliable Electric Power Service
• Steady-state and transient voltages and frequency must be held
within close tolerances
• Steady-state flows must be within circuit limits
• Synchronous generators must be kept running in parallel with
adequate capacity to meet the load demand
• Maintain “integrity” of bulk power network: avoid cascading
outages
NERC, North American Electric Reliability Corporation:
Mission is to ensure reliability of the bulk power system in North
America. They develop/enforce reliability standards; assess
reliability annually via seasonal forecasts; monitor the bulk
power system; evaluate users, owners, and operators for
preparedness; and educate, train, and certify industry
personnel. NERC is a self-regulated organization, subject to
oversight by the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
4
5
An operator’s view of “security”

Security

Overload Angle/
Voltage
Security Frequency
Security
security

Trans- Line Voltage Unstable Frequency Rotor angle


former Overload magnitude Voltage instability instability
Overload out of limits

6
Static security (our interest) Dynamic security
Power system operational “States” & actions

Normal (secure)

Other actions
(e.g. switching)

Off-economic
dispatch
Alert,
Restorative
Not secure

Extreme emergency.
Separation, cascading Emergency
delivery point Controlled load
interruption, curtailment
load shedding 7
Power system operational “States” & actions

• For all credible contingencies, the system will, at worst


transit from the normal state to the alert state, rather than
to a more severe state such as the emergency state.
• If a system is operated according to a criteria, the system
can transition from normal state to emergency state only
for a non-credible (extreme) contingency.
• When the alert state is entered following a contingency,
operators can take actions to return the system to the
normal state, but such actions should not include load
shedding.
• Load shedding should only be performed under
emergencies.

8
Contingency Analysis
(Detection of Network Problems)
• Generation outages:
 The initial imbalance will result in frequency drop which
must be restored (Chap. 10).
 Other generators must make up the loss of power from
the outaged generator – must have sufficient spinning
reserve.
 Line flows and bus voltages will be altered – check for
violations.
• Transmission Outages:
 All flows in nearby lines and bus voltages will be
affected.
 The result can be line flow limit and/or voltage limit
violations.
• Other outages
 Bus outages
 Loss of load
9
AC Power Flow Contingency
Analysis Procedure (Fig. 7.2)

10
Example: Security analysis on 6-bus network using
PowerWorld

• Base Case: (modified V1 to 1.05pu)

11
Example: Security analysis on 6-bus network using
PowerWorld

• Loss of Generator at Bus 2:

12
Example: Security analysis on 6-bus network using
PowerWorld

• Loss of line 3-6:

13
Example: Security analysis on 6-bus network using
PowerWorld

• Increase load at bus 4 by 50%:

14
“DC” power flow in parallel paths

300 MW Bus 2

x23=.2
x12=.1
y23=5
900 MW y12=10

Bus 1 x13=.4
y13=2.5 Bus 3 1200
Let Sbase = 1000 MVA MW

[B] [X]= [B]-1


15
“DC” power flow in parallel paths

Treat power injections as currents sources and use superposition.


(a) 900 MW source acting alone:

Bus 2
514.3

514.3
x23=.2
x12=.1

900 MW x13=.4
Bus 1 900 MW
385.7 Bus 3
16
“DC” power flow in parallel paths

(b) 300 MW source acting alone:

300 MW
Bus 2

85.7

x23=.2
x12=.1 214.3

x13=.4
Bus 1
85.7 300 MW
Bus 3
17
“DC” power flow in parallel paths
(c) Use Superposition
300 MW Bus 2

Total=728.6

Total=428.6
900 MW
Total=471.4
Bus 1
Bus 3 1200 MW

18
Generator loss @ Bus 2

Using Current Division:


Bus 2
685.7
685.7
x23=.2
x12=.1
1200 MW
x13=.4
Bus 1 514.3
Bus 3 1200
MW

19
Quick but Approximate Line Flows Using Linear
Sensitivity factors

If one of the buses happens to be a reference bus, set the


corresponding X elements in the equation above to zero. 20
Generator loss @ Bus 2

Bus 2
685.7
685.7
x23=.2
x12=.1
1200 MW
x13=.4
Bus 1 514.3
Bus 3 1200
MW
Line 2-3: l3

21
Quick but Approximate Line Flows Using Linear
Sensitivity factors

22
Line loss

300 MW Bus 2

300 Lose line 2-3


900 MW
1200
Bus 1
Bus 3 1200 MW

23
Assignment:

• See PowerWorld video on contingency analysis


https://www.powerworld.com/training/online-
training/contingency-analysis
• Then conduct a full contingency analysis using
PowerWorld on the 6-bus power system you modeled in
Chapter 6.

24

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